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1、2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练（8）Perception: A rose by any other name文化认知：情人眼里出西施主题语境：人与社会 主题语境内容：社会与文化【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇,认识即可;下划线单词为课标词汇,需熟记。）TO THE SWEDES, there are few smells more pleasant than that of surslrOmming（鳏鱼罐头）.To most non-Swcdcs there are probably few smells more disgusting. In determining whichscen
2、ts（ ） people find pleasant and which they do not, surstromming suggests culture must play a large part.New research, however, suggests that might not be the case. Artin Arshamian, a neuroscientist at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, and Asifa Majid, a psychologist at the University of Oxford, beg
3、an with theexpectation that culture would play an important role in determining pleasant smells. They had noticed from their own previous work that people from different cultures described smells differently. They also knew from past experiments by other researchers that culture was important in det
4、ermining which sorts of faces people found beautiful. Thus, they expected to see a similar phenomenon with smells.To study how scent and culturerelatc, Dr Arshamian and Dr Majid presented nine different groups of people with ten smells. The cultures doing the smelling varied widely . They included h
5、unter-gatherer communitiesalong the coast of Mexico, farmers living in the highlands ofEcuador, shoreline foragers, gardeners living in the tropical rainforests of Malaysia, and city folk from Thailand and Mexico City. All 235participants were asked to ranksmclls according to pleasantness. The team
6、compared their results to earlier work on New Yorkers who had been exposed to the same scents.Writing in Current Biology this week, the researchers noted that pleasantness rankings of the smells were rcmarkablyconsistcntreqardless of where people came from. The smell of isovaleric acid（异戊 展）was disl
7、iked by （he vast maioritv of the participants, only eight giving it a score of I to 3 on the pleasantness scale （where I was very pleasant and 10 was very unpleasant）. On the other hand, more （han 190 people gave vanilla extract （浮莫物 a score of 1 to 3 and a tiny minority, only 12 people, found it di
8、sgusting enough to rale 8 （o 10. Overall, the chemical composition of （he smells that the researchers presented explained 41% of the reactions that participants had. In contrast, cultural factorsaccounted for just 6% of the results. Dr Arshamian and Dr Majid point out that this is very different fro
9、m how visualperceptisnof faces worksin that case a persons culture accounts for up to 50% of the explanation for which faces they find beautiful.Even so, while culture did not shapeperceptions of smells in the way that it is known to shape perceptions of faces, the researchers did find an “eye of th
10、e beholder” effect. Randomness, which Dr Arshatnian and Dr Majid suggest has to be coming from personal preferences learned from outside individual culture, accounted for 54% of the difference in which smells people liked. ueye of the beholder” cffcctdocs not slip off the tongue so easily but it too
11、 appears to be a rcalphenomenon.【课标词汇】Disgusting令人反感的；令人愤慨的He had the most disgusting rotten teeth.他长着非常恶心的一嘴烂牙。I think the decision is disgusling.我认为这个决定令人恶心。1. determine确定，决定；影响The number of staff we can take on will be determined by how much money were allowed to spend.我彳门雇用 的人数将取决于可支配资金的多少。Peopl
12、e should be allowed to determine their own future.应该允许人们决定自己的未来。2. be the case是那样，是那么回事If that is the case then I will be very disappointed.如果是那样的话,我会非常失望。It is simply not the case that prison conditions are improving.监狱条件得到改善的情况绝非事实。3. expectation期盼；盼望；希望I have high expectations for this job (= I b
13、elieve it will be good).我对这份工作有很高期望。We did so well - beyond all (= better than) our expectations.我们做得非常好远远超出我们的预期。4. previous以前的，先前的The previous owner of the house had built an extension on the back.这栋房子以前的主人对房子后部进行了扩建。Tickets will be sold on the same basis as in previous years.票将以前几年相同的原那么制售。5. phe
14、nomenon 现象(pl. phenomena )Glaciers are unique and interesting natural phenomena.冰川是独特而有趣的自然现象。Gravity is a natural phenomenon.重力是一种自然现象1relate (与)有因果关系，关联High unemployment is related to high crime rates.高失业率和高犯罪率有因果关系。I dont understand how the two ideas relate.我不明白这两个观点有什么联系present赠送，授予；提交；展现The win
15、ners were presented with medals.获胜者被授予奖牌。The documentary presented us with a balanced view of the issue.这部纪录片向我们呈现了对这个问题的客 观看法。The classroom presented a cheerful busy atmosphere to the visitors 全班在访客面前展现出派快乐繁忙的 气氛。6. vary （使）不同；（使）呈现差异;改变；更改My taste in classical music varies greatly/widely , but I u
16、sually prefer Mozart or Brahms.我对各种古典音乐 的喜好程度很不相同，但我通常比拟喜欢莫扎特或布拉姆斯的音乐。The heights of the plants vary from 8 cmio 20 cm.这些植物的高度从8厘米到20厘米不等。7. participant参与者，参加者He has been an active participant in the discussion.他一直积极参与这次讨论。It was argued that he was a willing participant.有人争辩说他是自愿参加的。8. rank具有的地位（或等级
17、）；把分等级；确定的地位（或等级）My entry was ranked third in the flower show.在花展中，我送去参赛的花获得了第三名。It is not always easy to rank the students in order of ability.把学生按能力排名并非总是容易的。9. exposed 暴露的All exposed skin should be covered with protective cream.所有露在外面的皮肤都应该涂上防护霜。10. note留意，注意Please note （that） we will be closed o
18、n Saturday.请注意我们周六不营业。Suddenly, I noted that the rain had stopped.突然，我意识到雨已经停 了remarkably不同寻常地；突出地Maria speaks remarkably good English.玛丽亚讲一 口 非常流利的英语。Remarkably, no one was seriously hurt in the accident.奇怪，没有人在事故中受重伤。11. consistent 一贯的；坚持的；始终如一的There has been a consistent improvement in her altitu
19、de.她的态度一直在改进。What the witness said in court was not consistent with the statement he made to the police.证人在法庭上的证 供和他对警方的陈述不一致。12. regardless of管;不顾;不理会：The club welcomes all new members regardless of age.俱乐部对所有新成员不分年龄一律欢迎。He went ahead and did it, regardless of the consequences.他说干就干了，没有考虑后果。13. maj
20、ority大多数，大局部The majority of the employees have university degrees.大局部员工都有大学文凭。A large majority of people approve of the death sentence.大多数人赞成死刑。14. minority 少数Its only a tiny minority of people who are causing the problem.惹麻烦的只是极少数的人。Only a minority of people support these new laws.只有少数人支持这些新法令。15.
21、chemical与化学有关的；化学的：a chemical element 化学元索the chemical industry 化学工业chemical reactions / processes 化学反响/过程In contrast 比照之下Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, by/in contrast, has declined.他们的经济快速增长，相 比之下，我们的经济那么下滑了。16. account for 解释；说明He was brought before the Board to account for his
22、 behaviour.他被带到董事会上为他的行为作出解释。Can you account for your absence last Friday?你能解释一下上周五你为甚么缺勤吗？17. Visual视觉的；视力的visual perception 视觉感知The tall tower adds to the visual impact of the building.高高的塔楼增强了 这幢大楼的视觉效果。18. Perception见解，观念，看法感觉,知觉；感知Drugs can alter your perception of reality.毒品会影响你对现实的感知。These ph
23、otoglyphs will affect peoples perceptions of war.这些照片会影响人们对战争的看法。19. shape决定（或影响）（尤指信仰或思想）的形式；决定，影响（性格）Many people are not able to shape their own deslinies.很多人不能决定自己，的命运。He was very influential in shaping the governments economic policy/strategy.在左右政府的经济政策 / 战略 方面，他有着极大的影响力。20. random随机的,随意的a rando
24、m sample / selection 随机抽样/选择randomly selected/distributcd随意挑选的/任意分配的The information is processed in a random order.信息足按随机顺序处理的。21. preference偏爱；爱好；喜爱Her preference is for comfortable rather than stylish clothes.她更注重衣服的舒适性，而非时空的款式。Choosing furniture is largely a matter of personal preference.挑选家俱主要是个
25、人喜好的问题。We give preference to those who have worked with us for a long time.我们优先考虑那时和我们长期共事的 人。22. slip off迅速脱掉（衣服）Slip your shirt off and V II listen to your heart.快点脱掉衬衫，我来听听你的心跳。The ring had slipped off Juliars finger.戒指从朱莉娅的手指上滑脱了。【课标词汇精练】根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”和“重点短语”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。1. Passengers
26、were kepi for hours in a waiting room.2. He the report to his colleagues at the meeting.3. The samples in quality but were generally acceptable.4. Staff are to be active in the decision-making process.5. She the hotties in order of size along the shelf.6. Theres evidence to suggest that child abuse
27、is not just a recent.7. Researchers arc trying to low exam results and/to/with large class sizes.8. The amount will be paid to everyone whether they have children or not.9. The of students find it quite hard to live on the amount of money they get.10. Your health in part by what you eat.11. If that
28、is the , we need more staff.12. The holiday lived up to all our .13. Training is provided, so no experience is required for the job.14. Children with single parents at my school were very much in the .15. My relationship with my father played a major part in my attitude towards men.16. They the cons
29、umers growing demand for quicker service.17. All the students did well in their exams this year.18. Her work is sometimes good, but the problem is shes not .19. The winning numbers are selected by computer.20. I have a for sweet food over spicy.21. Tighten the straps so they won t your shoulders.22.
30、 Recent pressure at work may his behavior.23. Artists translate their ideas into images.24. We have to change the publics (ha( money is being wasted.Keys:1. disgusting .乘客被迫在令人厌恶的候车室里等了好几个小时。2. presen ted.他在会议上向同事们做出报告。3. varied.这些样品品质有差异，但是大体上可以接受。4. parlicipants.全体职员要积极参与决策。5. ranked .她把瓶子按大小顺序摆放在
31、架子上。6. phenomenon .有证据显示虐待儿童并不是近来才有的现象。7. relate.研究者们正试图证明学生考分低和班级规模大有关系。8. regardless of .不管有没有孩子，每个人都会得到相同的金额。9. majority.大多数学生都觉得很难靠他们得到的那点钱生活。10. is determined .在某种程度上你的健康状况取决:你的饮食。11. case.如果真是那样，那我们就需要更多的员工了。12. expectations假期过得一点也没有令我们失望。13. previous .这项工作提供培训，因此不要求以前有相关经验。14. minority.在我的学校里
32、单亲孩子只占极少数。15. sh叩ing.我和父亲之间的关系在很大程度上决定了我对男性的看法。16. noted.他们留意到消费者对便捷服务与日俱增的需求。17. remarkably.所有学生在今年的考试中都表现得非常优秀。18. consistent她匚作有时不错，问题是她不能始终如一。19. randomly获奖号码是由电脑随机选取的。20. preference比起辛辣食物我更喜欢甜食。21. slip。任系紧带子，这样它们才不会从你的肩上滑下来。22. account for他的行为也许是最近的工作压力导致的。23. visual画家把自己的思想转换成视觉画面。24. percept
33、ion群众认为这是在浪费金钱，我们必须改变他们的这种看法。【译文】对瑞典人来说，没有什么比鲜鱼罐头的气味更令人愉悦了。而对于大多数非瑞典人来说，可能没有比 这更令人厌恶的气味了。瑞典人对鳞鱼罐头的喜爱说明，在确认人类喜欢哪些气味、不喜欢哪些气味方面, 文化发挥了相当大的作用。然而，新的研究说明，事实可能并非如此。瑞典卡罗林斯卡学院的神经学家 Arlin Arshamian和牛津大学的心理学家AsifaMajid最初的预期是，文化在决定宜人气味方面发挥着重要作 用“他们在之前的研究中发现，不同文化背景的人对气味的描述是不同的。他们还从其他研究人员过去的 实验中得知，文化在决定人们认为哪种面孔美丽
34、方面很重要。因此，他们希望看到这一定律也同样适用于 气味。为了研究气味和文化之间的关系，Arshamian博士和Majid博士向九组不同的人提供了十种不同的气 味。汽味研究参与人员的文化跨度也十分广泛，包括：沿墨西哥海岸的狩猎部落、生活在厄瓜多尔高原的 自给农民、海岸线觅食者、生活在马来西亚热带雨林的园艺家，以及来自泰国和墨西哥城的城市居民。所 有235名参与者都被要求根据好闻程度对气味进行排序，然后研究人员将结果与之前纽约人民对同样气味 测试的结果进行了比拟。研究人员本周在当代生物学杂志上撰文指出，无论人们来自哪里，他们对气味愉悦度的排名都异 常一致。绝大多数参与者都对异戊酸的气味嗤之以鼻，
35、只有8人在宜人量表上给其打了 1到3分(其 中1表示非常愉悦，10表示非常不愉悦)。另一方面，超过190人给香草精打了 1到3分，而只有 极少数的12人认为香草精令人作呕，打了 8到10分。总体而言，研究人员提供的气味化学成分解释了 参与者41%的反响。相比之下，文化因素只占6%。Arshamian博士和Majid博士指出，这与人脸视觉感 知的作用方式大不相同一在这种情况下，个人的文化背景，在他们认为哪些面孔美丽的因素中占50%o尽管文化对气味感知的塑造没有像人脸感知那样起作用，研究人员也发现了“情人眼里出西施”效应。 Arshamian博士和Majid博士认为，实验的偶然性来自于个人从外界主
36、观文化习得的个人偏好，在影响人们 喜欢哪种气味的因素中占54%。“情人的审美”可能不会轻易改变，但“情人眼里出西施”貌似也是真实存在 的。【背景知识】在我们的地球上，有千千万万不同的人，他们有着不同的口味，喜欢吃不同食物，他们在听觉和视觉 上都有着千差万别的审美，但最近发表在当代生物学(Current Biology)上的一项新研究发现：人们对气味的偏好是差不多的。卡罗琳斯卡研究所临床神经科学系研究员阿廷阿尔沙米安（Artin Arshamian）说：“我们想研究世界各 地的人是否有相同的嗅觉，是否喜欢相同类型的气味，或者这是否受文化背景的影响。传统上，对气味的 偏好被视为一种文化，但我们可以证明，它跟文化的关系不大。”目前的研究说明，气味分子的结构决定了一种气味是否令人愉快。研究人员发现，不管参与者的文化 背景如何，他们都更喜欢某些特定的气味。阿尔沙米安博士说：“来自世界各地的有不同文化背景的人都会以相似的方式对不同的气味进行排序， 不管他们来自哪里，但是在细节上，对气味偏好有一些个人因素，但不是文化因素。这项研究共包括235名受试者，他们被要求对气味进行从好闻到不好闻的分级。结果显示，尽管每个 群体中的个体之间存在差异，但是在对令人愉快和令人不愉快的气味的分辨这点上，所有人都是一致的。 研究人员说明，这种差异主要是受分子结构（41%）和个人偏好（54%）影响的。