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1、Whats the difference?Literal平实“Heranquicklydownthestreet.”Simile明喻“Heranlikeaharedownthestreet.”Metaphor暗喻“Hehared（如野兔般疾走奔跑）downthestreet.”第1页/共47页Types of figurative language第2页/共47页第3页/共47页1.Simile-Metaphor Metonymy-Synecdoche Analogy2.Personification-3.Irony4.Hyperbole-Understatement5.Euphemism 6
2、.Parody 仿化仿化 7.Pun Transferred epithet OnomatopoeiaReverse(序换序换),Anadiplosis（蝉联）（蝉联）,Regression（回环）（回环）Syllepsis（一语双叙）（一语双叙）第4页/共47页Metonymy转喻转喻Thewaterinthekettleisboiling.Thekettleisboiling.Thosewhousethepenhavemoreinfluencethanthosewhousethesword.Thepenisstrongerthanthesword.Landbelongingtothemon
3、archoccupiedthebestpartofthecountry.Landbelongingtothecrown/sceptre(节杖)occupied.第5页/共47页EverygovernmentshouldattendtocleaningitsownAugeanstables.BacchushasdrownedmorethanNeptunebuthaskilledfewerthanMars.第6页/共47页Ivan:theRussianpeopleJohnBull:England/theEnglishpeopleBritishLion:England/theEnglishgover
4、nmentDowningStreet:theBritishgovernment/cabinetFleetStreet:theBritishpressthebar:thelegalprofessiontheveil:vocationofanun;thepress:newspapers;newspaperreporters;MadisonAvenue:AmericanadvertisingindustryCapitolHill:theLegislativeBranchoftheU.S.thePentagon:theU.S.militaryestablishmentHollywood:America
5、nfilm-makingindustryQuisling:traitorRomeo:loverHelen:beautifulwomanMilton:poet第7页/共47页Analogy类比类比XistoAwhatYistoBReadingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.Judicious praise is to childrenwhat thesunistoflowers.Xisno morethanYA home without love isno morethan abodywithoutasoul.Before you reprehend ano
6、ther,takeheed you are not culpable in what yougoabouttoreprehend.becausehewhocleansesablotwithblottedfingersmakesagreaterblur.第8页/共47页第9页/共47页Example of personification拟人拟人Mycarwhines（哀鸣；惨叫）inpainasitclimbsupsteep（陡峭的）hills.Thetablegroaned（呻吟）undertheweightofthefoodplacedonit.第10页/共47页Thebutterflies
7、dancedaroundtheflowersinthewind.TheEarthcoughedandchokedinallofthepollution.Thefriendlygateswelcomedus.第11页/共47页Onomatopoeia拟声拟声Onomatopoeicwordsarethosethatareformedbydirectlyimitatingsounds,includingthoseproducedbymetals(clang,clank,clash,ding-dong,jangle,tick-tack,ting,tinkle,etc.),thoseproducedb
8、ywaterorotherliquids(bubble,drip-drop,sizz,sizzle,splash,splish-splosh,etc.),thoseproducedbyvariousanimals(coo,hiss,moo,miao,screech,etc.),thoseproducedbyhumanbeings(chatter,chuckle,grumble,grunt,gurgle,mumble,murmur,shriek,smack,sneeze.snigger,snort,sputter,whisper,whoop,etc.),etc.第12页/共47页a)Thestr
9、eamflowsthroughthewoods,Dasistartedlaughing.Thedoorwaspushedopen.Heavyraindropsfellonthetent.b)Thestreamismurmuringthroughthewoods.Dasistartedgiggling.Thedoorcrashedopen.Heavyraindropsbeganpitter-patteringonthetent.第13页/共47页一等舱(FirstClass)豪华舱(DeluxeClass或PremiumClass)二等舱(SecondClass)一等舱(FirstClass)三
10、等舱商务舱(BusinessClass)，经济舱(EconomicClass)或旅游舱(TouristClass)tobeintimatewithsomebody通常表示“跟某人亲近”、“关系密切”等一般含义,但intimacy也可能指不正当的男女关系industrialrelation(劳资关系)和industrialdispute(劳资争端)airoperation，groundoperation这类表示空中打击和地面战争civiliancasualties(平民伤亡)也说成是collateraldamage(附带损伤)Euphemism委婉第14页/共47页tosoftenharshre
11、ality1.dismiss,sack2.indebt3.thepoor4.livingondole5.slumsonwelfarebenefitssub-standardhousingpinkslipindifficultiesthehave-notslayoff;easeout;give(get)thewalkingticketinembarrassingobligationto；inreducedcircumstancestheunderprivileged;thedisadvantagedonrelief第15页/共47页Parody模仿模仿marathontelethon（马拉松式电
12、视广播节目），talkathon（马拉松式答话或座谈节目）Fromeachaccordingtohisability,toeachaccordingtohiswork-thesocialistprincipleofdistributionFromeachaccordingtohisability,toeachaccordingtohisneeds-thecommunistprincipleAllmanarecreatedequal.Notallcarsarecreatedequal.第16页/共47页Twinkle,twinkle,littlebat,HowIwonderwhatyoureat
13、!UpabovetheworldyouflyLikeateatrayinthesky.(LewisCarrol)Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar,HowIwonderwhatyouare!Upabovetheworldsohigh,Likeadiamondinthesky!(JaneTaylor)第17页/共47页Ihadnooutlook,butanrather.Myplaceinsocietywasatthebottom.Tobeornottobe,thisisaquestion Qualitybreedssuccess.Familiaritybreedscontemp
14、t.uplook第18页/共47页Reverse反转反转Benniestheirson,saidHenry.Like son,like father,Iimagine,saidBonnefois.(P.P.Read)Lifehastaughtmetothink?Butthinkinghasnottaughtmetolive第19页/共47页Anadiplosis顶真顶真Thisunfrequentedplacetofindsomeease,Easetothebody,nonetothemindFromrestlessthoughts.(Milton)Inliterature,asinlife,
15、oneofthefundamentalsistofind,andbe,ones true self.Ones true selfmayindeedbeunpleasant.第20页/共47页Itstheprofitnow,nottheproduct.Halfthetime,wecheatthe foreman,the foremancheatthemanagement,the managementcheatsthe customers.Andthe customersarewe.(J.B.Priestly)Forglancesbegetogles,ogles sighs,sighs wishe
16、s,wishes words,andwords a letter.(Byron)第21页/共47页Regression回归回归Woetothemwhocallevil good and good evil.Britainrules the waves,Mussoliniwaives the rules.Youcanfoolall the people some of the time,some of the people all the time,butyoucannotfoolall the people all the time.(AprahamLincoln)第22页/共47页Wheny
17、ouhavenothingtosay,.Howmuchbetterisittoweepatjoythan.第23页/共47页Pun 双关语双关语 Apunisaformofspeechplayinwhichawordorphraseunexpectedlyandsimultaneouslycombinestwounrelatedmeanings.Drunkdriversputthequartbeforethehearse.Ifinallyfiguredouthowgovernmentworks.TheSenategetsthebillfromtheHouse,thePresidentgetst
18、hebillfromtheSenate,andwegetthebillforeverything.第24页/共47页Tryoursweetcorn.Youllsmilefromeartoear.YouwillgonutsforthenutsyougetinNux.Whatisthatwhich,thoughblackitself,enlightenstheworld?Ink第25页/共47页Transferred epithet转移转移adizzyheightasweetvoiceTheletters,sadandreproachful,offerthechoiceofpleadingigno
19、ranceorbeingprovedinsensitive.第26页/共47页 abottleneckofacrossroad:acrossroadthatislikeabottle-neck“名词of名词”这是transferred epithet修辞格的一种特殊格式，从结构上of和其后的名词构成的介词短语应该修饰前面的那个名词，但从语义上分析，却是of前面的名词修饰后面的名词。a.解放前我家过着地狱般的生活。b.东北方向变得墨黑吓人，海上涌起山一般的巨浪。The northeast turned black and menacing.There was a mountain of a wa
20、ve on the sea.Before liberation my family led a hell of a life.第27页/共47页Syllepsis一语双叙一语双叙 X and Y （This is a special simile,which often occurs in Englishproverbs.）Awordandastoneletgocannotberecalled.Hefoughtagainstastoutcluband desperation.Wesellclothesthatfitthefiguresand .Shehadtoswallowthepancake
21、rollandaspasmofagony.thetimes第28页/共47页Somestudentsprefertostudyalone,whileothersprefertostudywithagroupofpeople.Whichopiniondoyousupport?Writeacompositionofabout200wordsonthefollowingtopic:StudyingAloneorStudyinginaGroupHomework 第29页/共47页Theseedsofrebellionwerekindledinsecret.Whenweareusingtwoormore
22、metaphorstoillustratethesamesubject,consistencyinmetaphorsbecomesrelevantandimportant.Theflamesofrebellionwerekindledinsecret.Iskimoverthebooktotastethetoneofit.Atlasthefeltarayofhope.Problem第30页/共47页Somepeoplebelievethatvisitorstoothercountriesshouldfollowlocalcustomsandbehavior.Othersdisagreeandth
23、inkthtatthehostcountryshouldwelcomeculturaldifferences.Giveyourownopinionin200words.第31页/共47页Synecdoche提喻提喻Alltheplantsinthecoldcountryareturninggreeninthissmilingyear.“Einsteinismyadmiration,”thelittlegirlsaid.Therearesomanypeopleoutside.Outside,(thereis)aseaoffaces.Theyarelivinginthesamehouse.They
24、sharethesameroof.第32页/共47页 Nameofmaterialforthethingmade Hewalkedthe boards foraliving.ThecontainerforthethingcontainedorviceversaTwobeers,please.ThethingwornforthewearerIarrivedattheschooljustthreefeettallandfatlywrappedinmyscarves.Theplaygroundroaredlikearodeo(牛仔竞技表演),.Old boots,ragged stockings,t
25、orn trousers and skirts,wentskatingandskiddingaround.Therabbleclosedin;(the boards=thestage)(beers=twoglassesofbeer)第33页/共47页Zoomsemy Oppositetopersonificationiszoosemyinwhichnamesofanimalsaremetaphoricallyusedtodenotehumanqualities,asinYouresheddingcrocodiletears,whichmeansYouresheddinginsinceretea
26、rs.Theyprostitutesarenothingbutpapertoys,played,ruined,torn,andthrownintothegarbagecan.(NBCTVDebate,Feb.9,1993)Mr.Smithmayserveasagoodsecretary,forheisascloseasanoyster.ProudHewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.(GeorgeEliot)SleepsoundHesleptlikealog.第34页/共47页 不使用拟声词，而是巧妙地利用音素组合创造所需要的音
27、响效果。一般说来，/S/表示柔和的音响，如(蛇、沸水等的)嘶嘶声；/l/表示流畅、欢快的音响，如(小溪的)流水声；/m/，/n/等表示郁闷、沉长的音响，/k/，/g/表示急促、尖锐的嗓音等。元音也一样，双元音和三元音柔和、婉转，短元音急促、粗硬等。第35页/共47页This Is Just To SayIhaveeatentheplumsthatwereintheiceboxandwhichyouwereprobablysavingforbreakfastForgivemetheyweredelicioussosweetandsocold(WilliamCarlosWilliams)第36页/
28、共47页Paradox 悖论悖论Morehaste,lessspeed.Paradoxically(enough),thefasterhetriedtofinish,thelongeritseemedtotakehim.Whatapitythatyouthmustbewastedontheyoung.(G.B.Shaw)Youcanseenothingineitherpurelightorpuredark.(Hegel)第37页/共47页Oxymoron矛盾修饰矛盾修饰Adj.+N.creativedestruction,livingdeath,tearfuljoyloyaldeceit,ch
29、eerfulpessimistAdj.+Adj.coldpleasantmanner,sour-sweetdays,poorrichguys,fortunateunhappyAdv.+Adj.dullybright,mercifullyfatal,falselytruedeliciouslyfired,rudelygreatV.+Adv.diemerrily,shinedarkly,groanloudlyN.+N.love-haterelationship,thesoundofsilence第38页/共47页第39页/共47页Hyperbole夸张法夸张法Forshewasbeautiful-
30、herbeautymadeThebrightworlddim,andeverythingbesideSeemedlikethefleetingimageofashade.(Shelly)第40页/共47页TheKeeblerElveshavebakedupthelightest,crispiestsnacksevertobecalledcrackers.Theseextrathinbite-sizecrackersarerippledwithzestyseasoningsandcrunchjustlikeyourfavoritechips,buttheyrebaked,notfried.The
31、yretheperfectsnackformunchingbythehandful.Munchems第41页/共47页Understatement保守的陈述保守的陈述 Thatsaseriousmatter.Thatsno laughingmatter.TVReporter:Doyouthinkalltheprogramsaregood?Anaudience:Well,somearenot bad,somecould be better,andsomearealmost sort ofrubbish.第42页/共47页Malapropism荒唐的用词错误荒唐的用词错误（一种修辞法）（一种修辞法
32、）18世纪英国著名剧作家RichardSheridan的喜剧TheRivals中有个名叫Malaprop的人物，地位显贵而知识浅薄，好卖弄词藻，但因一知半解而满口错字别音，闹出许多笑话。后来就从这个人物的名字演成为Malapropism这样一种修辞格式，即利用近音异义，有意地利用白字别音的一种语言表达形式。破绽读成“ding”，把“刻不容缓”改成“咳不容缓”。第43页/共47页Questioner:Whatsusuallyusedasaconductorofelectricity?Examinee:Why-er.Questioner:Correct,wire.Nowtellme,whatist
33、heunitofelectricpower?Examinee:Thewhat?Questioner:Thatsabsolutelyright.TheWatt.第44页/共47页Passmethewater.Wouldyoupassthewater?（试探受话人是否乐意）Couldyoupossiblypassthewater?（询问受话人是否有做某事的可能性，很客气）Iwouldbeextremelygratefulifyouwouldpassthewater.（假设语气陈述句，很有礼貌）Iwonderifyouwouldbegoodenoughtopassthewater.（假设语气，很委婉
34、）第45页/共47页ParegmenonAlas,goodfriend,whatprofitcanyouseeinhatingsuchahatelessthingasme?(Shelly)Helookeddownandmethereyes.Theyweredarkerthandarkness,andgavedeeperspace.(D.H.Lawrence)Homeishomethoughneversohomely.RejectingRejection.Man must change-Money-is not everything,but without money you can do nothing.-often unmakes the men who make it.in a changing world.？第46页/共47页感谢您的观赏第47页/共47页