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1、MLA vs.APA|Which should you use?Askeachofyourteacherswhichstyletheywantyoutouse.Iftheyhavenopreference,youcanuseanyorfollowtheseguidelines：|APA:psychology,education,andothersocialsciences.|MLA:literature,arts,andhumanities.|Chicago:usedwithallsubjectsintherealworldbybooks,magazines,newspapers,andoth
2、ernon-scholarlypublications.MLA&APAI.Parenthetical Citation|Authors Name in the Text|MLA StyleAccordingtoJones,“StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime”(199).Jonesfound“studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle”(199).You only need to indicate page numbers,since the au
3、thors name appears in the text.|APA StyleAccordingtoJones(1998),“StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime”(p.199).Jones(1998)found“studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle”(p.199).Date of publication is placed after authors name.MLA&APA|MLA styleThispointhasalreadybee
4、nargued(Tannen178-85).Authors name and page numbers are placed at the end of the attributed text.|APA styleThispointhasalreadybeenargued(Tannen,1994).如果没有引述具体观点，如果没有引述具体观点，APA可以省略页码。可以省略页码。Authors name and publication date(separated by a comma)are placed at the end of the attributed text.Omit year f
5、rom subsequent citations after first citation within paragraph.MLA&APA|Authors Names in the Text|MLA Style(2 or 3 authors)Others,likeJakobsonandWaugh(210-15),holdtheoppositepointofview.Amongintentionalspoonerisms,the“punlikemetathesisofdistinctivefeaturesmayservetoweldtogetherwordsetymologicallyunre
6、latedbutcloseintheirsoundandmeaning”(JakobsonandWaugh304).如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：(Alton,Davies,andRice56)Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity(Franklin,Childs,Smith135).|MLA Style(4 or more authors)Thestudywasextendedfortwoyears,andonlyafterres
7、ultswerereviewedbyanindependentpaneldidtheresearcherspublishtheirfindings(Blaineetal.35).|APA Style(2 authors)Others,likeJakobsonandWaugh(1978,pp.210-15),holdtheoppositepointofview.Research(Yamada&Matsuura,1982)reportsthepoorperformanceofadvancedEnglishlearnerswhocoulduseEnglisharticlescorrectlyonly
8、in70percentofthecases.|APA Style(3 to 5 authors)第一次引用：Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity(Franklin,Childs,&Smith,1995).以后的引用：Tobesuccessful,“communitiesmustbewillingtotakethisresponsibility”(Franklinetal.,1995,p.135).|APA Style(6 or more authors)P
9、atternsofByzantineintriguehavelongplaguedtheinternalpoliticsofcommunitycollegeadministrationinTexas(Douglasetal.,2003,p.xxx)|MLA不使用不使用“&”，APA不使用不使用“and”。MLA&APA|Authors Name Not in the Text|MLA style Othersholdtheoppositepointofview(e.g.,JakobsonandWaugh210-15).MonasteriesinmedievalEuropewerenotshor
10、tofspeculationsaboutGreekinventions(Marcuse190-203).|APA style Othersholdtheoppositepointofview(Jakobson&Waugh,1978).EmilyBronte“expressedincreasinghostilityfortheworldofhumanrelationships,whethersexualorsocial”(Taylor,1988,p.11).MLA&APA|Citing Two or More Works by the Same Author or Authors|MLA Sty
11、le引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组。书名用下划线，文章用引号。ShakespearesKingLearhasbeencalleda“comedyofthegrotesque”(Frye,Anatomy237).Computersarenotusefultoolsforsmallchildren(Lightenor,“TooSoon”38),thoughhehasacknowledgedthatearlyexposuretocomputergamesdoesleadtobettersmallmotorskilldevelopment(Lightenor,“Han
12、d-EyeDevelopment”17).The book title(underlined)or journal article(in quotes)is provided.If there is no author,then only the book title journal article would appear,example,(Anatomy,237).|APA Style 按APA规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：(Zhang,1997)，(Zhang,1999)，(Zhang,2004)。同一作者的多篇文献，文献按发表次序排列，如：(Zhang,1997,19
13、99,2004)。同年发表的多个文献应对年份另加字母，以示区别，正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母，如：(Bloom,2003a,2003b)。ShakespearesKingLearhasbeencalleda“comedyofthegrotesque”(Frye,1982,p.237).|Citing indirect source论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献secondarysource），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献primarysource）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出。|MLASamuelJohnsonadmittedthatEdmund
14、Burkewasan“extraordinaryman”(qtd.inBoswell450).注意：“qtd.in”中的字母“i”不得大写。|APA：Grayson(ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identifiedfourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.Oneresearcher(Grayson,ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identifiedfourcomponentsofbodylanguag
15、ethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski&Degelman,1996”）。MLA&APA|Bibliography Entries|Books of a Single Author MLA Style Frye,Northrop.AnatomyofCriticism:FourEssays.Princeton:PrincetonUP,1957.APA Style Frye,N.(1957).Anatomy of criticis
16、m:Four essays.Princeton:PrincetonUP.Double space is required for the APA format.MLA&APA|Books of Multi-Authors MLA Style Bondanella,Peter,andJuliaConawayBondanella,eds.DictionaryofItalianLiterature.Westport:Greenwood,1979.APA Style Bondanella,P.,&Bondanella,J.C.(1979).Dictionary of Italian Literatur
17、e.Westport:Greenwood.|Selection from an edited book MLA Style Glover,David.“TheStuffThatDreamsAreMadeOf:Masculinity,Femininity,andtheThriller.”Gender,GenreandNarrativePleasure.Ed.DerekLonghurst.London:UnwinHyman,1989.67-83.APA Style Wilson,S.F.(1990).Communitysupportandintegration:Newdirectionsforou
18、tcomeresearch.InS.Rose(Ed.),Casemanagement:Anoverviewandassessment(pp.13-42).WhitePlains,NY:Longman.MLA规范中，书的编者的姓和名均用全称。APA规范里，编者的姓用全称，名用首字母。MLA&APA|Journal ArticlesMLA Style Monk,Patricia.“FrankensteinsDaughters:TheProblemsoftheFeminineImageinScienceFiction.”Mosaic13.4(1980):15-27.APA Style Monk,P.
19、(1980).Frankensteinsdaughters:The|在MLA规范里，作者的姓名应完整，应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。在APA里，作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。|在MLA规范里，期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。|在APA规范里期刊的卷数应用斜体表示。|按MLA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母均必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号（“to”）以外都必须大写。按APA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除专有名词以外，均不需要大写。MLA&APA|Newspaper ArticlesMLA S
20、tyleDalin,Damon.“A$7GreetingCard?Yes,ButListenToTheMelodyItWillPlayForYou.”WallStreetJournal10May1983,Easterned.:37.APA Style Dalin,D.(1983,May10).A$7greetingcard?Yes,butlistentothemelodyitwillplayforyou.Wall Street Journal,p37.MLA&APA|Articles from Reference BooksMLA Style “Mandarin.”TheEncyclopedi
21、aAmericana.1994ed.Bergmann,PeterGabriel.“Relativity.”TheNewEncyclopediaBritannica.Vol.26.Chicago:EncyclopediaBritannica.1993.501-8.APA StyleBergmann,P.(1993).Relativity.InThe new encyclopedia Britannica(Vol.26,pp.501-508).Chicago:EncyclopediaBritannica.MLA&APA|Web SourcesMLA Style 姓，名姓，名.“文献题名文献题名.”杂志名称杂志名称.发表日期发表日期.网址网址(检索日期检索日期).Fischer,MichaelF.“Paronomasia.”WorthlessWordsfortheDay.21November2005.http:/ Style 姓，名首姓，名首.(发表年发表年,月日月日).文献题名文献题名.杂志名称杂志名称.On line.(检索年检索年,月月日日).Fischer,M.F.(2005,November21).Paronomasia.WorthlessWordsfortheDay.On-line.(2007,May8).MLA&APAMany Thanksand All the Best