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1、专题24 阅读理解之说明类考点题型 技巧考向分析所谓说明文，就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由
2、于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。考点导航考点01 细节理解题 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：在列举处命题，如用first(1y)、secon
3、d(1y)、third(1y)finally、notonly.butalso.、then、inaddition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。在例证处命题，句中常用由as、suchas、forexample、forinstance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。在转折对比处命题，一般通过however、but、yet、infact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、notsomuchas等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现
4、在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。考点02 语意猜测题 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以theunderlined partinparagraphrefersto或whatdoestheunderlinedword
5、mean? 或whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedword?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。考点03 主旨大意题说明文常用
6、文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以Thispassagemainlytalksabout_. Whatisthemainideaofthepassage? 为设问方式。 答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。考点04 判断推理题这种试题常以(1)the passage is intended to.(2) the author suggest
7、s that.(3) the story implies that(4) which point of view may the author agree to?(5) from the passage we can conclude that.(6) the purpose of the passage is to.为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅
8、读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏，或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有whatwastheauthorsattitudetowards.?等。高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细
9、节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。一、词义猜测类题型阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：（一）内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系
10、，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。1、通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思。这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于行星这
11、一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all.handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊，不漂亮的意思。1、根据因果关系猜测词义通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等）表示前因
12、后果。例如：You shouldnt have blamed him for that, for it wasnt his fault. 通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是责备。2、通过定义或释义关系来推测词义例如：But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought.从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为久旱，旱灾。而a dry period和d
13、rought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。通过句法功能来推测词义例如：Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples, coconuts和bananas, oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝
14、和椰子。3、通过描述猜词描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。（二）外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外
15、的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为爬行。（三）构词法在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。4、根据前缀猜测词义例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there, semi-conscious, for a few
16、 minutes.根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义半清醒的，半昏迷的。Im illiterate about such things.词根lit-erate意为有文化修养的，通晓的，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指一窍不通，不知道的。5、根据后缀猜测词义例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示杀者，杀灭剂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为杀虫剂。Then the vapor m
17、ay change into droplets.后缀let表示小的，词根drop指滴，滴状物。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义小滴，微滴。6、根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例如：Growing economic problems were high-lighted by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是以强光照射，使突出的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和f
18、ight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动斗牛。二、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）寻找文章的主题句分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须
19、仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想，作者意图及关键词语，运用联想、比较、归纳、推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测
20、，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划，有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。【题型分析】As a popular subject of study among evolutionary ecologists, three-spined stickleback is known for their different sha
21、pes, sizes, and behaviorsthey can even live in both seawater and freshwater, and under a wide range of temperatures. But what makes that?The researchers tracked six populations of the fish before and after seasonal changes to their environment, using genome sequencing. Seasonal changes result in gre
22、at changes in habitat structure and balance of salt and freshwater, and only those fish able to tolerate these rapid changes survive into the next season.“These changes probably resemble the habitat shifts experienced by stickleback populations during the past 10,000 years.” says Professor Barrett “
23、We hope to gain insight into the genetic changes that may have resulted from natural selection long in the past.”Remarkably, the researchers discovered the evidence of genetic changes driven by the seasonal shifts in habitats, which mirrored the differences found between long-established freshwater
24、and saltwater populations. “These genetic changes occurred in independent populations over a single season, highlighting just how quickly the effects of natural selection can be detected,” says Professor Barrett, “The findings suggest that we may be able to use the genetic differences to predict how
25、 populations may adapt to environment.”The research emphasizes the importance of studying species in dynamic environments to gain a better understanding of how natural selection operates. In further research, they plan to investigate how repeatable the observed genetic changes are, by testing whethe
26、r they show up year after year. Doing so would demonstrate their ability to reliably forecast the evolutionary future of these populations. 1. What does the underlined word “that” refer to in Paragraph l?A. Stickleback is under a wide range of temperatures.B. Stickleback is popular with evolutionary
27、 ecologists.C. Stickleback can adapt to different living conditions.D. Stickleback has different shapes, sizes, and behaviors.2. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?A. The difficulties of the research.B. The purpose of the research.C. The background of the research.D. The methods of the research.3. Wha
28、t is the main reason for sticklebacks survival?A. Habitat shifts.B. Genetic change.C. Seasonal changes.D. Independent populations.4. Why will scientists study the repetition of the gennetic changes?A. To know what natural selection is.B. To study specices in dynamic environments.C. To test the relia
29、blity of the present discoveries.D. To forecast the evolutionary future of certain species.检测训练1、As aging population gets bigger and dementia (老年痴呆症) more common，more families are struggling with a complex question: How do you support a loved one with dementia, especially when you have a full-time j
30、ob and several kids?Reg Urbanowski may have an answer to this pressing issue: ROBOTS.He and his team managed to develop a new type of robots named TP robots. Looking like stand-up vacuum cleaners attached to an iPad, they can be activated remotely via a smartphone and guided remotely by a controller
31、 app similar to the way a mouse is used on a desktop computer. All possess audio and visual communication capabilities, allowing the operator to be “in the room” to interact with Mom or Dad.He believes that caregivers and family members can use a TP robot to “look in” on people with mild dementia. H
32、e says, “TP robots provide an effective solution for minimizing caregiver burden, especially for those who have career or other out-of home activities.”Urbanowski and his team have conducted a study that involves providing TP robots for 15 Manitoba families. These robots are programmed to provide re
33、minders of necessary daily routine like turning off the gas, taking medicine and having dinner. They will also help ensure patients are getting the exercise they need to maintain their health and well-being.Erin Crawford, Program Director with the Alzheimer Society of Manitoba, says she has faith th
34、at TP robots will prove beneficial, particularly when it comes to reminding people with dementia to do certain things at certain times. “It means that family members that cant be there, for whatever reason, know that those things are till happening,” she says.5. What can we infer about TP robots fro
35、m Paragraph 3?A. Its easy to operate.B. It can clean the room.C. Its convenient to carry.D. It can be used on a computer.6. How will TP robots help those with dementia?A. By having dinner with them.B. By turning off the gas for them.C. By doing activities with them.D. By reminding them to take pills
36、.7. Whats Erin Crawfords attitude to the future of TP robots?A. Optimistic.B. Cautious.C. Doubtful.D. Critical.8. What is the main idea of the text?A. TP robots provide a new solution to dementia.B. TP robots help to take care of dementia patients.C. Caregivers of dementia will be replaced by TP rob
37、ots.D. Urbanowski and his team are developing a new robot.2、According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier p
38、eople who order large portions(份), its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate
39、 in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her w
40、eight to 180 pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces o
41、f candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when were making de
42、cisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “Ill have what shes having” effect. However, well adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, Ill hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a
43、lot, Ill follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why cant I?12. What is the recent study mainly about?A. Food safety.B. Movie viewership.C. Consumer demand.D. Eating behavior.13. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persons.C. Picky eat
44、ers.D. Tall thin persons.14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?A. To see how she would affect the participants.B. To test if the participants could recognize her.C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.D. To study why she could keep her weight down.15. On what basis do we “adjust the
45、influence” according to the last paragraph?A. How hungry we are.B. How slim we want to be.C. How we perceive others.D. How we feel about the food.3、Calling someone a “birdbrain” is considered rude. It implies that someone has a small brain and thus is not smart. A new study found that the expression
46、 doesnt do birds justice either: Birds brains are much bigger than we thought at least compared to their small bodies.An international team of 37 scientists measured the brain volume (脑容量) of hundreds of dinosaurs and extinct birds by scanning fossils of their skulls. The readings were compared to a
47、 large database containing the brain sizes of modern birds. These measurements were then analyzed, taking into consideration each birds body size resulting in something called “relative brain size”. The results showed that a dramatic change of birds body size happened right after the mass extinction
48、 of dinosaurs 66 million years ago.According to the study, published on April 23 in the journal Current Biology, birds and dinosaurs had similar brain sizes before the extinction. After the extinction of the dinosaurs, however, birds had to find a way to survive, so they shrank their bodies since smaller animals need less food but they kept their big brains.“The changed landscape may have caused the rapid evolution of new brainbody scaling patterns (缩放比例) by favoring b