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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA,B,CorDon ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In 1924 Americas National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a
2、large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting 1 workers productivity.Instead,the studies ended 2 giving their name to theHawthorne effect,the extremely influential idea that the very 3 to being experimented upon changed subjec
3、ts behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant.According to 5 of the experiments,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,but also when it was dimmed.It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed,productivity rose.A(n) 8 t
4、hat they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers behavior 10 itself.After several decades,the same data were 11 to econometric the analysis.Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record,no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were
5、related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 14 interpretation of what happened. 15 ,lighting was always changed on a Sunday.When work started again on Monday,output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the n
6、ext couple of days. 18 ,a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday,workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case,before 20 a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that the allegedHawthorne effectis
7、 hard to pin down.1.AaffectedBachievedCextractedDrestored2.AatBupCwithDoff3.AtruthBsightCactDproof4.AcontroversialBperplexingCmischievousDambiguous5.ArequirementsBexplanationsCaccountsDassessments6.AconcludeBmatterCindicateDwork7.Aas far asBfor fear thatCin case thatDso long as8.AawarenessBexpectati
8、onCsentimentDillusion9.AsuitableBexcessiveCenoughDabundant10.AaboutBforConDby11.AcomparedBshownCsubjectedDconveyed12.Acontrary toBconsistent withCparallel withDpeculiar to13.AevidenceBguidanceCimplicationDsource14.AdisputableBenlighteningCreliableDmisleading15.AIn contrastBFor exampleCIn consequence
9、DAs usual16.AdulyBaccidentallyCunpredictablyDsuddenly18.AThereforeBFurthermoreCHoweverDMeanwhile19.AattemptedBtendedCchoseDintended20.AbreakingBclimbingCsurpassingDhittingSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosingA,B
10、,CorD.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century,perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the
11、point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newsp
12、aper reviews.To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve o
13、f World War II,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.In those far-off days,it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.Thei
14、rs was a serious business,and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly,like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman,could be trusted to know what they were about.These men believed in journalism as a calling,and were proud to be published in the daily press.“So few authors have brains enou
15、gh or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,”Newman wrote,“that I am tempted to definejournalism asa term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”Unfortunately,these critics are virtually forgotten.Neville Cardus,who wrote for the Manchester Guardian
16、 from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975,is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.During his lifetime,though,he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics,a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947)became a best-seller.He was knighted in 1
17、967,the first music critic to be so honored.Yet only one of his books is now in print,and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival?The prospect seems remote.Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death,
18、and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 thatAarts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.BEnglish-lan
19、guage newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.Chigh-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.Dyoung readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized byAfree themes.Bcasual style.Celaborate layout.Dradical viewpoi
20、nts.23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?AIt is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.BIt is contemptible for writers to be journalists.CWriters are likely to be tempted into journalism.DNot all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be learned
21、 about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?AHis music criticism may not appeal to readers today.BHis reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.CHis style caters largely to modern specialists.DHis writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best title for th
22、e text?ANewspapers of the Good Old DaysBThe Lost Horizon in NewspapersCMournful Decline of JournalismDProminent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade,thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods.A received one for itsone-clickonline payment system.Merrill Lynch g
23、ot legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nations top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents,which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.In a move that
24、has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S.court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.In re Bilski,as the case is known,isa very big deal,says Dennis D.Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law.Ithas
25、 the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face,because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case,approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fu
26、nd assets.That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings,initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.Later,more established companies raced to add such patents to their files,if only as a defensive move a
27、gainst rivals that might beat them to the punch.In 2005,IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.Similarly,some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financ
28、ial products,even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges,rather than a typi
29、cal panel of three,and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it shouldreconsiderits state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.Last April,for exampl
30、e the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld forinventionsthat are obvious.The judges on the Federal circuit arereacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,says Harold C.Wegner,a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26.Business-method
31、 patents have recently aroused concern because ofAtheir limited value to businessBtheir connection with asset allocationCthe possible restriction on their grantingDthe controversy over their authorization27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?AIts ruling complies with the court decisio
32、nsBIt involves a very big business transactionCIt has been dismissed by the Federal CircuitDIt may change the legal practices in the U.S.28.The wordabout-face(Line 1,Para 3)most probably meansAloss of good willBincrease of hostilityCchange of attitudeDenhancement of dignity29.We learn from the last
33、two paragraphs that business-method patentsAare immune to legal challengesBare often unnecessarily issuedClower the esteem for patent holdersDincrease the incidence of risks30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?AA looming threat to business-method patentsBProtection for business
34、-method patent holdersCA legal case regarding business-method patentsDA prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called infl
35、uentials,who are unusually informed,persuasive,or well-connected.The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called thetwo step flow of communication:Informati
36、on flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those selected people will do most of the work for them.The theory also seems to explain the sudden and u
37、nexpected popularity of certain looks,brands,or neighborhoods.In many such cases,a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing,promoting,or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only
38、certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they dont seem to be required of all.The researchersargument stems from a simple observing
39、about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfreywhose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influenceeven the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity inf
40、luentials who,according to the two-step-flow theory,are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur,however,each person so affected,must then influence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on;
41、and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example,the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the
42、basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations,manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.Our work shows that the prin
43、cipal requirement for what we callglobal cascadesthe widespread propagation of influence through networksis the presence not of a few influentials but,rather,of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point,the author intends toAanalyze the consequences of socia
44、l epidemicsBdiscuss influentials function in spreading ideasCexemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemicsDdescribe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that thetwo-step-flow theoryAserves as a solution to marketing problemsBhas helped explain certain preva
45、lent trendsChas won support from influentialsDrequires solid evidence for its validity33.What the researchers have observed recently shows thatAthe power of influence goes with social interactionsBinterpersonal links can be enhanced through the mediaCinfluentials have more channels to reach the publ
46、icDmost celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrasethese peoplein paragraph 4 refers to the ones whoAstay outside the network of social influenceBhave little contact with the source of influenceCare influenced and then influence othersDare influenced by the initial influential35.w
47、hat is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?AThe eagerness to be acceptedBThe impulse to influence othersCThe readiness to be influencedDThe inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind the scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else:the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced them to report enormous