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1、1.What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Sentence:A set of words expressing a statement,a question or an order,usually containing a subject and a verb.(-X-ford)第1页/共35页2.What is phrase stucture rule?The special type of grammatic
2、al mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase stucture rule.The phrase stucture rule for NP,VP,AP,and pp.NP (Det)N(PP)the pretty girlVP (Qual)V(NP)often dream a dreamAP (Deg)A(PP)very careful about youPP (Deg)P(PP)in the middle of the river第2页/共35页3
3、.What is category?How to determine a words category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence,a noun phrase or a verb.vWord level categories are divided into two kinds:a.major lexical categories:Noun,verb,Ad
4、jective.Prepositon.a.minor lexical categories:Determiner.Degreee words.Qualifier.Auxiliary.Conjunction.To determine a words category,three criteria are usually employed,namely,meaning,inflection and distribution.第3页/共35页4.What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?Some structures
5、are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and or or.Such phrasesare called coordinate structures.Coordination exhibitsthe followfor important properties:1.There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the c
6、onjunction.2.A category at any levelcan be ccoordinated.3.Coordinated categories must be of the same type.4.The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.第4页/共35页5.What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?
7、Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases.A phrase can contain specifiers,head,complements and Modifiers.Specifiers:The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers.Head:The word around which a phrase is formed is termed head.Complemen
8、t:The words on the right side of the heads are complements.Modifiers,which specifies optionally expressible properties of head.xp (spec)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod)The Expanded XP rule第5页/共35页6.What is deep structure and what is surface structure?Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the heads subcat
9、egorization properties,is called deep structure(or D-structure).Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which resultsfrom appreopriate transformations is called surface structure(or S-structure).第6页/共35页7.Indicatte the category of each word in the following sentences.a)The old lady
10、 got off the bus carefully.b)The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.c)The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.d)This cloth feels quite soft.Det.Adj.N.V.P Det.N.Adv.Det.N.Adv.V.P Det.Adj.N.Det.Adj.N.Aux V.P Adj P Det N.Det.N.V.Deg Adj.第7页/共35页8.The following phrases includ
11、e a head,a complement,and in some cases a specifier.Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.a)rich in minerals.b)often read detective stories.c)the argument against the proposalsd)already above the window.第8页/共35页a)rich in minerals.V P NPPVPrich in mineralscomplement headxp(Specifier)X(c
12、omplement)第9页/共35页b)often read detective stories.Deg.V.Adj N.VPNPxp(Specifier)X(complement)b)often read detective stories.head第10页/共35页c)the argument against the proposals Det N V Det NNPNPVPc)the argument against the proposalsxp(Specifier)X(complement)head第11页/共35页d)already above the window.A P Det
13、 NNPPPd)already above the window.xp(Specifier)X (complement)head第12页/共35页9.The following sentences contain modifiers of various types.For each sentence,first identify the modifier(s),then draw the tree structures.a)A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.b)A huge moon hung in t
14、he black sky.c)The man examined his car carefully yesterday.d)Awooden hut near the lake callapsed in the storm第13页/共35页A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.Det.Adj N V Det N p Adj.NNPNPNPPPVPSModModNPVPCPCInflPst第14页/共35页A huge moon hung in the black sky.Det Adj N V P Det Ad
15、j NModModNPPPNPVPSInflNonPstCPC第15页/共35页The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Det N V Det N Adv AdvNPNPVPVPSInflPstModMod第16页/共35页A wooden hut near the lake callapsed in the stormDet Adj N P Det N V P Det NNPPPVPNPNPPPNPSInflPstMod第17页/共35页10.The following sentences all contain conjined categ
16、ories.Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a)Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.b)Helen put on her clothes and went out.c)Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.第18页/共35页 N Infl V Det Adj N P Na)Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.PPNPVPNPSCPC第19页/共35页 N V P Det N
17、 C V Advb)Helen put on her clothes and went out.NPPPVPNPSVPCPCNPNSCPInflPstInflNonPst第20页/共35页 N Infl V P N C V P Nc)Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.NPNPVPSVPPNScpInflPstcpC第21页/共35页11.The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb,an a
18、djective,a preposition or a noun.Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a)You know that I hate war.b)Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.c)Chris was happy that his father bought him a Roll-Royce.d)The children argued over whether bats had wings.第22页/共35页 N V C N V N You know
19、that I hate war.VPNPNPVPSNPVPCPSCPCInflInflNonPstNonPst第23页/共35页N V Det N C N V Det Adj NGerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.NPVPNPSCPNPNPVPSCPCInflInflNonPstPst第24页/共35页N v Adj C Det N V N Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Roll-Royce.NPNPVPNPSVPVPSCPCPCPstInfl
20、InflPst第25页/共35页Det N V P C N V NThe children argued over whether bats had wings.NPVPSVPNPSCPCPCInflPstInflPstPP第26页/共35页12.Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause.Draw the deep structure and the surface structre for each of these sentences.a)The essay that he wrote was excellentb
21、)Herbert bought a house that she lovedc)The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.第27页/共35页 Det N C Det V V Adj.The essay that he wrote was excellentVPNPSNPSCPCPCVP第28页/共35页 N V Det N N N VHerbert bought a house that she lovedNPVPNPVPSNPVPNPNeSCPCNPCPCInflPstInflPst第29页/共35页Det N N N V V P NThe
22、girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.PPCNPNPvpeCSCPSCPvpInflNonPstInflNonPst第30页/共35页13.The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation.Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each sentence.a)Would you come tomorrow?b)What did Helen bring to the part
23、y?c)Who broke the window?第31页/共35页 Au N V Adv Would you come tomorrow?vpNPInfleInflSCPCWould you _ come tomorrow?Wh Movement第32页/共35页 N Infl N V P Det NWhat did Helen bring to the party?NPPPVPNPSWhat did Helen _bring _to the party?NPCPCWh MovementInversioneInflNVP第33页/共35页 V Det NWho broke the window?NPVPVPNPSInflNonPstCPCWho_ broke the window?Wh MovementeNNP第34页/共35页感谢您的观看！第35页/共35页