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1、Black ink.A roughly triangular shape,point down,Black ink.A roughly triangular shape,point down,suggesting a broad,foxlike face with prominent ears.suggesting a broad,foxlike face with prominent ears.Naughty bits:a pair of breasts(rounded projections at Naughty bits:a pair of breasts(rounded project
2、ions at top of blot);a vertical female figure,her torso partly top of blot);a vertical female figure,her torso partly visible through a gauzy dress(along center line).visible through a gauzy dress(along center line).How fast you answer is taken as an indication of how How fast you answer is taken as
3、 an indication of how well you cope with new situations.The best reaction is to well you cope with new situations.The best reaction is to give one of the most common responses immediately.give one of the most common responses immediately.Good answers are bat,butterfly,moth,and(in center of Good answ
4、ers are bat,butterfly,moth,and(in center of blot)a female figure.Mask,jack-o-lantern,and animal blot)a female figure.Mask,jack-o-lantern,and animal face are common responses too,but in some face are common responses too,but in some interpretation schemes they suggest paranoia.A bad interpretation sc
5、hemes they suggest paranoia.A bad response is any that says something untoward about the response is any that says something untoward about the central female figure.She is often judged to be a central female figure.She is often judged to be a projection of your own self-image.Avoid the obvious proj
6、ection of your own self-image.Avoid the obvious comment that the figure has two breasts but no ment that the figure has two breasts but no head.Chapter 2Personality in Organization PersonalityPersonality人格人格Definition:Definition:“The consistent psychological pattern within an The consistent psycholo
7、gical pattern within an individual that affects the way he or she interacts with individual that affects the way he or she interacts with others and situations.”others and situations.”人格是个体所有的反应方式和人格是个体所有的反应方式和人格是个体所有的反应方式和人格是个体所有的反应方式和与他人交往方式的总和。与他人交往方式的总和。与他人交往方式的总和。与他人交往方式的总和。Definition:Definitio
8、n:“A stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine those“A stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine those commonalties and differences in the psychological behavior commonalties and differences in the psychological behavior(thoughts,feeling and actions)of people that
9、 have continuity in time(thoughts,feeling and actions)of people that have continuity in time and that may not be easily understood as the sole result of the social and that may not be easily understood as the sole result of the social and biological pressures of the moment.and biological pressures o
10、f the moment.人格是决定人们的心理行为人格是决定人们的心理行为人格是决定人们的心理行为人格是决定人们的心理行为上的共性和差异性的一套稳定的倾向和特点。他们在时间上是连续上的共性和差异性的一套稳定的倾向和特点。他们在时间上是连续上的共性和差异性的一套稳定的倾向和特点。他们在时间上是连续上的共性和差异性的一套稳定的倾向和特点。他们在时间上是连续的，不能简单理解为一时的社会和心理压力的结果的，不能简单理解为一时的社会和心理压力的结果的，不能简单理解为一时的社会和心理压力的结果的，不能简单理解为一时的社会和心理压力的结果”（迈迪）（迈迪）（迈迪）（迈迪）Personality Determ
11、inantsHeredityEnvironmentSituationTheories of PersonalityTheories of Personality人格理论人格理论vvPsychoanalytic theory精神分析论精神分析论 -(id),(ego),(super ego)-(id),(ego),(super ego)vvType theory类型论类型论 -theory of body-theory of body体形论体形论体形论体形论 -theory of psychological types-theory of psychological types心理类型论心理类型
12、论心理类型论心理类型论vvTrait theory特质论特质论The Structure of Personality from Psychoanalytic PerspectiveThe Structure of Personality from Psychoanalytic Perspective :The id is a reservoir of unconscious energy that includes the The id is a reservoir of unconscious energy that includes the basic desires,and impul
13、ses with which all people are born.basic desires,and impulses with which all people are born.The id seeks immediate gratification and operates on the The id seeks immediate gratification and operates on the pleasure principle,which guides people toward whatever feels pleasure principle,which guides
14、people toward whatever feels good.good.As significant others place more restrictions on direct As significant others place more restrictions on direct expression of id impulses,the ego evolves from the id.expression of id impulses,the ego evolves from the id.The ego operates according to the reality
15、 principle,making The ego operates according to the reality principle,making compromises between the unreasonable demands of the id,compromises between the unreasonable demands of the id,the practical constraints of the real world&the unreasonable the practical constraints of the real world&the unre
16、asonable demands of the superego demands of the superego The superego develops as children internalize,parental and The superego develops as children internalize,parental and societal values into the personality.societal values into the personality.The conscience is the part of the superego that con
17、tains the The conscience is the part of the superego that contains the rules and the thats a NO the things people believe are rules and the thats a NO the things people believe are wrong.wrong.The ego ideal is the part of the superego containing an image The ego ideal is the part of the superego con
18、taining an image of what you ideally can be and how you ideally ought to of what you ideally can be and how you ideally ought to behave.behave.The superego operates on the morality principle,and The superego operates on the morality principle,and violating its rules results in guilt.violating its ru
19、les results in guilt.Personality Test人格测试 MethodsMethods常用常用常用常用方法方法方法方法vvSelf-report surveysSelf-report surveys自陈量表法自陈量表法自陈量表法自陈量表法vvProjectiveProjective投射法投射法投射法投射法n nRorschach Inkblot TestRorschach Inkblot Test （罗夏墨迹测试）（罗夏墨迹测试）（罗夏墨迹测试）（罗夏墨迹测试）n nMuray and morgan TATMuray and morgan TAT(Thematic A
20、pperception Test)(Thematic Apperception Test)(主题统觉测试）主题统觉测试）主题统觉测试）主题统觉测试）InventoryInventory主要主要主要主要量表量表量表量表vvSixteen personality factor Sixteen personality factor questionnaires,(16PF)questionnaires,(16PF)vvMyers-Briggs Type Myers-Briggs Type Indicator,(MBTI)Indicator,(MBTI)What is Personality Trai
21、ts人格特质论Personality trait is enduring characteristics that describe an individuals behavior.Cattells factor theory of personality（卡特尔的人格因素论）卡特尔的人格因素论）-surface trait（表面特质）表面特质）-source trait（根源特质）根源特质）The“Big Five”Model16PF16PF（Sixteen Personality Factors)个性特征个性特征个性特征个性特征根源特质根源特质根源特质根源特质表面特性表面特性表面特性表面特
22、性A A乐群性乐群性乐群性乐群性Reserved-OutgoingReserved-OutgoingB B聪慧性聪慧性聪慧性聪慧性Less intelligent-More intelligentLess intelligent-More intelligentC C稳定性稳定性稳定性稳定性Affected by feelings-Emotionally stableAffected by feelings-Emotionally stableE E恃强性恃强性恃强性恃强性Submissive-DominantSubmissive-DominantF F兴奋性兴奋性兴奋性兴奋性Serious-
23、Happy-go-luckySerious-Happy-go-luckyG G有恒性有恒性有恒性有恒性Expedient-ConscientiousExpedient-ConscientiousHH敢为性敢为性敢为性敢为性Timid-VenturesomeTimid-VenturesomeI I敏感性敏感性敏感性敏感性Tough-minded-SensitiveTough-minded-SensitiveL L怀疑性怀疑性怀疑性怀疑性Trusting-SuspiciousTrusting-SuspiciousMM幻想性幻想性幻想性幻想性Practical-ImaginativePractica
24、l-ImaginativeNN世故性世故性世故性世故性Forthright-ShrewdForthright-ShrewdOO忧虑性忧虑性忧虑性忧虑性Self-assured-ApprehensiveSelf-assured-ApprehensiveQ1Q1实验性实验性实验性实验性Conservative-ExperimentingConservative-ExperimentingQ2Q2独立性独立性独立性独立性Group-dependent-Self-sufficientGroup-dependent-Self-sufficientQ3Q3自律性自律性自律性自律性Uncontrolled-
25、ControlledUncontrolled-ControlledQ4Q4紧张性紧张性紧张性紧张性Relaxed-TenseRelaxed-Tense16PF与不同职业者的个性模式与不同职业者的个性模式职业类型职业类型职业类型职业类型营销管理营销管理营销管理营销管理人员人员人员人员人事管理人事管理人事管理人事管理人员人员人员人员财务财务财务财务人员人员人员人员16PF16PF个性个性个性个性特征特征特征特征高乐群性高乐群性高乐群性高乐群性高稳定性高稳定性高稳定性高稳定性低乐群性低乐群性低乐群性低乐群性高稳定性高稳定性高稳定性高稳定性高有恒性高有恒性高有恒性高有恒性高有恒性高有恒性高有恒性高有恒
26、性高兴奋性高兴奋性高兴奋性高兴奋性高自律性高自律性高自律性高自律性高敏感性高敏感性高敏感性高敏感性高敢为性高敢为性高敢为性高敢为性低怀疑性低怀疑性低怀疑性低怀疑性高独立性高独立性高独立性高独立性低忧虑性低忧虑性低忧虑性低忧虑性低幻想性低幻想性低幻想性低幻想性低敢为性低敢为性低敢为性低敢为性低紧张性低紧张性低紧张性低紧张性低实验性低实验性低实验性低实验性低忧虑性低忧虑性低忧虑性低忧虑性BIG FIVE 大五因素人格结构n nExtroversionExtroversion:Outgoing,talkative,sociable,assertive:Outgoing,talkative,socia
27、ble,assertive（外向：外在的行为表现（外向：外在的行为表现（外向：外在的行为表现（外向：外在的行为表现 ）n nAgreeablenessAgreeableness:Trusting,good natured,cooperative,soft:Trusting,good natured,cooperative,soft hearted hearted（愉悦、协同相容：与人的交往、人际关系的特点）（愉悦、协同相容：与人的交往、人际关系的特点）（愉悦、协同相容：与人的交往、人际关系的特点）（愉悦、协同相容：与人的交往、人际关系的特点）n nConscientiousnessConsci
28、entiousness:Dependable,responsible,achievement:Dependable,responsible,achievement oriented,persistent oriented,persistent（责任意识性：对待工作、对待事物的态度）（责任意识性：对待工作、对待事物的态度）（责任意识性：对待工作、对待事物的态度）（责任意识性：对待工作、对待事物的态度）n nEmotional stabilityEmotional stability:Relaxed,secure,unworried:Relaxed,secure,unworried（情绪稳定性）（
29、情绪稳定性）（情绪稳定性）（情绪稳定性）n nOpenness to experienceOpenness to experience:Intellectual,imaginative,:Intellectual,imaginative,curious,broad minded curious,broad minded（开放性）（开放性）（开放性）（开放性）Big FiveLow ScorersLow ScorersLoneLoneQuietQuietPassivePassiveReservedReservedHigh ScorersHigh ScorersJoinerJoinerTalkat
30、iveTalkativeActiveActiveAffectionateAffectionateExtroversionAgreeablenessSuspiciousSuspiciousCriticalCriticalRuthlessRuthlessIrritableIrritableConscientiousnessNegligentNegligentLazyLazyDisorganizedDisorganizedLateLateTrustingTrustingLenientLenientSoft-heartedSoft-heartedGood-natureGood-natureConsci
31、entiousConscientiousHard-workingHard-workingWell-organizedWell-organizedPunctualPunctualBig FiveLow ScorersLow ScorersCalmCalmEven-temperedEven-temperedComfortableComfortableUnemotionalUnemotionalHigh ScorersHigh ScorersWorriedWorriedTemperamentalTemperamentalSelf-consciousSelf-consciousEmotionalEmo
32、tionalEmotional Emotional stabilitystabilityOpennessDown-to-earthDown-to-earthUncreativeUncreativeConventionalConventionalUncuriousUncuriousImaginativeImaginativeCreativeCreativeOriginalOriginalCuriousCurious大五因素的验证n n与工作绩效，尤其与与工作绩效，尤其与与工作绩效，尤其与与工作绩效，尤其与“周边绩效周边绩效周边绩效周边绩效”之间有重要关系；之间有重要关系；之间有重要关系；之间有重
33、要关系；n n“外向交往因素外向交往因素外向交往因素外向交往因素”在经理和销售员样本中具有预测在经理和销售员样本中具有预测在经理和销售员样本中具有预测在经理和销售员样本中具有预测效效效效 度；度；度；度；n n“情绪稳定因素情绪稳定因素情绪稳定因素情绪稳定因素”对于警察和技术工人样本中的工对于警察和技术工人样本中的工对于警察和技术工人样本中的工对于警察和技术工人样本中的工作绩效有一定的作用；作绩效有一定的作用；作绩效有一定的作用；作绩效有一定的作用；n n“协同相容因素协同相容因素协同相容因素协同相容因素”在经理和警察样本中表现出效度；在经理和警察样本中表现出效度；在经理和警察样本中表现出效度
34、；在经理和警察样本中表现出效度；n n“责任意识因素责任意识因素责任意识因素责任意识因素”则对于所有职业的人员都具有相则对于所有职业的人员都具有相则对于所有职业的人员都具有相则对于所有职业的人员都具有相当的预测效度；当的预测效度；当的预测效度；当的预测效度；n n而而而而“开放性因素开放性因素开放性因素开放性因素”只对经理样本有一定作用。只对经理样本有一定作用。只对经理样本有一定作用。只对经理样本有一定作用。建立在容格心理类型论基础上的MBTI MBTI:MBTI:The Myers-Briggs type Indicator The Myers-Briggs type Indicator T
35、ype of test:Type of test:Personality Test Personality Test Source:Source:Jungs theory of psychological types Jungs theory of psychological types Method of test:Method of test:Self-report methodSelf-report method Help:Help:vv Understand yourself,your motivations,your strengths Understand yourself,you
36、r motivations,your strengths and potential areas.and potential areas.vv understand and appreciate those who differ from you.understand and appreciate those who differ from you.vv Enhance cooperation and productivity Enhance cooperation and productivityWhat is the MBTIMyers-Briggs Type IndicatorThe M
37、yers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI)is a self-report questionnaire designed to make Jungs theory of psychological types understandable and useful in everyday life.MBTI results describe valuable differences between normal,healthy people-differences that can be the source of much misunderstanding and misc
38、ommunicationJungs Psychological Type 容格的心理类型论容格的心理类型论Your Mental Processes(精神活动过程）精神活动过程）感知感知Perceiving 直觉直觉Intuition感觉感觉Sensing情感情感Feeling思考思考Thinking判断判断Judging外向外向Extraversion内向内向IntroversionDimensions of Jungs Psychological TypeDimensions of Jungs Psychological Type容格心理类型的维度容格心理类型的维度 Does the pe
39、rsons interest flow mainly to the EXTROVERSION INTROVERSION Does the person prefer to perceive SENSING INTUITION THINKING FEELING Does the person prefer to live JUDGMENT PERCEPTION ESTJINFP Does the person prefer to make judgments or decisionsWhere do you prefer to focus you attention?The EI scale E
40、:ExtraversionE:Extraversionn nAttuned to external environmentAttuned to external environmentn nPrefer to communicate by talkingPrefer to communicate by talkingn nLearn best through doing or Learn best through doing or discussingdiscussingn nBreath of interestsBreath of interestsn nTend to speak firs
41、t,reflect laterTend to speak first,reflect latern nSociable and expressiveSociable and expressiven nTake initiative in work and Take initiative in work and relationshipsrelationships I:Introversion I:Introversionn nDrawn to their inner worldsDrawn to their inner worldsn nPrefer to communicate by wri
42、tingPrefer to communicate by writingn nLearn best by reflection,mental Learn best by reflection,mental practicepracticen nDepth of interestsDepth of interestsn nTend to reflect before acting or Tend to reflect before acting or speakingspeakingn nPrivate and containedPrivate and containedn nFocus rea
43、dilyFocus readilyHow do you Take-in information,Discover things?The SN Scale S:Sensing S:Sensingn nFocus on what is real and actualFocus on what is real and actualn nValue practical applicationsValue practical applicationsn nFactual and concrete,notice Factual and concrete,notice detailsdetailsn nOb
44、serve and remember Observe and remember sequentiallysequentiallyn nPresent-orientedPresent-orientedn nWant information step-by-step Want information step-by-step n nTrust experienceTrust experience N:Intuition N:Intuitionn nFocus on“big picture,”possibilitiesFocus on“big picture,”possibilitiesn nVal
45、ue imaginative insightValue imaginative insightn nAbstract and theoreticalAbstract and theoreticaln nSee patterns and meaning in factsSee patterns and meaning in factsn nFuture-orientedFuture-orientedn nJump around,leap in anywhereJump around,leap in anywheren nTrust inspirationTrust inspirationHow
46、do you make decision?The TF Scale T:ThinkingT:Thinkingn nAnalyticalAnalyticaln nLogical problem-solversLogical problem-solversn nUse cause-and effect reasoningUse cause-and effect reasoningn n“Tough-minded”“Tough-minded”n nStrive for impersonal,objective Strive for impersonal,objective truthtruthn n
47、ReasonableReasonablen nFairFair F:Felling F:Fellingn nSympatheticSympatheticn nAssess impact on peopleAssess impact on peoplen nGuided by personal valuesGuided by personal valuesn n“Tender-hearted”“Tender-hearted”n nStrive for harmony and individual Strive for harmony and individual validationvalida
48、tionn nCompassionateCompassionaten nAcceptingAcceptingHow do you orient toward the outer world?The JP scale J:JudgingJ:Judgingn nScheduledScheduledn nOrganizedOrganizedn nSystematicSystematicn nMethodicalMethodicaln nPlanPlann nLike closure-to have things Like closure-to have things decideddecidedn
49、nAvoid last-minute stressesAvoid last-minute stresses P:Perceivingn nSpontaneousSpontaneousn nOpen-endedOpen-endedn nCasualCasualn nFlexibleFlexiblen nAdaptAdaptn nLike things loose and open to Like things loose and open to changechangen nFeel energized by last-minute Feel energized by last-minute p
50、ressurespressuresWhat is your type?ISTJISTJISFJISFJINFJINFJINTJINTJISTPISTPISFPISFPINFPINFPINTPINTPESTPESTPESFPESFPENFPENFPENTPENTPESTJESTJESFJESFJENFJENFJENTJENTJ职业倾向职业倾向Temperament and occupations(adapted from Myers,1985)SPPerformersEntrepreneursTroubleshootersOne-person businessesRescue teamsSJMa