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1、小学英语阅读理解题解题技巧小学英语阅读理解题解题技巧小学英语的阅读理解题阅读理解题，是考察或检验学生各方面综合知识、能力的过程，要想快捷、准确地理解所阅读的语篇，教师就需要在提高学生阅读层次和技能方面，加强理解过程的训练，方能提高学生解答阅读理解题的能力。解题技巧：解题技巧：第一步：第一步：先看问题，再读原文。先看问题，再读原文。先看问题，带着问题去原文里找答案先看问题，带着问题去原文里找答案，这样比较有目的性。现在问题的形式也比较灵活，有单选，有判断正误。先了解问题具体是哪种形式，在阅读原文的时候才更有针对性寻找答案MissWhiteisaprimaryschoolteacher.Shete
2、achesmath.Sheisveryresponsible(负责)andshelovesallthestudents.Usuallyshegetsupat6:20inthemorning.Butthismorningshegetsupat5:40,becausesheisondutytoday.First,shegetsreadyforclassesathome,andthenshegoestoschoolat6:50.At7:00,shecomesbacktoschool.Thensheeatsbreakfastinthecanteen.At7:20,shestandsatthegate(
3、大门)ofschoolandwaitforherstudentstocomebackschool.1、WhendoesMissWhiteusuallygetupinthemorning?2、WhydoesMissWhitegetupsoearlythismorning?3、Wheredoessheeatbreakfast?4、WhatdoesMissWhitedo?5、Doesshegetreadyforclassesthismorning?训练训练1阅读理解阅读理解第二步：第二步：通读全文，抓住重点信息通读全文，抓住重点信息在阅读原文的时候一定不要一句一句的看，一句一句的理解，如果遇上生词，
4、先不要管它，略过生词，继续通读全文。通读全文。读完一遍能够大概明白文章（1）讲了一件什么事）讲了一件什么事。在阅读的过程中还要（2）注意抓住重点）注意抓住重点，（3）出现了哪些人物）出现了哪些人物，（4）提到了什么时）提到了什么时间，（间，（5）说到了哪个地点）说到了哪个地点，（6）发生了什么事情）发生了什么事情，（7）有哪些）有哪些关键词关键词（最好能用笔在原文中做个记号，因为后面的问题一般都和这些关键词相关）。短文信息：短文信息：第一类：即谁、什么、什么时间、什么地点、什么原因以及如何发生等有关或者具体的数字。第二类：人物、事件Ilikemyvillage.Therearemanymoun
5、tainsnearmyvillage.Thereisariverinfrontofmyvillage.Thevillageisverybeautifulinspring.Themountainscomegreen.Therearemanytreesandflowers.Theflowersarecolourful.Therearemanyducksinthecleanriver.Manyfishswimhappilyintheriver.ButIlikesummer.Itsnothot.Itsverycool.Doyoulikemyvillage?Welcometomyvillage.根据上文
6、，判断正误，正确的用根据上文，判断正误，正确的用“”，错误的用，错误的用“”表示。表示。()1.Therearemanyhousesonthemountain.()2.Thesummeriscolorful.()3.Itsnothotinsummer.()4.Therearemanyfishintheriver.()5.Manyducksareinriverinspring.训练训练2阅读理解阅读理解阅读短文，判断后面的句子是否与短文内容相符，相符的打阅读短文，判断后面的句子是否与短文内容相符，相符的打“”，不相符的打不相符的打“”。Hello!ImJohn.Iamapoliceman.Iwo
7、rkatnight.Idrivemycarandgotoworkat9:00intheeveningeveryday.SoIeatdinnerat8:00.Igohomeat5:00inthemorning.Ieatbreakfastat5:30a.m.,thenIgotobed.Igetupat1:30intheafternoon.UsuallyIeatlunchat2:00andreadsomebooksatabout2:30.Iliketoplaysportsfrom4:00to5:00.Ontheweekend,Iusuallygohikingwithmyfamily.()1.John
8、isapolicewoman.()2.Johngoestoworkat9:00inthemorning.()3.Johngoeshomeat5:00intheafternoon.()4.Johnreadssomebooksintheeveningeveryday.()5.Johnusuallygoeshikingwithhisfamilyontheweekend.训练训练3阅读理解阅读理解第三步：第三步：遇到生词，大胆猜词，掌握大概的意思（句子、段落）遇到生词，大胆猜词，掌握大概的意思（句子、段落）在阅读理解题中，有些句子中的单词（生词）不知道是什么意思，在阅读理解题中，有些句子中的单词（生词
9、）不知道是什么意思，我们可以通过猜测单词的意思对通篇文章进行理解，猜测单词的方法我们可以通过猜测单词的意思对通篇文章进行理解，猜测单词的方法有：有：（1 1）根据上下文的意思进行猜测（）根据上下文的意思进行猜测（2 2）根据单词的构成进行猜测。）根据单词的构成进行猜测。（3 3）根据在句子中的位置给单词归类、分类）根据在句子中的位置给单词归类、分类 进行猜测进行猜测（4 4）判断其是名词、动词、形容词、副词或其他词类。）判断其是名词、动词、形容词、副词或其他词类。训练训练4阅读理解阅读理解Read and write“T”or“F”（阅读短文，判断正（阅读短文，判断正“T”、误、误“F”）It
10、sSundaytoday。Itswarm.Theskyisblue.！Whatalovelyday!SomyclassmatesandIhaveapicnic.Wearehavingagoodtime!Look!WuLiandLiuPingarecatchingbutterflies.Thebutterfliesareverybeautiful.WangLeiiscollectingleaves.Oh,whereisWangYing?Sheisinthewoods.Sheispickingupleaves.Shelikescollectingleaves,too.WhatamIdoing?Ha
11、Ha!Iamtakingpicturesformyclassmates.Thepicturesareverybeautiful.Weareveryhappy!Ilikehavingapicnic.（）1.Itsverycoldtoday.（）2.WangYingisintheclassroom（）3.WangTaoandLiuHuaareplayingchess（）4.WuLeiiscountinginsects（）5.WuLeiandWangYinglikecollectingleaves训练训练5阅读理解阅读理解判断对错判断对错 ，正，正“T”“T”、误、误“F”“F”Hello,Im M
12、r Black.Im an actor(Hello,Im Mr Black.Im an actor(演员演员).I eat dinner).I eat dinner at 7:00 in the evening.Then I go to work.I go home at at 7:00 in the evening.Then I go to work.I go home at 8:00 in the morning.I eat breakfast at 8:20.Then I go to 8:00 in the morning.I eat breakfast at 8:20.Then I g
13、o to bed.I often get up at 12:00 at noon.I eat lunch at 12:30.bed.I often get up at 12:00 at noon.I eat lunch at 12:30.I play sports at about 3:00 in the afternoon.I watch TV I play sports at about 3:00 in the afternoon.I watch TV and read books at 6:00.This is my day.Its busy.But I and read books a
14、t 6:00.This is my day.Its busy.But I like my day.like my day.()1.I get up at 8:00 in the morning.()1.I get up at 8:00 in the morning.()2.I eat breakfast at 8:20 in the morning.()2.I eat breakfast at 8:20 in the morning.()3.I have lunch at 12:30 noon.()3.I have lunch at 12:30 noon.()4.I go to bed at
15、9:00 in the evening.()4.I go to bed at 9:00 in the evening.()5.I dont like my day.()5.I dont like my day.第四步：第四步：推论出文中隐含意思推论出文中隐含意思作者往往不直接说出文章的意思，而是含蓄地表达作者往往不直接说出文章的意思，而是含蓄地表达 1、结合作者的思想、观点及其创作目的、创作背景进行推论。、结合作者的思想、观点及其创作目的、创作背景进行推论。2、寻找作者直接陈述的诸多事件之间的联系。、寻找作者直接陈述的诸多事件之间的联系。3、仔细体会一些重要词的含蓄意义及其感情色彩。、仔细体会
16、一些重要词的含蓄意义及其感情色彩。4、从作者的语气、语调、措辞等文体特征，读出作者的、从作者的语气、语调、措辞等文体特征，读出作者的“言外之意言外之意”。5、得出推论后，尽量从上下文中寻找证据。、得出推论后，尽量从上下文中寻找证据。6、充分利用自己已知的单词和各方面的知识，把文章中所述的事件和、充分利用自己已知的单词和各方面的知识，把文章中所述的事件和自己的阅历或熟悉的事情联系起来思考。自己的阅历或熟悉的事情联系起来思考。训练训练6阅读理解阅读理解Sun:Hello,Imthesun.Imstrong.Igivelighttotheearth.ImNo.1.Moon:Hello,Imthemo
17、on.AtnightGivelighttotheearth.Imstronger.ImNo.1Sun:Yourlightisfromme,isntit?Cloud:Dontquarrel.WhenIamovertheearth,youcantgivelighttotheearth.Soeveryonehashisstrongpoint.Weareonefamily.SunMoon:Yes,youreright.Weareonefamily.Weshouldhelpeachotherandtakecareofeachother.根据短文内容判断正根据短文内容判断正(T)误误(F)()1.Thes
18、ungiveslighttotheearthatnight.()2.Themoongiveslighttotheearthatnight.()3.Thesunslightisnotfromtheearth.()4.Whenthecloudisovertheearth,thesuncangivelighttotheearth,too.()5.Theyshouldhelpeachother.训练训练7阅读理解阅读理解根据短文内容选择答案根据短文内容选择答案.Samisverygoodatschool,butheisnotclean.Hisfaceandhandsareoftendirty.Hewa
19、shesthemwithwateronly.Hedoesnotusesoap(肥皂).Samhasanuncle.Onedayhisunclegoestoseehim.Helooksathimandsays,“Sam,Iknowwhatyouateforbreakfastthismorning.”“What?”Samlooksathisuncleandsays.“Eggs”sayshisuncle,“Yourfaceandmouthtellmethat.”“Youarewrong,uncle!”saysSam,“Nottodayoryesterday,butthedaybeforeyester
20、day(前天)!”()(1).WhoisSam?A.HeisEnglish.B.Heisastudent.CHeisayoungpioneer.DHeisateacher.()(2)WhatstheChinesefor“dirty”?A.Its“脏的“.BIts“干净的”CIts“坏的“DIts“好的”()(3)WhatsonSamsfaceandmouth?AEggs.BSoapCWaterDBread()(4)Whichoftheseisnotwrong?ASamdoesntwashhisfaceandhandseveryday.B.Theunclethinkstheboyateeggsl
21、astmorning.CSamdoesntlikeeggsatall.D.Samdoesntknowhisuncle.MissLeeisonlytwenty-one.Sheistallandthin,andshehasbrown,longhair.Shelikeschildrenandherteachingwork.FromMondaytoFridayshestaysatschoolandgivesthechildrenclasses.Shehasmuchworktodo,butsheoftenplaysgameswithherstudentsafterschool.Thechildrenli
22、keherverymuch.OnSundayshedriveshercartoherfathershouseandstayswithherfatherandmother.SometimesshegoestoseeherfriendsonSunday.ShedrivesbacktoschoolonMondaymorning.Shelikessinging,dancingandswimming.Shesaniceteacher.根据短文的意思，选择正确的答案。根据短文的意思，选择正确的答案。()1.MissLeeisa_teacher.A.verygoodB.veryoldC.goodEnglis
23、hD.goodChinese()2.Whichisright?_A.Shehasnoworktodoafterplayswiththechildren.B.SheplayswiththechildrenfromMondaytoFriday.C.Shelikesherstudentsandplaysgameswiththem.D.Shealways(总是)works,butdoesntplayatall.()3.Shegoesandseesherfriends_.A.everydayB.onSundayC.onSaturdayD.onFriday()4.MissLeegoeshome_.A.in
24、hercarB.onabusC.onfootD.byhercar()5.MissLeelikes_.A.drivingB.cookingC.runningD.teaching训练训练8阅读理解阅读理解第五步：第五步：反复阅读，仔细查找答案，深刻理解反复阅读，仔细查找答案，深刻理解读读3-43-4遍，这样对理解全文是非常有帮助的。遍，这样对理解全文是非常有帮助的。（1 1）第一次阅读）第一次阅读快速阅读，初步把握内容，了解大意，把那些能够快速阅读，初步把握内容，了解大意，把那些能够直接找出答案的题做出来直接找出答案的题做出来 （2 2）第二遍阅读）第二遍阅读细读，就要明白细读，就要明白原文具体说
25、了一件什么事情原文具体说了一件什么事情，抓住主，抓住主要内容和细节，标出关键词语，也可以先浏览题目和答案，明确要求后再看要内容和细节，标出关键词语，也可以先浏览题目和答案，明确要求后再看文章，然后选择答案文章，然后选择答案 。（3 3）第三遍阅读）第三遍阅读，猜不知道意思的单词、不理解的句子、勾画重点单词，猜不知道意思的单词、不理解的句子、勾画重点单词 （4 4）第四遍通读全文）第四遍通读全文，对所做出的答案再确认一遍（检查是否对错？）。，对所做出的答案再确认一遍（检查是否对错？）。Today is Teachers Day.We dont go to school.Its sunny and
26、 Today is Teachers Day.We dont go to school.Its sunny and cool.We are having a good time with Miss Wang in a nature park.She cool.We are having a good time with Miss Wang in a nature park.She teaches us math.Shes strict and smart,we all like her.Look!Fang teaches us math.Shes strict and smart,we all
27、 like her.Look!Fang Fang and LingLing are singing and dancing.Bin Bin is picking flowers Fang and LingLing are singing and dancing.Bin Bin is picking flowers with Dong Dong.Ming Ming is watching a rabbit.Is the rabbit with Dong Dong.Ming Ming is watching a rabbit.Is the rabbit sleeping?Oh,no,its eat
28、ing carrots.Miss Wang is cooking lunch for sleeping?Oh,no,its eating carrots.Miss Wang is cooking lunch for us.Im helping her.Im washing vegetables and fruit.How happy we us.Im helping her.Im washing vegetables and fruit.How happy we are!are!根据短文回答下列问题根据短文回答下列问题 1.Whats the date today?1.Whats the da
29、te today?2.Whos Miss Wang?2.Whos Miss Wang?3.What are Fang Fang and Ling Ling doing?3.What are Fang Fang and Ling Ling doing?4.Whats the rabbit doing?4.Whats the rabbit doing?5.Are they having a good time?5.Are they having a good time?训练训练9阅读理解阅读理解训练训练10阅读理解阅读理解MynameisAmy.ImfromCanada.Iusuallygetup
30、at6:30,andIoftengohikingontheweekend.Ilikespringbest.Itswindyandwarm.AndIlikewinter,too.BecausemybirthdayisinDecember,andIcanplaywithsnow.Todaymyparentsaregoingshopping.Mybrotherisswinginginthegarden.ImwatchingTV.Doyouwanttobemyfriend?MyQQis408981124,andmytelephonenumberis6678115.1.Amyoftengoeshikin
31、g_.A.onSundayB.inspringC.ontheweekend.2.WhichisAmysfavouriteseason?3.-WhydoesAmylikewinter?4.IsAmysbrothergoingshopping?5.WhatsAmystelephonenumber?训练训练11阅读理解阅读理解根据短文内容，判断正（T）误（F）Mike:Hello.This is Mike.Is that Wu Yifan?Mike:Hello.This is Mike.Is that Wu Yifan?Wu:Yes,this is Wu Yifan.What are you doi
32、ng,Mike?Wu:Yes,this is Wu Yifan.What are you doing,Mike?Mike:Im watching TV.What are you doing?And how is everybody doing?Mike:Im watching TV.What are you doing?And how is everybody doing?Wu:Just fine.Im doing the dishes.My father is writing an e-mail in Wu:Just fine.Im doing the dishes.My father is
33、 writing an e-mail in the study.My mother is sweeping the floor.And my brother is playing the study.My mother is sweeping the floor.And my brother is playing chess with my sister.chess with my sister.Mike:What do you do on the weekend?Mike:What do you do on the weekend?Wu:I visit grandparents and go
34、 shopping.Wu:I visit grandparents and go shopping.Mike:Do you want to go to the nature park?Mike:Do you want to go to the nature park?Wu:Sure.What time?Wu:Sure.What time?Mike:At 1:30.Mike:At 1:30.Wu:OK.See you later.Wu:OK.See you later.Mike:Bye.Mike:Bye.()1.Wu Yifan is watching TV and Mike is doing
35、the dishes.()1.Wu Yifan is watching TV and Mike is doing the dishes.()2.Wu Yifans father is writing an e-mail in the bedroom.()2.Wu Yifans father is writing an e-mail in the bedroom.()3.Wu Yifan visits grandparents and goes shopping on the weekend.()3.Wu Yifan visits grandparents and goes shopping o
36、n the weekend.()4.Wu Yifan wants to go to the Childrens Park at 1:30 with Mike.()4.Wu Yifan wants to go to the Childrens Park at 1:30 with Mike.()5.Wu Yifans brother is playing football.()5.Wu Yifans brother is playing football.Hi,ImSandy.Iamanurse.Imactiveandpretty.EverydayIgotoworkat7:50inthemorni
37、ng.ThenIgohomeatabout5:00intheafternoon.OnMondayandWednesdayevening,Ireadbooks.OnThursdayandFridayevening,IhaveEnglishclass.SometimesIwatchTV.Ontheweekend,Ioftengoshoppingwithmyfriend.OnSunday,Iusuallyplaysports.ButnotthisSunday.Becausetheweatherreportsaysitsgoingtorain!So,Iwilllistentomusicathometh
38、isSunday.()1.Sandyisa_.A.nurseB.doctor()2.Whatisshelike?A.Sheisbeautiful.B.Sheisquietandnice.()3.WhendoesshehaveEnglishclass?AIntheeveningB.Inthemorning()4.DoesSandyliketodosports?A.Yes,shedoes.B.No,shedoesnt()5.ThisSunday,Sandyisgoingto_.A.readbooks.B.listentomusic.训练训练12阅读理解阅读理解训练训练13阅读理解阅读理解Jacka
39、ndSallyarebrotherandsister.Theyaretwins.Theyliketoswimandridebike.Theyliketoflykites,too.Theyoften(经常)runwiththekitesneartheriver.Thekitesareveryhigh.Theylookveryhappy(高兴).Butnotalloftheirfavouritegamesarethesame.JacklikestoplayfootballandSallylikestoplaybasketball.Jacklikestojumphigh,hethinksitseas
40、y,butSallythinksitsveryhard.Sallylikestomakesomething,butJackcant.SallycansingwellandJackcanthrowtheyo-yoverywell.根据短文内容，判断正（根据短文内容，判断正（T）误（）误（F）()1.JackandSallyarebrothers.()2.Theylikeflyingkites.()3.Theyoftenrunwiththekitesneartheriver.()4.Alloftheirhobbiesarethesame.()5.Jacklikesplayingbasketball
41、.()6.Sallythinkshighjumpiseasy.()7.Jackcantmakeanything.()8.Sallycanthrowtheyo-yo.临床抗生素的合理临床抗生素的合理 应用和进展应用和进展抗菌素治抗菌素治疗疗策略策略最大限度地最大限度地扩扩大抗生素的大抗生素的疗疗效效进进行患者病情的分行患者病情的分级级限制抗生素使用的限制抗生素使用的级别级别策略性定期更策略性定期更换换抗生素抗生素联联合抗生素治合抗生素治疗疗轮换轮换抗生素治抗生素治疗疗控制感染知控制感染知识识培培训训巴塞罗那宣言，西班牙，巴塞罗那宣言，西班牙，2002.10.2002.10.抗生素的分类：抗生素的
42、分类：内酰胺类抗生素内酰胺类抗生素 大环内酯类抗生素大环内酯类抗生素 氨基糖苷类抗生素氨基糖苷类抗生素 喹诺酮类抗菌药物喹诺酮类抗菌药物 内酰胺类抗生素内酰胺类抗生素一：概 述 1：内酰胺类抗生素是指主核结构上含有内酰胺(lactam)的一大类抗生素 2：内酰胺类抗生素通过干扰细胞壁的生物合成、结合细菌 胞膜上的青霉素结合蛋白(PBPs)、抑制转肽酶的交联作用和 阻碍细菌壁的合成，来杀灭细菌。二：分 类1 1：青霉素青霉素(penicillin)自然青霉素类(natural penicillins)耐青霉素酶的半合成青霉素类 氨基苄青霉素类(aminopenicillins)羧基苄青霉素类(c
43、arboxypenicillins)脲基青霉素类(ureidopenicillins)咪基青酶烷酸类(amidinopenicillins)2：头孢菌素类头孢菌素类(cephalosporins)包括一、二、三、四代3 3：内酰胺酶抑制剂：内酰胺酶抑制剂：克拉维酸(clavulanic acid，棒酸)舒巴坦(sulbactam，青酶烷砜钠)他唑巴坦(tazobactam)4 4：碳青酶烯类：碳青酶烯类(carbapenems)5 5：氧头孢烯类氧头孢烯类(oxacephems)6 6：单环单环内酰胺类抗菌素内酰胺类抗菌素(monobactms)抗生素药代学/药效学关系分类根据抗菌根据抗菌药药
44、物抗菌作用与血物抗菌作用与血药浓药浓度或作用度或作用时间时间的相关的相关性，大致可将其分性，大致可将其分为为三三类类：n浓浓度依度依赖赖性：性：抗生素抗生素杀杀菌作用与菌作用与临临床效果与床效果与药药物物浓浓度相关度相关。n时间时间依依赖赖性：性：抗生素的抗生素的杀杀菌作用随抗生素作用菌作用随抗生素作用时间时间增加而增加。增加而增加。n与与时间时间有关但半衰期或有关但半衰期或PAE较长较长：此种分此种分类类也也为为不同不同药药物依据物依据PK/PD参数参数设计给药设计给药方案方案提供重要依据。提供重要依据。浓度依赖性抗生素氨基糖苷氨基糖苷类类、氟、氟喹诺酮类喹诺酮类、酮酮内内酯类酯类、两性霉素
45、、两性霉素B等。等。其其对对致病菌的致病菌的杀杀菌作用取决于峰菌作用取决于峰浓浓度，而与作用度，而与作用时间时间关关系不密切。可以通系不密切。可以通过过提高提高Cmax来提高来提高临临床床疗疗效，但效，但Cmax不能超不能超过过最低毒性最低毒性剂剂量，量，对对于治于治疗疗窗比窗比较较窄的氨窄的氨基糖苷基糖苷类药类药物尤物尤应应注意。注意。用于用于评评价价浓浓度性度性药药物物杀杀菌作用的参数主要有：菌作用的参数主要有：nAUC0-24/MIC(AUIC)nCmax/MIC时间依赖性药物多数多数-内内酰酰胺胺类类、林可霉素、林可霉素类类等。等。抗菌作用与同抗菌作用与同细细菌接触菌接触时间时间密切相
46、关，而与峰密切相关，而与峰浓浓度关系度关系较较小，主要小，主要评评价参数价参数为为:TMIC AUCMIC时间依赖性且抗菌活性持续时间较长的抗菌药物阿阿齐齐霉素等部分大霉素等部分大环环内内酯类酯类、链链阳菌素阳菌素类类、碳青霉、碳青霉烯类烯类、糖、糖肽类肽类、唑类唑类抗真菌抗真菌药药等。等。主要主要评评价指价指标标：AUC/MICT1/2PAE如氟康如氟康唑唑，AUC0-/MIC=20可可获获得得较较好好疗疗效。效。Craig WA.Beijing international symposium on antibiotics(post congress of the 7th WPPCCID,2
47、000.)氨基糖苷类日剂量单次给药氨基糖苷氨基糖苷类类属于属于浓浓度依度依赖赖型抗生素型抗生素。氨基糖苷。氨基糖苷类类Cmax/MIC与与临临床床疗疗效呈正相关。效呈正相关。在日在日剂剂量不量不变变的情况下，的情况下，单单次次给药给药可以可以获获得得较较多次多次给药给药更高的更高的Cmax，使使Cmax/MIC比比值值增增大，从而明大，从而明显显提高抗菌活性和提高抗菌活性和临临床床疗疗效。效。但但应应注意注意Cmax不得超不得超过过最低毒性最低毒性剂剂量。量。Moore RD.et al.J Infectious Diseases.1987,155(1)93-98氟喹诺酮类抗生素氟氟喹诺酮类喹
48、诺酮类抗生素抗生素与氨基糖苷与氨基糖苷类类抗生素同属于抗生素同属于浓浓度依度依赖赖性抗菌性抗菌药药物，且具有物，且具有较长较长的抗生素后效的抗生素后效应应。评评价氟价氟喹诺酮类喹诺酮类抗生素抗生素疗疗效最主要的参数效最主要的参数为为Cmax/MIC、AUC/MIC研究表明研究表明对对革革兰兰阴性菌的阴性菌的24小小时时AUC/MIC比比值应值应在在100以上，以上，对对肺炎肺炎链链球菌的球菌的24小小时时AUC/MIC比比值应值应达达2530。Cmax/MIC达达8-10较为较为合适合适.给药间给药间隔隔时间时间可参考可参考Cmax/MIC、AUC/MIC T1/2和和PAE，多数多数为为日日
49、剂剂量量1-2次次给药给药。-内酰胺类抗生素-内内酰酰胺胺类类抗生素包括青霉素抗生素包括青霉素类类、头孢头孢菌素菌素类类、氨曲南等，氨曲南等，为时间为时间依依赖赖性抗菌性抗菌药药物。物。TMIC是是评评定定该类药该类药物物疗疗效的重要参数。效的重要参数。要达到最大抗菌作用，要达到最大抗菌作用，应应使使TMIC为给药间为给药间隔隔40%50%以上。以上。大环内酯类抗生素大大环环内内酯类酯类抗生素属于抗生素属于时间时间依依赖赖性抗菌性抗菌药药物，物，但有但有较长较长的抗生素后效的抗生素后效应应。TMIC、T1/2和和PAE是是评评定定该类药该类药物物疗疗效的重要参数。效的重要参数。某些大某些大环环
50、内内酯类药酯类药物物T1/2较长较长，可考，可考虑虑特殊的特殊的给药给药方案。如阿方案。如阿齐齐霉素血霉素血浆浆T1/2 为为24h，组织组织T1/2可达可达72h,连续连续三日三日给药给药，停，停药药七天，仍可七天，仍可使使组织组织中保持有效中保持有效浓浓度。度。Mutant Selection WindowMPCMICSerum or tissue drug concentration MPC 疗效佳，无突变疗效佳，无突变MSW 疗效可，易突变疗效可，易突变 MIC 无效，亦无突变无效，亦无突变Time post-administration比较两种药物临床疗效的常规和非常规方法Night