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1、专题24阅读理解之说明类考点题型技巧辱考向分析所谓说明文，就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明 的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的, 在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现象到本质)进行说 明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说 明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事 理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的 前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果：人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面
2、的经典。由于阅读 理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对 比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明 文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同-词的不同词性的用 法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了 4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言 特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以 及标点符号(如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明)等。册:考点导航考点01细节理解题说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：在列举处命 题，如用 f
3、irst(ly)、second(ly)、third。y)finally、not only.bul also.、hen、in addition 等表 示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案 项。在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such as for example for instance等引导的短语或句 子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。在转折对比处命题，一般通过 however、but、yet、in fact 等词语来引导。对比用 unlike、until not so muchas 等词语引 导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。在
4、比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、 偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地 排除干扰。在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要 can be activated remotely via a smartphone and guided remotely by a controller app similar to the way a mouse is used on a desktop computer. All possess audio and visual communication capabilities, al
5、lowing the operator to be in the room” to interact with Mom or Dad.（看起来像是 连在iPad上的立式真空吸尘器，它们可以通过智能手机远程启动，并由个类似于台式电 脑鼠标使用方式的控制器应用程序远程引导。所有设备都具有音频和视频通信能力，允许操 作员“在房间里”与爸爸妈妈互动）”可知，这个机器人可以通过手机远程启动，通过一个软件 进行操作，具有音频和视频通信能力，可得出TP机器人便于操作。故选A项。6 .细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的“These robots are programmed to provide reminders
6、 of necessary daily routine like turning off the gas, taking medicine and having dinner.（这些机器人 被编程，来提供必要的日常生活提醒，比如关闭煤气，吃药和吃饭）”可知，TP机器人可以 提醒痴呆症患者吃药。故选D项。7 .推理判断题。由最后一段中的Erin Crawford, Program Director with the Alzheimer Society of Manitoba, says she has faith that TP robots will prove beneficial, par
7、ticularly when it comes to reminding people with dementia to do certain things at certain times.（马尼托巴州阿尔茨海默症 协会的项目主管Erin Crawford说，她相信TP机器人将被证明是有益的，特别是在提醒痴呆 症患者在某些时候做某些事情时）”可知，Erin Crawford相信TP机器人将被证明是有益的， 可得出她对TP机器人的未来发展前景持乐观的态度。故选A项。8 .主旨大意题。由第一段“As aging population gets bigger and dementia （老年痴呆症
8、）more common, more families are struggling with a complex question: How do you support a loved one with dementia, especially when you have a full-time job and several kids?（随着老龄化人 口的增 加和痴呆症的日益普遍，越来越多的家庭正在为一个复杂的问题而挣扎：你如何养活一个患 有痴呆症的爱人，尤其是当你有一份全职工作和几个孩子的时候？）”，第二段“Reg Urbanowski may have an answer to th
9、is pressing issue: ROBOTS. （Reg Urbanowski 也许能回答 这个紧迫的问题：机器人）”，第四段中的“He believes that caregivers and family members can use a TP robot to “look in“ on people with mild dementia（他相信看护者和家庭成员可以使用 TP机器人来“看望”轻度痴呆症患者）”和下文对TP机器人的描述可知，文章主要讲述了 Reg Urbanowski和他的团队一起发明了一种新型的机器人（TP机器人），用于解决如何照顾患 有老年痴呆的家人，有了这种机器
10、人，即使没法陪伴病人身边，这些机器人也可以提醒病人 做必要的日常工作,可知本文主要围绕着TP机器人可以帮忙照顾患有老年痴呆的病人展开， B项“机器人帮助照顾痴呆病人”符合文意。故选B项。2、According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you
11、 should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份），its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a
12、 lab to ostensibly（表面上）panicipate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially design
13、ed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was （hin.For the second test, in one case
14、 the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.The tests show that the social environment is extremel
15、y influential when wcrc making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the 【11 have what shes having effect. However, well adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion. Ill hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habit
16、s. But if a thin person eats a lot, Ill follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why cant I?12. What is the recent study mainly about?A. Food safety.B. Movie viewership.C. Consumer demand.D. Eating behavior.13. What does the underlined word “beanpoles“ in paragraph 1 refer to?A. Big eaters.B.
17、Overweight persons.C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persons.14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?A. To see how she would affect the participants.B. To test if the participants could recognize her.C. lb find out what she would do in the two tests.D. To study why she could keep her weight down.15. O
18、n what basis do wc “adjust the influence according to the last paragraph?A. How hungry we arc.B. How slim wc want to be.C. How we perceive others.D. How we feel about the food.【答案】12.D13. D 14. A 15. C【解析】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们 的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。12 .细节理解题。根据第一段中的“According to a recen
19、t study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会 影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。13 .词义猜测题。根据前半句And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier
20、 people who order large portions （份）”可知，现有的研究认为:你应该避免和体 重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是Ihe beanpoles wilh big appetiteso由contrary 2可推断出，画线词和heavier people （超重的人）相反，结合选项， D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。14 .推理判断题。根据第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers con
21、ducted two experiments”可知，为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人 员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大 量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用 的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。15 .推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an ovenreight person is having a large portion, Til hold back a bit because 1 see the results of his eating habit
22、s. But if a thin person cats a lot, Ell follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can,t I?”可知,如果一个超重的人吃很大一份,我 会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如 果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如 何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。3、Calling someone a “birdbrain“ is considered rude. It implies that someone has a s
23、mall brain and thus is not smart. A new study found that the expression doesnt do birds justice either: Birds brains are much bigger than we thought at least compared to their small bodies.An international （earn of 37 scientists measured the brain volume （脑容量）of hundreds of dinosaurs and extinct bir
24、ds by scanning fossils of their skulls. The readings were compared to a large database containing the brain sizes of modern birds. These measurements were then analyzed, taking into consideration each birds body size resulting in something called relative brain size”. The results showed that a drama
25、tic change of birds body size happened right after the mass extinction of dinosaurs 66 million years ago.According to the study, published on April 23 in the journal Current Biology, birds and dinosaurs had similar brain sizes before the extinction. After the extinction of the dinosaurs, however, bi
26、rds had to find a way to survive, so they shrank their bodies since smaller animals need less food - but they kept （heir big brains.“The changed landscape may have caused the rapid evolution of new brainbody scaling patterns （缩放比例）by favoring both larger brains and smaller bodies,“ US paleontologist
27、 （古生 物学家）Daniel Ksepka, who is the lead author of the study, told CNN.This evolutionary brain leap“ 一 as scientists call it also happened very rapidly. Without dinosaurs, birds quickly rcpopulatcd. They came in all types and sizes, which contributed to the diverse species of birds we see today.But a
28、mong all the bird species, certain ones “show above average rates of brain and body size evolution，study co-author Adam Smith at Clemson University, US, said in a statement with crows and parrots being the most evident. In fact, previous studies have already discovered that these birds have an amazi
29、ng cognitive capacity （认知能力）.They are able lo use tools, imitate human speech and even remember human faces.So, in the words of Smith, calling someone birdbrained is actually quite a compliment （恭 维厂!13. How did the scientists learn （he brain sizes of dinosaurs and extinct birds?A. By studying their
30、 fossil skulls.B. By searching the database.C. By experimenting on their brains.D. By analyzing their body size.14. How did the birds change after the extinction of the dinosaurs?A. The birds bodies shrank as their brains became smaller.B. The birds bodies became larger while their brains became sma
31、ller.C. The birds5 brains remained almost the same as their bodies shrank.D. The birds* brains became larger to adapt to the environment.15. According to Adam Smith, calling someone “birdbrained is.A. to make rude remarksB. to laugh at ones small body sizeC. to praise ones intelligenceD. to suggest
32、the person is not smart16. What is （he purpose of this text?A. To describe how birds evolution happened.B. To explain the origin of the word “birdbrain”.C. lb show the amazing abilities of bird species.D. To present the latest study on birds brain size.【答案】13. A 14. C 15. C 16. D【解析】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了称呼
33、某人为“鸟人”，意味着一个人的大脑很小。最 新科学研究表明，鸟类的大脑十分发达。13 .细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句 44An international team of 37 scientists measured the brain volume of hundreds of dinosaurs and extinct birds by scanning fossils of their skulls.（由37名科学家组成的国际研究小组通过扫描恐龙和灭绝鸟类的头骨化石，测量了它们的大 脑体积。）可知，科学家是通过研究恐龙和灭绝鸟类的头骨化石，得知它们的大脑的大小的。 故选A项。14 .
34、细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句 4tAftcr the extinction of the dinosaurs, however, birds had to find a way to survive, so they shrank their bodies-since smaller animals need less food-but ihey kepi iheir big brains.（然而，恐龙灭绝后，鸟类不得不寻找生存之道，因此它们缩小了身 体，因为较小的动物需要更少的食物，但它们保留着它们大脑的大小。）可知，恐龙灭绝后， 鸟类的大脑仍然像以前一样大。故选C项。15 .推理判断题
35、。根据文章倒数第二段第一句But among all the bird species, certain ones show above average rates of brain and body size evolution study co-author Adam Smith al Clemson University, US, said in a statement-with crows and parrots being the most evident.”（但在 所有鸟类中，某些鸟类“大脑和体型的进化速度高于平均水平“，这项研究的合著者、美国克 莱姆森大学的亚当史密斯在一份声明中
36、说，乌鸦和鹦鹉是最明显的。）和最后一段的“S。, in the words of Smith, calling someone birdbrained is actually quite a compliment （恭维）”!（所 以，用史密斯的话来说，“称呼某人鸟人实际上是一种恭维）”因此，根据亚当斯密的说法， 称某人是“birdbrained”是表扬某人的智力。故选C项。16 .推理判断题。根据文章第段最后一句“A new study found that the expression doesnt do birds justice either: Birds brains arc muc
37、h bigger than wc thought at least compared to their small bodies. （一项新的研究发现，这个表达对鸟类也不公平。鸟类的大脑比我们想象的要 大得多至少和它们小的身体相比是这样。）结合全文，可知文章介绍了对鸟类大脑的研 究，发现鸟类的大脑十分发达，有些鸟类甚至有惊人的认知能力。由此推知，写这篇文章的 目的是展示一项关于鸟类大脑大小的新研究。故选D项。4、Smail phones, tablets, fitness trackers, headphones and most of the electronic devices we us
38、e today arc made of metal, plastic and glass. But electronics dont have to be. Sala de Medeiros and her colleagues found a way to turn an ordinary piece of paper into a simple electronic keypad. Many teams around the world are working on paper-based electronics. But ihis new device is different from
39、 any other device. Its the first to power itself and also resist water and dust. The users touch gives it all the power it needs to run.No single moment inspired her paper keypad. Instead, she focused on devices other engineers have been working on. Then she discovered that high cost was a problem w
40、ith sonic flexible electronics. So she decided to work with low-cost materials.Teflon（聚四氟乙烯）is a chemical coating that keeps food from sticking to pots and pans. Similar com-pounds（复合物）can also make paper waterproof. So she started testing the chemical but the one that was sup-posed to do the best j
41、ob didnt work at all. After some research, Sala de Medeiros found out that this chemical reacts with air. She had to buy special equipment that forbade any air getting in the way. Now, the chemical works as planned. Then the team placed a stencil（钢板）with the shape of a circuit（电路）onto the back of th
42、e paper and sprayed on several layers of materials. Finally, the team fliDDed over the paper and printed a keypad of numbers on the other side. They also added a liny Bluetooth chip, which let their paper device talk to a computer. The source of electricity comes from the tap of a finger. When youre
43、 typing we can create the energy by touching or rubbing.The electronic keypad is regular paper most people could afford but wouldnt easily get wetor dirty. It also should fit in your pocket.1. Which of the following is the unique feature of the new device?B. It has little electricity or metal.D. It
44、has no trouble cleaning itself.B. It was of low quality.D. h kept food stuck to pots.B. The significance of the research.D. The way to develop Teflon.A. Its the first device made of paper.C. It gets powered through touch.2. Why did Teflon fail to work at first?A. It was exposed to the air.C. Il dama
45、ged Ihe equipment.3. What is the third paragraph mainly about?A. The process of creating the device.C. The application of the device.4. Which of the following can replace the underlined words “flipped over“ in Para. 3?A. Cleaned up. B. Cut up.C. Held onto.D. Turned over.【答案】l.C 2. A 3. A 4. D【解析】本文是
46、一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新的电子设备。这种电子设备由一张纸制 成，能通过用户触摸提供能量并且防水防尘。I.细节理解题。根据第一段 Ils the first to power itself and also resist water and dust. The users touch gives it all the power it needs to un, （它是第一个能自己发电,也能防水防尘的。用户 的触摸给了它运行所需的所有能量。）可知，这个设备独特的功能是它通过触摸起电。故选 C项。5. 细节理解题。根据第二:段“Sala de Medeiros found out that
47、this chemical reacts with air.”（萨 拉德梅德罗斯发现这种化学物质与空气发生反应。）可知这种化学物质与空气发生反应，所 以Teflon不能正常工作的原因是它接触到了空气。故选A项。6. 主旨大意题。第三段介绍/ Sala de Medeiros解决了材料使用的问题以及设备的组装过程， 可知本段主要介绍这个设备是如何制造的。故选A项。7. 词义猜测题。根据第三段“printed a keypad of numbers on the other side（将数字键盘打印 到另一边）可知这个团队将这张纸反过来，从而猜测flipped over是“翻转”之意。故选D项。
48、5、An artwork jointly created by a robot and a human artist will go on sale this week. The artwork - known as an NFT - is to be sold during an online auction （拍卖）on Tuesday. NFT stands for non-fungible token. It is a piece of art that only exists on a computer technology known as blockchain （区块链）.NFT
49、s can exist in the form of images, video, music and text. They are usually bought with electronic money. While anyone can view NFTs, the buyer has official ownership rights over the objects. NFTs have recently been growing in popularity among investors and collectors. Earlier this month, an artwork in the form of an NFT