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1、 GrammarSubject clause and predictive clauseGrammar:1)Subject clause 2)Predictive clauseWriting:Correcting:Faulty Coordination/SubordinationFaulty Coordination/Subordination Rewriting:How to expand a sentenceHow to expand a sentenceNoun Clauses A noun clauseA noun clause is a subordinate clause used
2、 as a noun.is a subordinate clause used as a noun.Like a noun,a noun clause can act as a subject,an Like a noun,a noun clause can act as a subject,an object,a complement or an appositive.object,a complement or an appositive.How did the ancient Greeks build the pyramids?How did the ancient Greeks bui
3、ld the pyramids?The method is still a mystery.The method is still a mystery.HowHow the ancient Greeks built the pyramids the ancient Greeks built the pyramids is still a is still a mystery.mystery.as a subject as a subject What did he write on a note?What did he write on a note?He showed me the mess
4、age last night.He showed me the message last night.Last night he showed me Last night he showed me whatwhat he wrote on a note.he wrote on a note.as an objectas an object This is the reason.This is the reason.Why are so many people unable to afford a house?Why are so many people unable to afford a h
5、ouse?This is This is whywhy so many people are unable to afford a so many people are unable to afford a house.house.as a subject complement as a subject complement(Compare:Compare:This is the This is the reasonreason whywhy so many people so many people are unable to afford a house.are unable to aff
6、ord a house.as an adjective as an adjective clause modifying the noun“reason”)clause modifying the noun“reason”)No one can deny the fact.No one can deny the fact.The fact is that the inflation of the world is growing The fact is that the inflation of the world is growing serious.serious.No one can d
7、eny the fact No one can deny the fact thatthat the inflation of the the inflation of the world is growing serious.world is growing serious.as an appositive as an appositive1.Forms and kinds1.Forms and kinds Noun clauses usually begin with subordinating words like Noun clauses usually begin with subo
8、rdinating words like how,how,why,what,where,when,who,that,which,whose,whether,why,what,where,when,who,that,which,whose,whether,etc.etc.Subordinating word+subject+predicate verb+object+Subordinating word+subject+predicate verb+object+Noun clauses can be put into three:Noun clauses can be put into thr
9、ee:those from wh-questions,starting with a question word such those from wh-questions,starting with a question word such as as who,who,what,whenwhat,when where,why,where,why,andand how how;those from yes-no questions,starting with those from yes-no questions,starting with if,whetherif,whether;those
10、from statements,starting with those from statements,starting with thatthat.Wh-questions are the questions that begin with wh-question Wh-questions are the questions that begin with wh-question words,including words,including how,what,when,where,whohow,what,when,where,who,etc.and yes-no,etc.and yes-n
11、o questions are the questions to which the answer is yes or no.questions are the questions to which the answer is yes or no.Why did so many people believe his story?Why did so many people believe his story?The reason is a mystery to me.The reason is a mystery to me.Why so many people believed his st
12、oryWhy so many people believed his story is a mystery to is a mystery to me.me.(whywhy functions as an adverb inside the noun clause)functions as an adverb inside the noun clause)Who will join us?Who will join us?No one told me that.No one told me that.No one told me No one told me who will join us.
13、who will join us.(whowho functions as a subject inside the noun clause)functions as a subject inside the noun clause)Had my operation been successful?Had my operation been successful?He asked his doctor that question.He asked his doctor that question.He asked his doctor He asked his doctor if/whethe
14、rif/whether his operation had been his operation had been successful.successful.(if/whetherif/whether has no function within the noun clause)has no function within the noun clause)He would have to stay in hospital.He would have to stay in hospital.He should be there for another two weeks.He should b
15、e there for another two weeks.The doctor told him so.The doctor told him so.The doctor told him The doctor told him thatthat he would have to stay in he would have to stay in hospital for another two weekshospital for another two weeks.(thatthat has no function within the noun clause)has no function
16、 within the noun clause)Word order in noun clause is the same as in statements.It is Word order in noun clause is the same as in statements.It is common error to use question word order after some words such as common error to use question word order after some words such as who,what,when,where,how,
17、whywho,what,when,where,how,why and so on when they introduce and so on when they introduce noun clauses.noun clauses.How much can you buy with so little money?a wh-questionHow much can you buy with so little money?a wh-question how much you can buy with so little money a noun clause how much you can
18、 buy with so little money a noun clause Can you beat his score?a yes/no questionCan you beat his score?a yes/no question if/whether you can beat his score a noun clause if/whether you can beat his score a noun clause He has made an important discovery.a statementHe has made an important discovery.a
19、statement that he has made an important discovery a noun clause that he has made an important discovery a noun clause No one can alter the past.a statementNo one can alter the past.a statement that no one can alter the past a noun clause that no one can alter the past a noun clause2.Subject clauses2
20、.Subject clauses When a noun clause functions as a subject,it is called a subject When a noun clause functions as a subject,it is called a subject clause.The subject clauses are not separated by a comma.clause.The subject clauses are not separated by a comma.She became an artist.She became an artist
21、.That may have been due to her fathers influence.That may have been due to her fathers influence.That she became an artistThat she became an artist may have been due to her fathers may have been due to her fathers influence.influence.Will it do us harm?Will it do us harm?The question remains to be s
22、een.The question remains to be seen.Whether it will do us harmWhether it will do us harm remains to be seen.remains to be seen.How many people are we to invite?How many people are we to invite?It is still a question.It is still a question.How many people we are to invite How many people we are to in
23、vite is still a question.is still a question.Subject clauseSubject clause can be replaced by a logic subject“it”can be replaced by a logic subject“it”especially when the subject clause is much longer especially when the subject clause is much longer than the main clause.than the main clause.Whether
24、it will do us harmWhether it will do us harm remains to be seen.remains to be seen.It It remains to be seen remains to be seen whether it will do us harmwhether it will do us harm.How many people we are to inviteHow many people we are to invite is still a question.is still a question.It It is still
25、a question is still a question how many people we are to invitehow many people we are to invite.When the subordinating word“if”introduces a When the subordinating word“if”introduces a subject clause,the clause can not be placed at the subject clause,the clause can not be placed at the beginning;wher
26、eas,the clause can be placed both beginning;whereas,the clause can be placed both at the beginning and at the end when the subject at the beginning and at the end when the subject clause is introduced by the subordinating word clause is introduced by the subordinating word“whether”.For instance:“whe
27、ther”.For instance:If If she comes or not she comes or not makes no difference.makes no difference.WhetherWhether she comes or not she comes or not makes no difference.makes no difference.It is doubtful It is doubtful whether/ifwhether/if the President knew the the President knew the details of the
28、plan.details of the plan.In the sentence pattern“In the sentence pattern“It+be+adj.+subject clauseIt+be+adj.+subject clause”,we”,we usually use subjective mood in the clause when the adjectives usually use subjective mood in the clause when the adjectives are are necessary,important,impossible,stran
29、ge,natural,necessary,important,impossible,strange,natural,essentialessential and so on.and so on.He should sort out the information.He should sort out the information.The information is for my reference.The information is for my reference.His action is necessary.His action is necessary.It It is is n
30、ecessarynecessary that he(should)sort out the information for my that he(should)sort out the information for my referencereference.We should build more power stations.We should build more power stations.The stations use water to produce power.The stations use water to produce power.That is important
31、.That is important.It It is is importantimportant that we build more hydroelectric power stations.that we build more hydroelectric power stations.3.Predicative clauses3.Predicative clauses When a noun clause follows a link verb and functions as a When a noun clause follows a link verb and functions
32、as a complement of a subject,it is called complement of a subject,it is called a predicative clausea predicative clause.No comma is needed when we use the predicative clauses.No comma is needed when we use the predicative clauses.The demand is this.The demand is this.The composition should be writte
33、n on one side only.The composition should be written on one side only.The demand The demand isis thatthat the composition(should)be written on one the composition(should)be written on one side only.side only.The question is this.The question is this.Is she able to do it herself?Is she able to do it
34、herself?The question The question isis whetherwhether she is able to do it herself.she is able to do it herself.What did they not know?What did they not know?Why did he call them with their nick names?Why did he call them with their nick names?What they didnt know What they didnt know waswas whywhy
35、he called them with their nick he called them with their nick names.names.Predictive clausesPredictive clauses can be introduced by the word can be introduced by the word whetherwhether not not if if.His first question was His first question was if if Tom had arrived yet Tom had arrived yet.His firs
36、t question was His first question was whetherwhether Tom had arrived yet Tom had arrived yet.If the subject of the main clause is the word If the subject of the main clause is the word reason,reason,we use the subordinating we use the subordinating wordword that not that not becausebecause to to int
37、roduce the predictive clause.introduce the predictive clause.The reason why he was dismissed was The reason why he was dismissed was becausebecause he he was careless and irresponsible.was careless and irresponsible.The reason why he was dismissed was The reason why he was dismissed was thatthat he
38、was he was careless and irresponsible.careless and irresponsible.Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear sentence Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear sentence containing at least one subject clause or predictive clause.containing at least one subject clause or predict
39、ive clause.1.At one point,their plane would crash.1.At one point,their plane would crash.That seemed certain.That seemed certain.At one point,it seemed certain that their plane would crash.At one point,it seemed certain that their plane would crash.2.He was very embarrassed.2.He was very embarrassed
40、.That was obvious.That was obvious.It was obvious that he was very embarrassed.It was obvious that he was very embarrassed.3.Where shall I spend my summer?3.Where shall I spend my summer?That is no business of yours.That is no business of yours.Where I shall spend my summer is no business of yours.W
41、here I shall spend my summer is no business of yours.4.What makes this shop different?4.What makes this shop different?The reason is this.The reason is this.It offers more personal services.It offers more personal services.What makes this shop different is that it offers more personal What makes thi
42、s shop different is that it offers more personal services.services.5.My advice is this.5.My advice is this.You practice speaking English.You practice speaking English.You should do as often as possible.You should do as often as possible.My advice is that you(should)practice speaking English as My ad
43、vice is that you(should)practice speaking English as often as possible.often as possible.6.What struck me?6.What struck me?The reason is this.The reason is this.They have all suffered a lot.They have all suffered a lot.What struck me was that they have all suffered a lot.What struck me was that they
44、 have all suffered a lot.7.You are coming to London.7.You are coming to London.That is the best news.That is the best news.I have heard some news recently.I have heard some news recently.That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard.That you are coming to London is the best news I have
45、 heard.Faulty Coordination/Subordination Faulty coordination/subordination occurs when clauses are joined Faulty coordination/subordination occurs when clauses are joined incorrectly.incorrectly.1.Faulty Coordination1.Faulty Coordination The word“coordinate”means“equal in rank,quality,or The word“co
46、ordinate”means“equal in rank,quality,or importance”.Thus,coordination in grammar means giving equal importance”.Thus,coordination in grammar means giving equal emphasis to the ideas of equal importance.If the ideas connected in emphasis to the ideas of equal importance.If the ideas connected in this
47、 way are not of equal important,faulty coordination occurs.this way are not of equal important,faulty coordination occurs.You sent me a present recently and thank you very much for it.You sent me a present recently and thank you very much for it.Thank you very much for the present you sent me recent
48、ly.Thank you very much for the present you sent me recently.A public house is up for sale and Mr.Thompson bought it recently.A public house is up for sale and Mr.Thompson bought it recently.A public house which was recently bought by Mr.Thompson is up for A public house which was recently bought by
49、Mr.Thompson is up for sale.sale.A public house recently bought by Mr.Thompson is up for sale.A public house recently bought by Mr.Thompson is up for sale.In general,there are two ways to correct the problem:In general,there are two ways to correct the problem:1.1.subordinating the clause of less imp
50、ortance,and subordinating the clause of less importance,and 2.2.reducing the clause of less importance to a phrase.reducing the clause of less importance to a phrase.The boat had passed and they swam on quickly and they The boat had passed and they swam on quickly and they knew that it would soon re