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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that:“This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences.The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary,and its applicability and suitability for any particular use,including any patent infringement arising therefrom,is
2、 the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed,revised,or cancelled.SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT:(724)772-8512 FAX:(724)776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER:(724)
3、776-4970 FAX:(724)776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.orgCopyright 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers,Inc.All rights reserved.Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive,Warrendale,PA 15096-0001RECOMMENDEDPRACTICESubmitted for recognition as an American National StandardJ1711ISSUEDMAR1
4、999Issued1999-03Recommended Practice for Measuring the Exhaust Emissionsand Fuel Economy of Hybrid-Electric VehiclesForewordRecent advances in electric powertrain components and computer controls have prompted a renewedeffort to develop practical hybrid-electric vehicles(HEVs).HEVs combine powertrai
5、n elements of conventionalvehicles and electric vehicles(EVs)and hold the promise of substantially reduced fuel consumption and exhaustemissions.One obstacle to the development of commercial HEVs has been the absence of a broadly applicableand widely accepted procedure for measuring HEV exhaust emis
6、sions and fuel economy.The Light Duty Vehicle Performance and Economy Measurement Standards Committee of the Society ofAutomotive Engineers(SAE)established a task force in the Fall of 1992 to develop a recommended practice foruniform testing of HEVs.This HEV task force followed a similar SAE effort
7、to develop a recommended practice fortesting of EVs,which resulted in the publication of SAE J1634.The SAE HEV Task Force has included a broadspectrum of representatives from vehicle manufacturers,national laboratories,and other interested parties.Membership has changed significantly over the years,
8、so that the present version represents the combined inputfrom a larger number of experts than the current roster would indicate.In addition,representatives from the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency and the California Air Resources Board have participated informally in ongoingdiscussions with the
9、HEV Task Force.Their input has been valuable and,hopefully,will increase the usefulnessof this document as a technical basis for certification protocols.Initial work by the SAE HEV Task Force involved agreeing on the objectives of the document and performing ananalytical evaluation of three previous
10、 proposals for HEV testing.This was followed by an effort to build on thebest elements of each proposal and develop a consensus SAE proposal.That proposal has evolved significantlysince then,benefiting from analysis and discussions of all the major issues surrounding HEV testing.In addition,once a f
11、airly complete draft was available,the test procedure was tested at a General Motors chassisdynamometer facility using three HEVs built for the SAE HEV Challenge student competition.More recentversions have been evaluated by a team from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory using a hybrid vehicle
12、simulation program.The sustained efforts of all participant organizations and individuals in the complex task aregreatly appreciated.This document should be viewed as a starting point for standardizing HEV testing.The task force membersrealize that both the technology and the methodology for testing
13、 HEVs are in their infancy.It is most likely thatlessons learned in the process of testing HEVs and changes in HEV and testing technology in the coming yearswill require this document to be refined considerably from its present form.SAE J1711 Issued MAR1999-2-TABLE OF CONTENTS1.Scope.31.1Requirement
14、s Used to Develop the Recommended Practice.31.2Overview of the Recommended Practice.31.2.1Classifying the Hybrid-Electric Vehicle.31.2.2Testing the Vehicle in each Driver-Selected Operating Mode.41.2.3Weighting the Results.42.References.42.1Applicable Documents.42.1.1SAE Publications.42.1.2CFR Publi
15、cations.53.Definitions.53.1General.53.2Battery.73.3Capacitor.73.4Electromechanical Flywheel.73.5Driving Schedules.83.6State-of-Charge Terminology.83.7State-of-Charge Net Change Tolerances.94.Test Procedures.114.1Test Conditions.114.1.1.Condition of Vehicle.114.1.2Condition of Rechargeable Energy Sto
16、rage System.124.1.3Condition of Dynamometer.134.2Test Instrumentation.134.3Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy Tests.144.3.1Partial-Charge Test for HEV Operating Modes(PCTHEV).144.3.2Full-Charge Test for HEV Operating Modes(FCTHEV).194.3.3Partial-Charge Test for CV Operating Modes(PCTCV).214.3.4Full-
17、Charge Test for Electric-Vehicle Operating Modes(FCTEV).264.4Testing the Vehicle in Each Driver-Selected Operating Mode.275.Calculations.285.1UDDS Exhaust Emissions.285.2HFEDS Exhaust Emissions.325.3US06 Exhaust Emissions.345.4SC03 Exhaust Emissions.385.5UDDS Fuel Economy.415.6HFEDS Fuel Economy.45A
18、ppendix A Utility Factor.50Appendix B Test Procedure Slides.53Appendix C Calculation Slides.59SAE J1711 Issued MAR1999-3-1.ScopeThis SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform chassis dynamometer test procedures forhybrid-electric vehicles(HEVs)that are designed to be driven on public roads.The pr
19、ocedure providesinstructions for measuring and calculating the exhaust emissions and fuel economy of HEVs driven on theUrban Dynamometer Driving Schedule(UDDS)and the Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule(HFEDS),as well as the exhaust emissions of HEVs driven on the US06 Driving Schedule(US06)and th
20、e SC03 DrivingSchedule(SC03).However,the procedures are structured so that other driving schedules may be substituted,provided that the corresponding preparatory procedures,test lengths,and weighting factors are modifiedaccordingly.Furthermore,this document does not specify which emissions constitue
21、nts to measure(e.g.,HC,CO,NOx,CO2);instead,that decision will depend on the objectives of the tester.For purposes of this test procedure,an HEV is defined as a road vehicle that can draw propulsion energy fromboth of the following sources of stored energy:1)a consumable fuel and 2)a rechargeable ene
22、rgy storagesystem(RESS)that is recharged by an electric motor-generator system,an off-vehicle electric energy source,or both.Consumable fuels that are covered by this document are limited to petroleum-based liquid fuels(e.g.,gasoline and Diesel fuel),alcohol-based liquid fuels(e.g.,methanol and etha
23、nol),and hydrocarbon-basedgaseous fuels(e.g.,compressed natural gas).RESSs that are covered by this document include batteries,capacitors,and electromechanical flywheels.Single-roll,electric dynamometer test procedures are specifiedto minimize the test-to-test variations inherent in track testing an
24、d to conform with standard industry practicefor exhaust emissions and fuel economy measurements.Also,this document does not include test proceduresfor recharge-dependent operating modes(see 3.1.12 for definition).1.1Requirements Used to Develop the Recommended PracticeThe overall goal in developing
25、thisdocument was to allow the testing of any HEV on a fair and comparable basis with conventional vehicles,EVs,and other HEVs.Meeting this goal required satisfying the following requirements:a.This document shall provide a recommended practice to measure the exhaust emissions and fueleconomy of any
26、type of HEV design or control strategy as defined in Section 1.b.Determination of representative exhaust emissions and fuel economy shall account for the driversusage of off-vehicle charging and the usage of driver-selected operating modes,if applicable.c.EVs and conventional vehicles tested on this
27、 document shall yield the same results as if tested on thetest procedures currently established for such vehicles.d.Measurement methods and driving schedules shall be consistent with those used in existing testprocedures for EVs and conventional vehicles.e.Testing shall not require defeating or othe
28、rwise forcing a vehicles control system to perform differentlyfrom how it would perform in the drivers hands.f.This document shall provide a technical foundation to assist government regulatory agencies indeveloping emissions and fuel economy certification and compliance tests for hybrid-electric ve
29、hicles.g.This document shall be as short and simple as possible.1.2Overview of the Recommended PracticeThis document consists of three basic steps:1)classifying thehybrid-electric vehicle,2)testing the vehicle in each driver-selected operating mode,and 3)weighting theresults.1.2.1CLASSIFYING THE HYB
30、RID-ELECTRIC VEHICLEClassify the vehicle(see Figure 1)by obtaining the followinginformation from the manufacturer:a.Rechargeable Energy Storage System(RESS)Identify the RESS(battery,capacitor,orelectromechanical flywheel).b.Off-Vehicle-Charge(OVC)CapabilityDetermine whether or not the RESS is design
31、ed to berecharged from an off-vehicle electric energy source(“OVC Capable”or“Not OVC Capable”).If theHEV does have off-vehicle charging capability,but this capability is intended solely for infrequentRESS conditioning and is not recommended for routine use,then the HEV shall be classified as“NotOVC
32、Capable.”SAE J1711 Issued MAR1999-4-FIGURE 1CLASSIFYING THE HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLEc.Driver-Selected Operating ModesIdentify the type and number(if any)of all driver-selectedoperating modes:hybrid-electric vehicle(HEV)modes,conventional vehicle(CV)modes,and electricvehicle(EV)modes.Definitions for d
33、river-selected operating modes are found in 3.1.11.1.2.2TESTING THE VEHICLE IN EACH DRIVER-SELECTED OPERATING MODEIf the vehicle has driver-selectedoperating modes(e.g.,HEV modes,CV modes,and EV modes;see 3.1.11),the test procedure shall berepeated for each discrete driver-selected mode.Tables 1 and
34、 2 in 4.4,outline the test procedure for eachoperating mode.1.2.3WEIGHTING THE RESULTSFinally,the results of the tests shall be weighted to account for the driverscharging habits,usage of various driver-selected operating modes,and other factors,if applicable,asdescribed in Section 5.2.References2.1
35、Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein.Unless otherwise indicated,the latest issues of SAE and CFR publications shall apply.2.1.1SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE,400 Commonwealth Drive,Warrendale,PA 15096.SAE J1634Electric
36、Vehicle Energy Consumption and Range Test ProcedureSAE J2263Road Load Measurement Using Onboard Anemometry and Coastdown TechniquesSAE J2264Chassis Dynamometer Simulation of Road Load using Coastdown TechniquesSAE J1711 Issued MAR1999-5-2.1.2CFR PUBLICATIONSThe Code of Federal Regulations(CFR)is ava
37、ilable from the Superintendent ofDocuments,U.S.Government Printing Office,Washington,DC 20402,and on their website(http:/www.access.gpo.gov/nara/index.html).10 CFR Part 474Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research,Development,and Demonstration Program;Petroleum-Equivalent Fuel Economy Calculation40 CFR P
38、art 86Control of Air Pollution from New and In-Use Motor Vehicles and New and In-Use MotorVehicle Engines;Certification and Test Procedure40 CFR Part 600Fuel Economy of Motor Vehicles3.Definitions3.1General3.1.1HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLE(HEV)A road vehicle that can draw propulsion energy from both of t
39、he followingon-vehicle sources of stored energy:1)one consumable fuel and 2)one rechargeable energy storagesystem(RESS)that is recharged by an electric motor-generator system,an off-vehicle electrical energysource,or both.3.1.2PROPULSION ENERGYEnergy that is derived from the vehicles consumable fuel
40、 and/or rechargeable energystorage system to drive the wheels.If an energy source is supplying energy only to vehicle accessories(e.g.,a 12-V battery on a conventional vehicle),it is not acting as a source of propulsion energy.3.1.3PROPULSION SYSTEMA system that when started provides propulsion for
41、the vehicle in an amountproportional to what the driver commands.In a conventional vehicle,the engine is the propulsion system.3.1.4CONSUMABLE FUELAny solid,liquid,or gaseous material that releases energy and whose mass is depletedas a result.Consumable fuels covered by this document are limited to
42、petroleum-based liquid fuels(e.g.,gasoline and Diesel fuel),alcohol-based liquid fuels(e.g.,methanol and ethanol),and hydrocarbon-basedgaseous fuels(e.g.,compressed natural gas).The fuel is to be consumed by a consumable fuel energyconverter.3.1.5RECHARGEABLE ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM(RESS)A component o
43、r system of components that storesenergy and for which its supply of energy is rechargeable by an electric motor-generator system,an off-vehicle electric energy source,or both.Examples of RESSs for HEVs include batteries,capacitors,andelectromechanical flywheels.3.1.6CONSUMABLE FUEL ENERGY CONVERTER
44、(CFEC)A device that converts the energy stored in a consumablefuel into mechanical energy.Examples of CFECs include a spark-ignition engine,a compression-ignitionengine,and a system with both a fuel cell and an electric motor-generator system.Although a fuel cell doesuse a consumable fuel,it is not
45、considered a CFEC by itself because it doesnt produce mechanical energy.3.1.7ELECTRIC MOTOR-GENERATOR SYSTEMA device permanently located on the vehicle that can convertmechanical energy into electrical energy(e.g.,to recharge the RESS),electrical energy into mechanicalenergy(e.g.,to propel the vehic
46、le),or both.3.1.8OFF-VEHICLE ELECTRIC ENERGY SOURCEA source of electric energy that is not connected or coupled to thevehicle in any way while the vehicle is being driven.An example of an off-vehicle electric energy source isan electric outlet to which the vehicle can be connected for battery chargi
47、ng.In contrast,an inductivecharger built into the roadway would not fit this definition.3.1.9OFF-VEHICLE-CHARGE(OVC)CAPABLEA classification describing an HEV with a RESS that is designed tobe recharged from an off-vehicle electric energy source.SAE J1711 Issued MAR1999-6-3.1.10NOT OFF-VEHICLE-CHARGE
48、(NOT OVC)CAPABLEA classification describing an HEV either with a RESS thatcannot be recharged from an off-vehicle electric energy source or for which off-vehicle charging is intendedsolely for infrequent conditioning of the RESS or other purposes unrelated to vehicle propulsion.3.1.11DRIVER-SELECTED
49、 OPERATING MODEA unique vehicle propulsion operating strategy that the driver canselect through on-vehicle switches or other means.If there is only one control switch,then there are asmany modes as there are switch positions.However,if there are two or more switches,then the number ofmodes becomes t
50、he number of combinations of these switch positions.As an example,consider an HEV that has two operating mode control switches.Switch#1 contains thefollowing switch positions:one“EV”position,three different“HEV”positions,and one“CV”position.Switch#2 contains a“High CFEC Energy Output”position and a“