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1、The PremisesBridge building Vs.Division and separationChange is possible Vs.Change is illusiveInternal factors primarily determine happiness Vs.Happiness is primarily a function of external circumstancesHuman nature must be obeyed Vs.Human nature must be perfectedHappiness is and ought to be the ult
2、imate end Vs.Happiness should be a secondary pursuit第1页/共44页PREMISE 1:Bridge buildingVS.Division and separation第2页/共44页Bridging Ivory Tower and Main Street“The careful shielding of a university from the activities of the world around us is the best way to chill interest and to defeat progress.Celiba
3、cy does not suit a university.It must mate itself with action.”Alfred North Whitehead第3页/共44页The Need for Practical IdealistsThe desire to make a differenceFalse stereotypesGenerous HarvardiansGenerous AmericansInfluential positionsGoodwill and idealism necessary but not sufficient第4页/共44页Psychology
4、 Can HelpApplied researchin the classroomfor increasing self-esteembridging mind and bodyin conflict resolutionTaking research seriouslyTaking responsibility!第5页/共44页PREMISE 2:Change is possibleVS.Change is illusive第6页/共44页“It may be that trying to be happier is as futile as trying to be taller and
5、is therefore counterproductive.”Lykken and Tellegan(1996)Minnesota Twin Studies第7页/共44页Change is PossibleCounter evidence:People do changeError of the averageException proves the ruleDetrimental researchStudying the best第8页/共44页Growing-Tip Statistics“What this kind of research design means is a chan
6、ge in our conception of statistics,and especially of sampling theory.What I am frankly espousing here is what I have been calling growing-tip statistics,taking my title from the fact that it is at the growing tip of a plant that the greatest genetic action takes place.”Abraham Maslow第9页/共44页“If we w
7、ant to know how fast a human being can run,then it is no use to average out the speed of a good sample of the population;it is far better to collect Olympic gold medal winners and see how well they can do.If we want to know the possibilities for spiritual growth,value growth,or moral development in
8、human beings,then I maintain that we can learn most by studying our most moral,ethical,or saintly people.On the whole I think it is fair to say that human history is a record of the ways in which human nature has been sold short.The highest possibilities of human nature have practically always been
9、underrated.Certainly it seems more and more clear that what we call normal in psychology is really a psychopathology of the average,so undramatic and so widely spread that we dont even notice it ordinarily.”第10页/共44页Growing-Tip StatisticsElitist?Doesnt exclude studying the averageEveryone benefitsSt
10、udy of resilienceStudy of meditationStudy of relationshipsStudy of teaching第11页/共44页Studying Our Personal BestDescribe or prescribe“Few in number though they be,we can learn a great deal about values from the direct study of these highly evolved,most mature,psychologically healthiest individuals,and
11、 from the study of the peak moments of average individuals,moments in which they become transiently self-actualized.”Abraham Maslow第12页/共44页Changing the World?The Cambridge-Somerville Youth StudyA five year interventionTwice-a-month caseworkers visitAcademic tutoringPsychiatric attentionBoy Scouts,Y
12、MCA,etc.第13页/共44页Measuring OutcomeRandom assignment40 year followupShocking resultsNo difference in juvenile offensesNo difference in adult offensesNo difference on health,mortality,wellbeingSignificant difference on alcoholism and job status IN THE“WRONG”DIRECTION第14页/共44页Is Societal Change Possibl
13、e?Exception proves the rulePractical idealists unite!“What I am suggesting is Manhattan-Project-type attacks upon what I consider to be the truly Big Problem of our time,not only for psychology but for all human beings with any sense of historical urgency.”Abraham Maslow第15页/共44页The Power of OneHuma
14、n networks as exponential“All history is a record of the power of minorities,and of minorities of one.”Ralph Waldo Emerson“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful,committed citizens can change the world.Indeed,it is the only thing that ever has.”Margaret Mead第16页/共44页第17页/共44页第18页/共44页Exponenti
15、al Growth第19页/共44页We underestimate our capacity to effect change because we underestimate the growth of an exponential function.第20页/共44页第21页/共44页PREMISE 3:Internal factors primarily determine happinessVS.Happiness is primarily a function of external circumstances 第22页/共44页Subjective Well-Being Rese
16、archAffective forecasting(Dan Gilbert)Happiness levels(Ed Diener)Income matters littleNo change across generationsPlace of residence irrelevant第23页/共44页第24页/共44页第25页/共44页Subjective Well-Being ResearchAffective forecasting(Dan Gilbert)Happiness levels(Ed Diener)Income matters littleNo change across g
17、enerationsPlace of residence irrelevantDemocracy/oppression matter!第26页/共44页Our readiness and potential to experience happiness is mostly dependent on our state of mind,not on our status or the state of our bank account.Is Change Illusive?Focus on trans-formation第27页/共44页PREMISE 4:Human nature must
18、be obeyedVS.Human nature must be perfected第28页/共44页第29页/共44页 Constrained Unconstrained Vision VisionHuman nature immutableFlaws inevitableAcceptanceChannel nature _Can be improvedPerfectibleSolutions existChange nature“Nature to be commanded must be obeyed”Francis Bacon“It is for self-perfectioning
19、that destiny calls us”Benjamin Constant第30页/共44页Vision of PsychologyHuman nature immutable(constrained)Role is to understand nature and make best use of it第31页/共44页The Permission to be Human第32页/共44页第33页/共44页Unconditional Acceptance(Rogers,1961)Rejecting our nature leads to unhappinessParadox:“Ironi
20、c Processing”(Wegner,1994)The Great DeceptionNot resignationActive acceptanceTrue to reality第34页/共44页“God,grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change,the courage to change the things I can change,and the wisdom to know the difference.”Reinhold Niebuhr第35页/共44页PREMISE 5:Happiness is an
21、d ought to be our ultimate endVS.Happiness should be a secondary pursuit第36页/共44页Happiness as the Highest End“Happiness is the meaning and purpose of life,the whole aim and end of human existence.”Aristotle“Whether one believes in religion or not,whether one believes in this religion or that religio
22、n,the very purpose of our life is happiness,the very motion of our life is towards happiness.”Dalai Lama“If we were to ask the question:What is human lifes chief concern?one of the answers we should receive would be:It is happiness.How to gain,how to keep,how to recover happiness,is in fact for most
23、 men at all times the secret motive of all they do,and of all they are willing to endure.”William James第37页/共44页Whats Good About Positive Emotions?It feels good to feel goodBroaden and build(Fredrickson,2002)“We should work to cultivate positive emotions in ourselves and in those around us not just
24、as end states in themselves,but also as a means to achieving psychological growth and improved psychological and physical health over time.I call this the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions because positive emotions appear to broaden peoples momentary thought-action repertoires and build
25、their enduring personal resources.Through experiences of positive emotions people transform themselves,becoming more creative,knowledgeable,resilient,socially integrated,and healthy individuals.”第38页/共44页Whats Good About Positive Emotions?It feels good to feel goodBroaden and build(Fredrickson,2002)
26、Overcoming negative emotionsIncreased creativityIncreased motivation and energySuccessPhysical health第39页/共44页But what about others?Better relationshipsHelping Ourselves Helping Others(Isen,2002)Helping Others Helping Ourselves(Lyubomirsky 2006)“Thousands of candles can be lighted from a single cand
27、le,and the life of the candle will not be shortened.Happiness never decreases by being shared.”BuddhaHappiness is a positive sum game第40页/共44页Spreading Happiness“Be the change you want to see in the world.”Gandhi第41页/共44页The PremisesBridge building Vs.Division and separationChange is possible Vs.Cha
28、nge is illusiveInternal factors primarily determine happiness Vs.Happiness is primarily a function of external circumstancesHuman nature must be obeyed Vs.Human nature must be perfectedHappiness is and ought to be the ultimate end Vs.Happiness should be a secondary pursuit第42页/共44页 Diener,E.,Suh,E.M
29、.,Lucas,R.E.,&Smith,H.L.(1999).Subjective well-being:Three decades of progress.Psychological Bulletin,125:276-302.Gilbert,D.T.,Pinel,E.C.,Wilson,T.D.,Blumberg,S.J.,&Wheatley,T.P.(1998).Immune Neglect:A Source of Durability Bias in Affective Forecasting.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,75
30、,617-638.Lykken,D.,&Tellegen,A.(1996).Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon.Psychological Science,7,186189.Maslow,A.H.(1993).The Farther Reaches of Human Nature.Arkana.Snyder,C.R.&Lopez,S.J.(Eds.)(2002).Handbook of Positive Psychology,528-540.Oxford University Press.Sowell,T.(2002).A Conflict of Visions:Ideological Origins of Political Struggles.Basic Books.Bibliography and Recommendations第43页/共44页感谢您的观看！第44页/共44页