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1、e.g.emoteemotion(emote-to express emotion,especially in an excessive ortheatricalmanner过分表达感情，尤指用过火地或做作的方式来表达感情)electrocuteelectrocution(electrocution-n.电刑,电死)electrocute-vt.tokillwithelectricity电死toexecute(acondemnedprisoner)bymeansofelectricity以电刑处死（罪犯）第1页/共33页Backformationusuallyinvolvesthefollow
2、ingtypesofwords:nouns,adjectivesandwordsendingwithadverbsuffixling.P49第2页/共33页 Threecategorieswhichback-formedwordsarebasedon:(1)Nounsendingwither(/-or/-ar),-ion,-ing:topeddle沿街叫卖peddler小贩toauth创作authorToorate 演说orator演说者Toair-conditionair-conditioning(2)Adjectivestolazelazytocose使感到惬意cozy舒适的togreed
3、greedy贪婪的第3页/共33页 (3)Wordsendingwith-ling:tosidle侧走sidling斜视todarkle变阴暗darkling黑暗的togrovel匍匐grovelling匍匐第4页/共33页Stylistically,back-formedwordsarelargelyinformalandsomeofthemhavenotsuccessfullygainedcurrency.Lexicographershavecautiouslyrejectedthem.Therefore,theyshouldbeusedwithcare.Wordscreatedthrou
4、ghbackformationaremostlyverbs.第5页/共33页5.Abbreviation/Shortening(缩略法)Shortening/Abbreviationclipped wordsinitialisms acronymsflu=influenza,BBCfridge=refrigerator WTO OPEC第6页/共33页(1)Clippedwordsarecreatedbyclippingpartofaword,leavingonlyapieceoftheoldword.Thiswayofword-formationiscalledclipping(缩短词).F
5、ourtypesofclipping:i.Frontclipping:Thedeletionoccursatthebeginningoftheword.phone=telephone,chute=parachute,copter=helicopterii.Backclipping:Ad=advertisement,photo=photograph,taxi=taxicab,lab=laboratorygym健身房,体育馆;体操=gymnastics体操,第7页/共33页 iii.Frontandbackclipping:Flu=influenza,fridge=refrigeratoriv.M
6、iddleclipping:courtesy=curtsy礼貌v.Phraseclipping:zoo=zoologicalgardenjet=jetpropelledplanepub=publichouse酒吧 第8页/共33页(2)Initialisms首字母连写词Initialismsarewordsformedbyusingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase.Aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter.e.g.V.O.A=VoiceofAmericaID=Id
7、entificationCardIOC=InternationalOlympicCommittee,G.M.T=GreenwichMeanTimeMIT=MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyVIP,EU 第9页/共33页(3)Acronyms首字母拼音词Acronymsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,etc.Acronymsdifferfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherth
8、anassequencesofletters.e.g.TEFLtefl=TeachingEnglishasaForeignLanguageToefltoufl=TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguageradar=radiodetectingandrangingOPEC=OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries 第10页/共33页 半缩略词：只缩略两个成分组成的第一个成分或者三个成分组成的前两个成分，最后一个成分保持不变。如：N-bomb（核弹）:nuclear bombH-bomb（氢弹）:hydrogen bombV.J.Day
9、（战胜日本纪念日）:victory over Japan Day(Aug.15,1945)第11页/共33页6.BlendingBlendingistheformation of new wordsby combining parts oftwowordsorawordplusa part of another word.Words formed as sucharecalledblends.第12页/共33页Structurally,theyfallintofourmajorcategories:1)head+tailcremainsfrom(cremate+remains)skurfing
10、-n.溜冰板(一种装有滑轮的椭圆形滑板)from(skating+surfing)nucleonics-n.核核子学,原子核物理学from(nuclear+electronics)fantabulous-adj.极出色的,极妙的from(fantastic+fabulous)autocide-撞车自杀from(automobile+suicide)第13页/共33页2)head+headslo-mo-n.慢动作from(slow+motion)comsat-通讯卫星from(communications+satellite)3)head+wordautocamp-汽车宿营地from(autom
11、obile+camp)Eurasia-n.欧亚大陆;欧亚的,欧亚人的from(Europe+Asia)第14页/共33页4)word+tailbookmobile-n.流动图书馆from(book+automobile)lunarnaut登 月 宇 航 员from(lunar+astronaut)breathalyse-v.呼吸试验from(breath+analyse)Blends are mostly nouns;veryfew are verbs and adjectivesareevenfewer.第15页/共33页7.WordsfromProperNamesAnother minor
12、 type of wordformation is the coinage ofcommon words from propernames.The transition frompropernamestocommonwords is a gradual one.Theycomefromallsources,including names of people,names of places,names ofbooksandtradenames.第16页/共33页1)NamesofPeopleWords of this group are fromnames of scientists,inven
13、tors,and etc.e.g.ampere,farad,ohm,volt,watt from FrenchphysicistAndreAmpere,BritishphysicistMichaelFaraday,GermanphysicistGeorg Ohm,Italian PhysicistAlessandroVoltaandScottishinventorJamesWattrespectively.第17页/共33页 newton,diesel柴油机（狄塞尔(Rudolf,1858-1913,德国工程师,发明内燃机柴油机),mackintosh（named after Charles
14、Macintosh(17661843),the Scottish inventor who originally patented the cloth）,bloomers灯笼裤（named after Mrs.Amelia J.Bloomer(181894),an American social reformer who advocated a similar garment）,bowler硬圆顶礼帽（named after William Bowler,the English hatter who designed it in 1850）第18页/共33页Somewordsarefromch
15、aractersinmythology,e.g.cherub(acharmingprettymalechild)fromCherub,awingedlittleattendantofGod;protean变化多端的，易变的;多才多艺的(abletoassumedifferentformsorcharacters;versatile)fromProteus,aseadeitywiththegiftofprophecyandthepowertoassumedifferentform;第19页/共33页nemesis报应(appropriatepunishmentorretribution)form
16、Nemesis,theGreekgoddessofvengeance;anderotic(ofartandliteraturetreatingthesubjectofsexuallove)fromEros厄洛斯,theGreekgodoflove.第20页/共33页Somearefromhistoricalfigures,e.g.bobby(BrEpoliceman)fromSirRobertPeel,founderofLondonpoliceinearly19thcentury;cynic(愤世嫉俗者)fromthecynics,agroupofancientGreekphilosopher
17、s犬儒主义者（古希腊安提西尼创立的哲学学派成员，以公开蔑视安逸和享乐著称，公元前3世纪盛行，公元1世纪时复兴）;第21页/共33页guillotine断头台(adevicetocuttheheadsofcriminals),fromaFrenchdoctorGuillotine,whoinventedittolessenthepainofanexecutee;andquisling卖国贼(traitor),fromVidkumQuisling,aNorwegianarmyofficerwhobetrayedhiscountrytotheNazis.第22页/共33页2)NamesofPlace
18、sManywordsdenotingproducts,objectsormaterialscomefromthenamesofplaceswheretheywerefirstproduced,e.g.china(porcelain)fromthehomelandChina;afghan(akindofknittedrug)firstmadeinAfghanistan;第23页/共33页jersey(sweater)fromJerseyIslandintheUS;champagne(akindofwine)fromChampagneinFrancewherethewinewasfirstprod
19、uced;andrugby橄榄球(asortofballgames)fromtheBritishRugbySchool,whichusedtobeknownforthegame.第24页/共33页3)NamesofbooksQuiteafewwordscomefromnamesofbooksandthustakeonthemeaningsassociatedwiththenamesdescribedinthebooks.Forexample,utopia(animaginarysociety)isfromSirThomasMoresbookUtopia;第25页/共33页odyssey(ane
20、xtendedjourney)fromHomersepicTheOdyssey,whichdescribesallthehardshipsOdysseusexperiencedonhisvoyagehomeafterthefallofTroy;andBabbitt(apersonconcernedmainlywithbusinessandposition,caringlittleforartorculture)fromthenovelBabbittbySinclairLewis.第26页/共33页4)TradenamesWords likenylon尼 龙,orlon晴 纶,dacron涤纶织
21、物,的确良,rayon人造丝wereoriginally trade names andare now used to denote thefour types of fabric.Otherexamples areFrisbee(aplate-like toy),deep-freeze(adeepfreezer),xerox(photocopier)andsoon.第27页/共33页Wordsthatarecommonizedfrompropernameshaverichculturalassociationsandthusstylisticallyvivid,impressiveandth
22、ought-provoking,e.g.(1)thepresidentsenergyczar总统身边独揽能源大权的人物第28页/共33页(2)ItiswithprocrusteanthoroughnessthattheSovietgovernmentsquelches镇压alldissents.第29页/共33页procrustean残暴的,强求一致的AfterProcrustes,amythicalGreekgiantwhostretchedorshortenedcaptivestomakethemfithisbeds源自Procrustes，希腊神话中的巨人，他将俘虏拔长或截肢以使他们与床齐长第30页/共33页A:WouldyouliketohearwhatIdidtoday.B:Imallears.beallears-infmlbelisteningeagerlyandattentively全神贯注地听，洗耳恭听第31页/共33页Haveagoodday,youguys.Imoff.Reply:Goodbye.asslipperyasaneel难于应付的,滑头的Youdbemadtogointobusinesswithhim.Hes asslipperyasaneel.第32页/共33页感谢您的观赏！第33页/共33页