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1、Attributive ClauseThe clause used as the attribute in a sentence is calledstructure:antecedent +(先行词先行词)relative pron.(as sub.or obj.)relative adv.(as adverbial)(that/which/who(m)/whose)(when/where/why)Language studyLanguage studyRelative pronounsTalking about peopleTalking about peopleDo you know t
2、he man who/that came to see Xiao Yang this morning.Talking about thingsTalking about thingsI couldnt find the book which/that I bought yesterday.whosewhoseDo you know the boy whose parents are on holiday?He is a man who/whom/that we should all learn from.The table which/that you just saw is made of
3、plastics.Ive never been to the room whose windows are broken.Language studyLanguage studywho/whom/thatn这些词代替的先行词是这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词人的名词或代词，在从，在从句中句中作主语和宾语作主语和宾语。nE.g.Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中在从句中作主语作主语）He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中在从句中作宾语作宾语）whosen
4、用来指人或物，（只用作用来指人或物，（只用作定语定语,若指若指物物，它还，它还可以同可以同of which the互换）互换）nThey rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.nPlease pass me the book whose（of which the）cover is green.关系代词关系代词that 的用法的用法 a）引导非限定性定语从句时引导非限定性定语从句时 e.g.The tree,that is four hundred years old,is very famous here.（wrong）nb
5、）介词后不能用介词后不能用 e.g.We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.1 1）关系代词不用）关系代词不用thatthat的情况的情况先行词为先行词为all,anything,nothing,something,little,few,much等不定代词时等不定代词时我能用的（东西）极其少我能用的（东西）极其少There is little that I can use.先行词被先行词被all,each,few,much,eve
6、ry,no,some,any等等不定代词修饰时不定代词修饰时你需要的书都在这儿你需要的书都在这儿All the books that you need are here.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时这是他用英语写的第一篇作文这是他用英语写的第一篇作文This is the first composition that he has written in English.2 2）.关系代词只能用关系代词只能用thatthat的情况的情况先行词既有人又有物时先行词既有人又有物时。他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。He talke
7、d about the teachers and schools that he had visited.主句是以主句是以who或或which开头的疑问句开头的疑问句在那里说话的人是谁在那里说话的人是谁?Who is the man that is speaking over there?先行词被先行词被the only,the very,the last等修饰时等修饰时这正是我在找的枪。这正是我在找的枪。This is the very gun that I am looking for.先行词在从句中做表语时先行词在从句中做表语时他已经不是三十年前的那个年轻人了。他已经不是三十年前的那个年
8、轻人了。He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago.在在there be 句型中，如先行词指物，用句型中，如先行词指物，用that,而不而不用用which.There are many books that were written by him in my home.There is a house that has beautiful windows.关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句 n关系副词可代替的先行词是关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或原因的时间、地点或原因的名词名词，在从句中作，在从句中作状语状语。e.g
9、.nJuly and August are the months when the weather is hot.(时间状语时间状语)Shes going home where she can rest.（地点状语）（地点状语）Do you know the reason why I left early?(原因状原因状语语)判断关系代词与关系副词判断关系代词与关系副词 把先行词放回从句，看它在把先行词放回从句，看它在从句中从句中所作的所作的成分成分。1.如果如果不需要不需要添词句子仍然完整，那先行词在从句添词句子仍然完整，那先行词在从句中中作主语、宾语、定语作主语、宾语、定语（表所属关系），
10、（表所属关系），选择选择关系代关系代词词（who,whom,that,which,whose)。2.如果如果需要需要添介词才能使从句完整，那么先行词在添介词才能使从句完整，那么先行词在从句中从句中作状语作状语，应选择，应选择关系副词关系副词（where 地点状语，地点状语，when 时间状语，时间状语，why 原因状语）。原因状语）。判断改错：nThis is the mountain village where I visited last year.nI will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.nThis is
11、the mountain village（which）I visited last year.nIll never forget the days（which）I spent in the countryside.n习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词词 where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。系词的误用上。判断关系代词与关系副词判断关系代词与关系副词n方法：方法：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、宾、定、状），就能正确选择出关系代词宾、定、状），就能正确选择出关系代词/关
12、系副关系副词。词。n例例1.Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?nA.whereB.that C.on which D.the onen例例2.Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.nA.whereB.that C.on whichD.the one判断关系代词与关系副词判断关系代词与关系副词n例例1变为肯定句：变为肯定句：This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.nA.whereB.that C.on which D.the onen在句在句1
13、中，所缺部分为宾语，而中，所缺部分为宾语，而where,that,on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选词，所以应选D。n例例2变为肯定句：变为肯定句：This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.nA.whereB.that C.on whichD.the onen而句而句2中中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词状语表地点，既可用副词wher
14、e，又因，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词词组，可用介词in+which 引导地点状语。引导地点状语。而此题中，介词而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选用的不对，所以选A。1.The man who came to our school is Mr.Wang.2.The girl whom I met is Lucy.3.A child whose parents are dead is called Tom.4.I like the book which you bought yesterday.5.His parents wouldnt let him marry anyon
15、e whose family was poor.6.I like the person to whom you just talked.7.We shall never forget the days that we spent together.8.We shall never forget the days when we lived together.确定关系词在从句中的成分确定关系词在从句中的成分介词介词+关系词关系词引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 1）某些某些在从句中充当时间，地点等在从句中充当时间，地点等状语状语的的介词介词+关系词关系词结结构可以同关系副词构可以同关系副词when
16、和和where 互换互换。例如：。例如：This is the house _ I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day _ you joined our club?2）介词后面的关系词不能省略。）介词后面的关系词不能省略。3）先行词是物，关系词用）先行词是物，关系词用which,先行词是人先行词是人,则关系词用则关系词用whom4)表所属关系时用表所属关系时用of which/whom The boy whose/of whom the parents are both doctors won the first place in the e
17、xam.5)表原因，用表原因，用for whichIs this the reason Is this the reason why(for which)why(for which)he refused our offer?he refused our offer?介词关系词介词关系词结构中介词的确定结构中介词的确定来源于构成完整时间、地点状语所需补出的介来源于构成完整时间、地点状语所需补出的介词词 This is the mountain village _ I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days _ I worked together wi
18、th you.来源于动词短语来源于动词短语 He is really the person _ whom we have a lot to learn.The girl _ whom you are talking is working for an international organization.限制性和非限制性定语从句限制性和非限制性定语从句 定语从句有定语从句有限制性限制性和和非限制性非限制性两种。限制性定语两种。限制性定语从句是先行词从句是先行词不可缺少不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意的部分，去掉它主句意思往往思往往不明确不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的；非限制性定语从句是先行词的
19、附加说明附加说明，去掉了也，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思不会影响主句的意思，它，它与主句之间通常用与主句之间通常用逗号分开逗号分开。e.g.nThis is the house which we bought last month.这这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）nThe house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）（非限制性）as&which 引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句n由由as,which 引导的非限定性
20、定语从句，引导的非限定性定语从句，as和和which指代整个主句指代整个主句，相当于，相当于and this或或and that。as一般放在句首一般放在句首，which在句中。在句中。例如：例如：nAs we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。nThe sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。nThe sun heats the earth,and _ is ve
21、ry important to us.典型例题典型例题 n1）Alice received an invitation from her boss,_came as a surprise.A.it B.that C.whichD.hen答案答案C.此为非限定性从句，不能用此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，修饰，而用而用which.it 和和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不句意不通。通。n2）The weather turned out to be very good,(and)_ was mo
22、re than we could expect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.itn答案答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而句，而what不可。不可。that 不能用于非限定性定语从不能用于非限定性定语从句，句，it不为连词，使用逗号连接的两个句子并在不为连词，使用逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。一起在英语语法上行不通。典型例题典型例题 n3）It rained hard yesterday,_ prevented me from going to the park.A.thatB.whichC.as D.itn答案答案
23、B.as 和和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：两点：n（1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。不可。n（2）as 代表前面的整个主句并代表前面的整个主句并在从句中在从句中作主语时，作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是从句中的谓语必须是系动词系动词；若为；若为行为动词行为动词，则从，则从句中的关系代词句中的关系代词只能用只能用which.。在本题中
24、，。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。典型例题典型例题 关系代词关系代词as 的用法的用法 n1)the sameas；suchas 中的中的as 是一种固定结是一种固定结构构,和和一样一样。例如：。例如：I have got into the same trouble as he(has).n2)as可引导非限制性从句，常带有可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如正如。例如：。例如：As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known,smoking is harmful to on
25、es health.nas是关系代词。例是关系代词。例1中的中的as作作know的宾语；例的宾语；例2中，中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。要用被动式。what/whatevern1）what=the thing which；whatever=anything。e.g.nWhat you want has been sent here.你要的动词你要的动词都送来了。都送来了。nWhatever you want makes no difference to me.不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。who/whoevernwho
26、=the person that whoever=anyone who e.g.n（WRONG）Who breaks the law will be punished.n（WRONG）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.n（RIGHT）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.王子犯法，与庶民同罪。王子犯法，与庶民同罪。n（RIGHT）Who robbed the bank is not clear.谁抢谁抢了银行还不清楚。了银行还不清楚。先行词和关系词二合一先行词和关系词二合一 n1）Whoever spits in
27、 public will be punished here.（Whoever 可以用可以用 anyone who 代替）代替）n2）The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用可以用all that代替）代替）n1.City people in Britain and the US stand closer than those_live in other countries.n2.The old lady used to stand in front of the win
28、dow,though _she could see what was happening.n3.The international research group was made up of 20 scientists,three of _ are experts on DNA.n4.Lost in the thick forest,the old man had got no person_he could turn for help.用关系词填空用关系词填空n5.Jackie,_life had once been very hard,become a well-known actor.n
29、6.Do you still remember the days _ we spent happily together last year.n7.The tree,_ leaves have turned red,was planted by my uncle.n8.The boy,one of _ is my brother,are making a plan for the weekend.用关系词填空用关系词填空Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions1.The sun gives us heat and light,_ which 1.T
30、he sun gives us heat and light,_ which we cant live.we cant live.2.The student _ whom we were talking 2.The student _ whom we were talking just now is the best student in our class.just now is the best student in our class.3.Ill never forget the day _ which she said 3.Ill never forget the day _ whic
31、h she said good-bye to me.good-bye to me.4.Is that the newspaper _which you often write 4.Is that the newspaper _which you often write articles?articles?5.1949 was the year _which the P.R.C.was 5.1949 was the year _which the P.R.C.was founded.founded.withoutwithoutabout/toabout/toononforforin in1.Im
32、 using the pen which he bought it yesterday.2.Is that factory which your father once worked in?3.The man whom I spoke is from Canada.4.July 1,1999 is the day when well never forget.5.I still remember the holidays I stayed with them.6.Im going to work in the hospital where needs me.Proofread the sent
33、encesProofread the sentencesthe onetowhen which/that which/that7.Which is known to all,many satellites are going around in the sky.8.I dont like the way which you talked to your friend.9.This is the last time when Ive given you lessons.10.Soon they came to a farm house,and in front of which sat a sm
34、all boy.11.We heard the news which our team won the game.12.The reason which he explained it sounds reasonable.Language studyLanguage studyProofread the sentencesProofread the sentencesthat in which/thatthatwhyAs13.Those at the desk want to buy tickets write down your names.14.That was the reason be
35、cause she looked old.15.Miss Chen is the only one of the few teachers who give us wonderful English lessons in our school.16.Taiwan,that we know,belongs to China.20.The students and things which you spoke of are known to us.Language studyLanguage studyProofread the sentencesProofread the sentences whogives asthatwhy