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1、专题三阅读理解第一节六大解题技巧一、关键信息定位法典例1 (-天津，A片段)Writing the wrong nameThe sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologising for your mistake. Keep the tone measured： don t handle it too lightly, as people can be offended, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their cult
2、ure (i. e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names).37. If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to .A. cipologise in a serious mannertell the receiver to ignore the errorB. learn to write the name correctlysend a short notice to everyone答案A解析 细节理解题。由题干中的“wri tten the wrong name”可定位到“W
3、riting the wrong name 下的 . apologising for your mistake. Keep the tone measured： don, t handle it too lightly. 由此可知，如果在电子邮件里写错了名字，以一种严肃的方式向对方 道歉是最好的，故选A项。点津解答这类题时，一个常用的方法就是根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的 句子。如该句中出现了 but, however, yet, while等表转折的词语及in addition, furthermore,besides,moreover,whatT s more,most of
4、all,most importantly,especially 等表递进的词语，后面往往为关键信息，是正确答案。但要与选项进行比较，最终确定答案。 该方法运用的前提是在题干中找到定位关键词。该方法多用于细节理解题。牛刀小试1 （ 全国I, A片段）?Visit Pacific Science CenterJ s StoreDon t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center* s Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember
5、 your visit. The store is located（位于）upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.21. Where can you buy a souveni r at Paci fic Science Center?A. In Building 1.B. In Building 3.C. At the Laser Dome.D. At the Denny Way entrance.答案B解析 细节理解题。首先根据题干中的souvenir”可将答案锁定在Visit Pacific Science Center*
6、s Store 这一部分；再根据本段中的The store is located（位于）upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome. v 可知 Pacific Science Center 的购物点在 Laser Dome旁边的3号楼上，故选B。二、关键词法典例2 （天津，D片段）I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing al 1 of this waiting, and what does it m
7、ean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let s take a look at three types of “waits”. 55. The author supports his view by .A. exploring various causes of “waits”describing detailed processes of “waits”B. analyzing different categories of “waits”revealing frustrating consequenc
8、es of “waits”答案C解析 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句To understand the issue, let, s take a look at three types of waits. ”可知，作者是通过分析这三种类型的“等待”来帮助理解 这个问题，故选C项。点津 半数以上的文章会在文章的第一段或最后一段直接给出主题关键词，且常是首句；还 有部分文章在第一段或最后一段间接给出主题关键词，正确答案与主题关键词有高度的重合 性：形似、意似。牛刀小试2 （全国I, A片段）?Support Pacific Science CenterSince 1962, Pacific Sci
9、ence Center has been inspiring a passion（热情）for discovery and 1i fe1ong learning in science, math and technology. Today, Paci fic Science Center serves more than 1. 3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. 22. Wh
10、at does Pacific Science Center do for schools?A. Train science teachers.B. Distribute science books.C. Inspire scientific research.D. Take science to the classroom.答案D解析 细节理解题。由标题及该段第二句Today, Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education
11、 to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. ” 可知此处的关键词应 是“science，太平洋科学中心把基于探究的科学教育带入课堂。三、题段一致法典例3 （天津，A片段）Clicking “reply allw unintentionallyYou accidental 1 y reveal （透露）to the entire company what menu choices you wou 1 d prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday yo
12、u d like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse, when everyone starts hitting “reply all“ to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance, step away from your keybo
13、ard to allow everyone to calm down.38. What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all” email?A. Try offering other choices.B. Avoid further involvement.C. Meet other staff members.D. Make a light-hearted apology.答案B解析 细节理解题。由题干中的“reply all”可定位到“Clicking reply all un
14、intentionallyv 下的 “In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.。由此可知,此题应选B项“避免进一步的参与”。牛刀小试3 （全国I, A片段）It s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizeitions. Visit pacificscie
15、ncecenter, org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.23. What is the purpose of the last part of the text?A. To encourage donations.B. To advertise coming events.C. To introduce special exhibits.D. To tell about the Center s history.答案A解析 推理判断题。根据该部分中的“Visit pacificsciencecente
16、r. org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center. v 可知作者呼吁读者支持 Pacific Science Center,也就是鼓励人们为之提供捐助。故选A。四、释义法典例4 （天津，C片段）The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the udeath valleyw of autonomous vehicles： the grey area between semi-autonomous and f u 11 y driverless cars t
17、hat could delay the driverless future.46. What does the phrase death valley, in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. A place where cars often break down.B. A case where passing a law is impossible.C. An area where no driving is permitted.D. A situation where drivers role is not clear.答案I） 解析 词义猜测题。根据第二段中的. the g
18、rey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. M 可知，death valley 指的 就是半自主驾驶和完全无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带，即：对司机角色的定义不清楚。故选 D项。点津词汇量小是制约学生阅读理解能力的个重要因素。词义猜测的具体技巧如下：根据 定义或上下文解释进行猜测；根据同位关系进行猜测；根据同义关系进行猜测；根据构词法（合成、派生、转化等）进行猜测；根据因果关系进行猜测；根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测; 根据常识或背景知识进行猜测。
19、牛刀小试4 （全国I, D片段）To construct a working sti 11, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher , s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end
20、rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs upand outthe side of the hole.33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. The tube.B. The still.C. The hole.I）. The cup.答案B解析 词义猜测题。根据本段描述可知，制作一个蒸窗器装置，需要挖一个四英尺宽、三英 尺深的洞，要尽量在潮湿的地方挖洞来提高the waler catcher的
21、生产力，结合全文可知， 提高的应该是整个蒸储器装置的生产力，故选B项。五、扫读法典例5 （全国I, B片段）The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable.I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.26. What made the chick calm down?A. A new nest.B.
22、 Some food.C. A recording.D. Its parents.答案A解析 细节理解题。扫读全文，可确定该段中的“I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.为解题的关键信息。由此可知，作者为猫头鹰幼雏做的新鸟巢让它 很快就安静下来。故选A。点津扫读不是简单地走马观花，而是在保证快速、而效的前提下，锁定关键信息：（1）注 意特征词，如：luckily, unfortunately, as a result, besides 等;（2）注意时间点,如： yesterday, last year, toda
23、y, now等；（3）找主线：文章的主线往往是文章的中心思想或 者作者对文中所论述的事物所持的观点或态度等。牛刀小试5 （四川，D）A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod offif it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that uni
24、ght milk“ contains more melatonin（褪黑 激素），which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Those given night milk, which containe
25、d 10 times the amount of me kit on in, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, accoiding to the study published in ThcJournalofMcdicinalFood.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.While the effect of cows milk harv
26、ested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fal1 asleep at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax
27、.Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night. 34. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Night M
28、i Ik and SleepFat, Sugar and HealthB. An Experiment on MiceI）. Mi Ik Drinking and Health答案A解析 标题归纳题。文章主要说明了喝夜间挤的牛奶与睡眠之间的关系。所以选项A是文 章的最佳标题。35. How does the author support the theme of the text?A. By giving examples.B. By stating arguments.C. By explaining statistical data.D. By providing research res
29、ults.答案D解析推理判断题。详读全文，可以看出作者是通过提供研究成果来支持文章主题的，故选D项。六、位置特征法典例6 (天津，D片段)We certainly do spend a good deal of our time wai ting. The next time you re standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you 11 have to cat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don t be des
30、perate. You, rc probably just as busy as the next guy.54. What does the ciuthor advise us to do the next time we are waiting?A. Take it seriously.B. Don* t rely on others.C. Do something else.D. Don* t lose heart.答案D解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句The next time. don, t be desperate. w可知， 下次等待的时候，不要绝望，即不要丧失信心(Don
31、t lose heart.),故选D项。点津 正确答案的位置：位于介词短语、非谓语动词、从句、倒装、强调、虚拟语气等结构 中。其中定语从句和状语从句一般都是重点观察主句，而宾语从句则考查从句较多。咐于,一 些常见的并列结构，就近原则的一般后半部分重要，就远原则的一股前面重要。正确答案的特征：一般情况下，中心思想，论述事物所持的观点、态度是答案；绝对的不是 答案，商量口气的是答案；断章取义的不是答案，概括性的是答案；具体的不是答案，抽象 的是答案；含有明确因果关系的常是答案；消极负面的不是答案，正面积极的是答案；长句 难句里常有正确答案等。牛刀小试6 （全国I, D片段）Next, cover
32、the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the pkistic with dirt and weighting the sheet s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone（圆锥体）with 45-dcgrce-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above the cup.3
33、4. What is the last step of constructing a working solar still?A. Dig a hole of a certain size.B. Put the cup in place.C. Weight the sheet s center down.D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.答案C 解析 细节理解题。根据该段中的解ext, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet s center down with a rock. ” 可知最后一步是 weighting the sheet s center down with a rock（用一块石头 把塑料板的中心位置压下去），故选C。