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1、DivisionandClassificationaretwowaysofsortingthingsout.Divisionisusedtodealwithonething.Itspurposeistoseparatethethingintoparts.Forexampleapairofglassescanbedividedintotheframeandthelens.第1页/共19页Classificationisusedtoorganizethingsthatsharecertainqualities.Itspurposeistogroupthingssystematically.Fore
2、xample,coursesincollegecanbeclassifiedintoelectiveandrequired/mandatorycourses,orthosetaughtinthenativelanguageandthoseofferedinforeignlanguages.Divisiondealswiththewhole,classificationwiththeparts.divisionandclassificationoftengotogether.第2页/共19页Both are useful as organizational strategies in writi
3、ng InmyexperienceIfindthatstudyingcanbedividedintothreephases-nomatterwhatisbeingstudied.Inthefirstphase,youareveryinterestedinthenewsubject.Youarewillingtostudyandeverythingaboutthesubjectisappealingandmysterious.第3页/共19页Butafterexploringthesubjectforaconsiderableamountoftime,thesecondphasecomesalo
4、ng.Thesubjectyouvebeenlearningseemsalittleboring,andsometimesyouhavetheideatogiveup.Asdifficultiesappear,ifyoucanhandlethemitwillbeexciting,butmostofthetimeyouconfrontfailure;itsdisappointingandupsetting,andyoumaythinktheresnohopeinstudyingthissubject.Ifyoureallydogiveup,everythingisover.Butifyoucan
5、holdon,thesituationwillchange.Inthethirdphase,youhavegainedathoroughunderstandingofthesubject,andyoucanfindagenuineinterestinit.Nowyoulikethesubjectnotbecauseofyourimpulse,butbecauseoftherealvalueofit.第4页/共19页Guidelines1.Choose an appropriate principle of division/classification suited to the purpos
6、e.Thingsaredividedorclassifiedaccordingtothewriterspurpose.Forexample,abodyofstudentsmaybeclassifiedintomaleandfemale,ormajorsofnaturalsciences,socialsciences,etc.第5页/共19页onthebasisofthedialectstheyspeakadivisionofpeopleaccordingtotheirweightmaybeabsurdunlessthepurposeistodiscusshowdifferentcategori
7、esofpeoplerespondtoacertainmedicineofwhichthedosagedependsonthepersonsweight.第6页/共19页2.Apply the division/classification consistently and thoroughly,and avoid overlapping（重叠）.Thecategoriesshouldbeidentifiedaccordingtothesamestandardthroughout.Abodyofpeoplemaybedividedaccordingtosex,race,nationality,
8、occupation,interests,religiousbelief,familybackground,socioeconomicbackground,attitudetowardswork/marriage,etc.categorizedelegatesataconference:Europeans,Africans,Germans,Somalis,Chinese,andblacksRemember,oneitemcanbelongtoonlyonecategory.第7页/共19页Attheconferenceweredelegatesfromeverycontinentofthewo
9、rld-Asia,Europe,Africa,NorthAmerica,andSouthAmerica,onecontinent-Oceania-isleftout.第8页/共19页3.Organize the information logically pointbypointorsubjectbysubject第9页/共19页A model essayTypesofFishermenSomepeoplewouldclassifyfishermenaccordingtowheretheyfisheitherinfreshorsaltwater,orinstreams,lakes,bays,o
10、roceans.Otherswouldgroupfishermenbywhattheyusetoattractthefishnaturalbaitorartificiallures.Stillotherswouldmakethedivisionaccordingtowhytheyfishthosewhodoitforfood,thosewhodoitforsport,andthosewhodoitforfun.Tomymindthefactorthatreallydistinguishesthemiswhetherornottheycatchfish.Usingthiscriterion,Iw
11、oulddividefishermenintothreecategories:thosewhocatchfishregularly;thosewhodontcatchfishanddonknowwhy;andthosewhodontcatchfishanddontcarewhy.第10页/共19页Mostreallyseriousfishermenfallintothefirstcategorybecausetheyhavelearnedagreatdealaboutthefishtheyseek.Attheotherextreme,istheunsuccessfulfishermenwhod
12、oesntreallycare.Betweenthetwoextremes,however,isthecategoryoftheunsuccessfulfishermanwhodoesntknowwhyhefails.第11页/共19页Whilethefun-seekingfishermaniscontentwithhisdayoutsideandthrilledifhecatchesonefishayear,thesuccessfulfishermanwillusuallyhaveafreezerfullathome.Butthethirdtypecanonlybragabout“thebi
13、gonethatgotaway”.Fishing,likeanyotheractivity,callsforknowledgeandexperienceandperhapsalittleluck.第12页/共19页Useful words and expressions1.sentencepatternsconsistsofcomprisesofmaybedividedintomaybeclassifiedintoaccordingtoonthebasisofdependingon第13页/共19页2.nounsCategories（categoryktirin.种类,部属;类目）subcat
14、egorygroupssubgroupClassessubclasstypesdivisions subdivisionsortskindsspecies第14页/共19页3.verbstoclassifytosubclassifytodivide tosubdividetogrouptocategorizetosubcategorizetosorttoputintotoarrangetoorganize第15页/共19页Exercise:Findoutthetopicofthefollowingparagraph.Tellusthewayofdevelopmentoftheessayinvi
15、tedinthisessay.Drawtheoutlineoftheessay.第16页/共19页Althoughmostpeopleintodaysworldhavebooks,theyowntheirbooksforvariouspurposes.Generallyspeaking,therearethreekindsofbookowners.Thefirsthasallthestandardsetsandbestsellersunread,untouched.(Thisdeludedindividualownswoodpulpandink,notbooks.)Thesecondhasag
16、reatmanybooksafewofthemreadthrough,mostofthemdippedinto,butallofthemascleanandshinyasthedaytheywerebought.(Thispersonwouldprobablyliketomakebookshisown,butisrestrainedbyafalserespectfortheirphysicalappearance.)Thethirdhasafewbooksormanyeveryoneofthemdog-earedanddilapidated,shakenandloosenedbycontinu
17、aluse,markedandscribbledinfromfronttoback.(Thismanownsbooks.)Thenexttimeyouobservepeoplearoundyou,youareboundtospotatleastoneofthesethreekindsofbookowners.第17页/共19页AssignmentWriteaboutonewayyoumightclassifyoneofthefollowingtopics,anddivideitintocategories.Writeanessaydiscussingthecategories.Possibletopicsareasfollows.cosmetics化妆品yourfieldofstudyrestaurantfoodsportsfanscarsteacherssportsequipmentcustomerstelevisionshowssupervisors监督者，管理者musicalgroupsnewspapersboyfriendsgirlfriends第18页/共19页感谢您的欣赏！第19页/共19页