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1、九年级中考英语语法知识梳理动词短语短语动词与动词短语1.短语动词动词与介词、副词等构成的固定短语叫短语动词。短语动词主要有以下4种类型:(1)动词+副词动词和副词组合在一起表达某个特定意义,常用的有:续表注意:由动词和副词构成的短语动词后跟名词宾语时,既可以放在副词之前,也可以放在副词之后;跟代词宾语时,须放在动词和副词之间。如:They decided to put the meeting off.也可表达为:They decided to put off the meeting.他们决定把会议推迟。They decided to put it off.他们决定把它推迟。(2)动词+介词(3
2、)动词+副词+介词(4)动词+名词+介词(5)be+形容词+介词2.动词短语动词短语是指动词与其宾语或状语一起构成的短语。动词短语主要有以下2类。(1)动词+名词 (2)动词+状语48组易混动词用法辨析1.agree with,agree to和agree onagree with .指“同意某人或某人的意见、观点、决定、想法、安排、解释”等,其后可以是一个名词,也可以是what引起的从句。如:I dont agree with you.我不同意你的意见。I dont agree with what you said.我不同意你所说的。agree to是指“同意某计划、建议、或提议”等;后跟动
3、词原形,意为“同意干某事”。如:Who else will agree to this suggestion besides him?除他以外,还有谁会同意这个建议呢?We agreed to start early.我们同意早点动身。agree on 指在某方面取得一致的看法或意见。如:We agreed on leaving for Beijing the next day.我们一致同意第二天去北京。2.answer和replyanswer是常用词,可指口头、笔头,甚至行动回答,有时可与reply通用。如:Who can answer the question?谁能回答这个问题?Pleas
4、e answer the telephone.请接一下电话。reply 较answer正式,既可指用语言、书面作答,也可指用动作或手势作答,常用于正式场合或书面语中,指经过慎重考虑作出的答复。如:I sent in my application,and the school replied immediately.我把申请书交上去,学校立即给了答复。I dont know what to reply.我不知道该回答什么。注意:在表示回答问题时,answer后直接跟question;reply后要加介词to。试比较:answer the question回答问题;reply to the que
5、stion回答问题。3.apologize to和apologize forapologize to sb.相当于say sorry to sb.表示“向某人道歉”。如:You should apologize to the old man.你应当向那老人道歉。apologize for sb.意为“替某人道歉或认错”。如:Johnny,I want to apologize for us all.约翰尼,我代表我们大家向你道歉。注意:apologize to后通常只接表示人的名词或代词,apologize for后除可接表示人代名词或代词外,还可接表示事物的名词。apologize for
6、sth.意为“因而道歉”。如:I must apologize for the untidy state of the room.屋子这么不整洁,实在抱歉。I must apologize for calling you so late.实在抱歉,这么晚给您打电话。4.argue about和argue withargue about指“为某事而争论、争吵”。如:Dont argue about the matter any more.不要再为那件事争论不休了。argue with 指“与某人争吵、争论或吵架”。如:The two brothers often argue with each
7、other.那两兄弟经常互相争吵。注意:表示“因某事与某人争吵”或“与某人辩论某事”为argue with sb.about sth.或argue against sb.on sth.如:They argued with the waiter about the price of the meal.他们与服务员为饭钱而争吵起来。5.arrive,reach和get toarrive是不及物动词,其后不能直接跟表示地点的名词,与at或in连用后可以跟表示地点的名词;表示使用某种交通工具到达时常用arrive。如:Has the train arrived?火车到达了吗?They arrived
8、at the village on a rainy night.他们在一个雨夜里到达了那个村庄。注意:arrive at指到达较小的地方,如车站、机场、码头、学校、工厂、商店等。如:It was dark when I arrived at the airport.我到达机场时天就黑了。arrive in指到达较大的地方,如村庄、城镇、地区、国家等。如:When did you arrive in Beijing yesterday?你昨天什么时候到达的北京?reach是及物动词,正式用语,其后直接跟表示地点的名词。如:He reached Japan on October the secon
9、d 2017.他于2017年10月2日到达日本。get to是短语动词,相当于及物动词,在口语中用的多,使用的范围也很广,不管是步行还是乘车、乘船、乘飞机等到达目的地或中途暂停都可以用。如:Can you tell me how I can get to the airport?你能告诉我到机场怎么走吗?注意:当arrive,get to后跟副词home,here,there时,arrive后不再用at或in,get后不再用to。如:When the train arrived here,it was raining hard.火车到达这儿的时候,正在下着大雨。When did you get
10、 home?你什么时候到家的?6.be,become,get和turnbe表示“成为”时,多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式。如:I would like to be a bus-driver.我想成为一名公共汽车司机。My younger sister wants to be a movie star.我妹妹想当一名电影明星。become多指身份、职位等的变化,强调变化的过程已经完成,后面可接名词或形容词。如:Later the boy became an artist.后来那男孩成为一名画家。Her mother became angry when she heard the news.她妈妈听
11、到这个消息时非常生气。get多用于口语,表示一种变化过程,强调的是“渐渐变得”,后常接形容词的比较级。如:Its getting darker and darker outside.户外天色越来越暗。In winter the days get shorter.冬季白天变得较短。turn指在颜色和性质等方面与以前的完全不同,强调变化的结果。如:Leaves turned brown in the mountains.山里的树叶已变成了棕色。7.be about to和be going tobe about to do意为“就要、即将干某事”,指最近的将来,表示动作马上就要发生。如:Dont l
12、eave now.We are about to have lunch.现在不要走,我们马上就要吃午饭了。be going to意为“即将、打算干某事”,表示对某事事先有准备、有计划或有打算,也可表示预计要发生或不可避免要发生的事。如:Look,its cloudy.Its going to rain.看,天开始阴沉沉的,要下雨了。注意:be about to本身已清楚地表示出即将到来的短暂时刻,故句子中不能与at once,immediately及表示具体的将来的时间连用。如:Im about to go.我马上过去。(不能说成:Im about to go at once.或Im abou
13、t to go tomorrow.)8.be angry about,be angry at和be angry withbe angry about指对某事生气,其后跟表示某事的名词或代词。如:He was angry about the noises in the next room.他因隔壁房间的吵闹而生气。be angry at指对某人的言行生气。如:He was angry at her answer.他对她的回答很生气。be angry with指对某人生气,其后跟表示人的名词或代词。如:She is angry with me.她在生我的气。9.beat和winbeat后接表示人及
14、人的群体名词或代词作宾语,常用于游戏或比赛中战胜某人或打败某人。如:Our class beat Class One in the table tennis match yesterday.昨天我们班在乒乓球比赛中赢了一班。win后接表示事物的名词或代词作宾语,在句子中通常与game,match,prize等词搭配,表示在某项活动或比赛中获胜。如:Who won the game?谁赢了那场比赛。She won the first place in the competition.她在比赛中获得第一名。一言辨异 Yesterday I beat my classmate at chess.He
15、 won only one set,while I won two sets.昨天下棋我赢了我同学。他只赢了一盘,而我赢了两盘。10.believe和believe inbelieve指相信某人或某人说的话。强调人或事的诚实和真实性。如:Dont you believe me?难道你不相信我吗?I dont believe until I see it with my own eyes.我亲眼看到后我才相信。believe in指信赖或信任某人的人格、力量等;也指信奉某宗教、神等。如:We believe in him,for he is always careful with everyth
16、ing.我们信任他是因为他做什么事情都很认真。11.be made of和be made frombe made of指从所制成的物品中能看到原材料,即原材料只发生了物理变化。如:Our desks and chairs are all made of wood.我们的课桌和椅子都是用木材制成的。be made from指从所制成的物品中看不出原材料,或者说是原材料发生了化学变化。如:Some paper is made from wood.有些纸是由木材制成的。注意:有时,在制成品中很难断定能否看出原材料,这时be made 后用of或from皆可。如:Bread is made of/fr
17、om flour.馒头是用面粉做成的。12.be out,go out和turn offbe out表示“熄灭、灭”时,指灯、火等熄灭的状态,句子的主语通常是表示灯或火的名词而不是人。如:The forest fires were out at last because of two days heavy rain.因为下了两天雨,森林大火终于熄灭了。go out表示“熄灭、灭”时,侧重于灯或火熄灭的动作,句子的主语是表示灯或火的名词而不是人。如:The lights went out at ten oclock last night.昨夜电灯是十点钟熄灭的。turn off表示“熄灭、灭”时
18、,是指某人把灯或火熄灭,强调动作,句子的主语是人而不是表示灯或火的词。如:Please turn off the light before you leave the room.离开房间前请关上灯。注意:be out,go out表示自身的动作,即当主语是灯、火、灯火一类的词时,用be out或go out;当主语是人时,则用turn off。如:The fire on the hill was out yesterday.山上的火昨天就熄灭了。Will you please turn off the TV?请关上电视好吗?一言辨异 The light went out suddenly.Do
19、 you know who turned it off?电灯突然灭了,你知道是谁关的吗?13.be pleased at,be pleased with和be pleased tobe pleased at指“因高兴”,其后常常跟动名词。如:We are pleased at hearing of your success.听说你获得成功,我们都感到很高兴。be pleased with指“对感到高兴;对感到满意”,其后的宾语可以是物,也可以是人。如:The boss was pleased with Johns work.老板对约翰的工作是满意的。They were very pleased
20、 with the boy.他们对那个男孩很满意。be pleased to指“高兴做;乐意做;因做而感到高兴”,其后要用动词原形。如:I am very pleased to help you.我非常乐意帮助你。注意:be pleased at与be pleased with有时候可以互换使用,这时其后只能接名词。如:He is pleased with (at)the bike.那辆自行车他很满意。14.be proud for和be proud ofbe proud for指“为感到骄傲、自豪”,强调主语设身处地地为他人取得的成就而感到自豪。如:You have four books p
21、ublished so far,I am proud for you.到目前为止,你已出版四本书了,我为你感到自豪。be proud of指“因感到骄傲、自豪”,一般指因自己有了某人、某物或某成就而感到骄傲或自豪。如:He is proud of his daughters ability to speak four languages.他为女儿能说四种语言而骄傲。15.be strict in和be strict withbe strict in指在某一方面或某事上对自己要求严格,in后接表示某事的名词。如:We all must be strict in our study.我们都必须在学
22、习上严格要求自己。be strict with指对某人严格要求,with后接表示人的名词。如:Our teacher is very strict with all of us.我们老师对我们大家要求很严格。注意:be strict后跟反身代词表示对某人自己严格要求用with,不能用in。如:We should be strict with ourselves in our study at school.在学校我们应当在学习上严格要求自己。16.be used to和get used tobe used to指已经习惯于某一客观事实或状态,并不强调动作。如:He is used to the
23、 weather here.他已经习惯于这里的天气。get used to指的是从不习惯到习惯这样一个过程的转变,强调动作,还往往包含克服困难去适应的意思。如:In the end he got used to the weather here.最后他终于习惯于这里的天气了。注意:be used to和get used to后跟动词时要用动名词形式。如:They are used to getting up early in the morning.他们已习惯于早上早起床了。17.be used to和used tobe used to表示“已经习惯于干某事”,指某动作过去不常做而现在已习惯做
24、了,强调目前的情况。to后接名词或动名词。如:The teacher is used to going to bed late in the evening.老师已习惯于晚上晚睡觉。used to表示“过去常常干某事”,指过去经常性的动作或存在的状态,现在已不再那样,侧重与现在的比较;to后用动词原形。如:The woman used to help the others in troubles.那妇女过去常常帮助有困难的人。He used to play basketball after school.他过去放学后常常打篮球。注意:used to do表示“过去常常干”;used to be
25、 表示“过去常常是”。如:The old man used to be a great airplane driver.那位老人过去是一位出色的飞机驾驶员。The young pioneers used to help the old man carry water after school.那些少先队员过去常常在放学后帮那位老人打水。be used to do表示“被用来做”,其后的不定式作主语补足语。如:Computers are used to help people do many things.电脑被用来帮助人们做很多事情。18.borrow,lend和keepborrow 指从主语
26、的角度“借进、借入”,表示“从(向)借,自己暂时使用”,常与from连用,构成borrow sth.from sb.句型。如:You can borrow this dictionary from the library.你可以从图书馆借那本字典。lend 指“把借给”,表示将自己的东西借给别人,常与to连用,构成lend sth.to sb.句型。如:I have lent my bike to Xiao Li。我把自行车借给小李了。keep指借阅或保留多长时间,常与how long,for引起的时间连用。如:How long may I keep the book?这本书我可以借多长时间?
27、一言辨异 I have an MP3 here,you can borrow it and keep it for two weeks,but you mustnt lend it to others.我这儿有一款MP3,你可以借去用,而且可以借用两周,但是你不能把它借给别人。19.bring,take,carry,fetch和getbring 指从别处把东西或人带来、拿来。如:He brought a new book with him.他带来一本新书。take 指把东西带走或拿走。如:Please take the letter to the post office.请把这封信带到邮局去。
28、carry 指带较重的东西,不强调动作的方向性。如:Let me carry the box for you.让我替你拿这个箱子吧。fetch 指到别处去把某人或某物带来或拿来,有去回双程的意味。如:Please fetch some chalk for me.请去给我拿些粉笔来。get 是常用词,多用于口语,与fetch 同义。如:Go and get some water.去打些水来。20.buy,afford和getbuy指花钱购买,侧重于购买的行为。如:I bought a bike last week.上周我买了一辆自行车。afford指有足够的钱买某物,侧重于购买者的经济能力。如:
29、I was not able to afford a new car.我买不起新车。get指买到某物,侧重于购买的结果。如:She got two tickets for todays train.她买了两张今天的火车票。注意:buy是短暂动作的动词,在现在完成时态中不能与how long及for引起的一段时间连用。在表示某物买了多长时间时要用have代替buy。如:I have had the dictionary for two years.这本字典我买了两年了。How long have you had your bike?你的自行车买了多长时间了?cant afford to buy
30、sth.意为“买不起”;cant afford to waste sth.意为“浪费不起”。21.catch a cold和have a coldcatch a cold表示“感冒”,强调动作,但不能延续。如:我们可以说He caught a cold.他感冒了。但不可以说He has caught a cold for two days.他感冒已两天了。have a cold表示“感冒”,强调状态,可以延续,有时可以与catch a cold通用。如:The boy often has/catches a cold.那男孩经常感冒。He has had a cold for three da
31、ys.他已感冒三天了。注意:catch a cold中的冠词a 可以省略,而have a cold中的冠词a则不能省略。如:正:Be careful not to catch cold.当心别感冒。误:Be careful not to have cold.当心别感冒。cold前面若有形容词修饰时,catch a cold中的冠词a则不能省去。如:正:He seemed to have caught a very bad cold.他好像患了重感冒。误:He seemed to have caught very bad cold.他好像患了重感冒。22.close和shutclose常指把开着
32、的门窗、盒子、箱子等关闭起来,其反义词是open。如:Did you close all the doors and windows?你把所有的门窗都关上了吗?shut常可与close互换,但shut更强调把门窗等关好,使不能通过或打开。如:You should shut the door before going to bed.睡觉之前你应当把门关好。注意:表示关闭公路、铁路、或交通渠道时,一般只用close而不用shut。如:Theyve closed the road for repairs.他们已关闭这条公路,要翻修。下列表示语气比较重或比较粗暴的句子中仅用shut,而不用close。
33、如:Shut up!闭嘴!Shut the bloody door!关上那个鬼门!He shut his eyes to the severe reality.对于这严峻的现实,他闭着眼睛假装看不见。23.collect和gathercollect 指有目的、有计划、有挑选地精心收集。如:He collected a lot of valuable stamps.他收集了许多有价值的邮票。gather指一点点地收集,或把分散的东西集中到一块。如:The country girl gathered some firewood.那个农家姑娘拾了些柴火。24.cost,take,pay和spendc
34、ost表示“花费”时既可以指花费时间,也可以指花费金钱,句子的主语通常是物或事,只有主动式,没有被动式。如:The pen cost me ten yuan.这只钢笔花了我十元钱。The job cost a lot of time.那项工作花了很多的时间。take常用来指花费时间,句子的主语通常是it作形式主语放在句首,真正主语动词不定式放在句末。如:It takes me three hours to go there.我去那儿需要花三个小时。pay指花费金钱,句子的主语是人。如:I paid 5,000 yuan for the computer.买那台电脑我花了五千元钱。spend表示
35、花费时,宾语通常是时间、金钱等,强调句子的主语必须是人,常用的句型有spend .on和spend (in)doing。如:She spent a lot of money on books.她花了很多钱买书。She spent the whole evening (in)reading.她把整个晚上都用来读书。一句多译 我爸爸买那辆车花了十二万元。The car cost my father 120,000 yuan.It took my father 120,000 yuan to buy the car.My father paid 120,000 yuan for the car.My
36、 father spent 120,000 yuan on the car.My father spent 120,000 yuan buying the car.25.die of和die fromdie of指因疾病、年老、悲伤或饥饿等而死亡。如:The old man died of SARS.这位老人死于非典。die from指死于非命,即因事故等外部原因而致死。如:Thousands of people die from traffic accidents every year.每年有成千上万的人死于交通事故。26.deal with和do withdeal with常与how连用,
37、表示处理的方式。如:How are you going to deal with the TV set?你打算怎么处理这台电视机?do with往往与what搭配使用,表示处理的结果。如:What are you going to do with the camera you found?你打算怎么处理你找到的那部照相机?27.dislike和hatedislike指不喜欢、讨厌、反感、憎恶,表示认为某人或某物使人不愉快从而不喜欢他们,没有hate所表达的感情强烈。如:I dislike his way of talking.我不喜欢他说话的方式。hate指对某人、物或行为表示极大的不满或厌恶
38、,有时含有敌视并伤害对方的意思。如:We hate our enemy.我们憎恨我们的敌人。28.dress,wear,put on和have ondress强调穿的动作,后跟表示人的名词或代词作宾语,只用于穿衣服,不表示穿鞋、袜或戴帽子、手套、手表等。如:She dressed her brother every morning.她每天早上给弟弟穿衣服。wear强调穿、戴的状态,其后可以跟衣服、鞋帽、袜子、手套、手表等作宾语。如:She is wearing a black jacket.今天他穿着一件黑色的夹克衫。put on强调穿、戴的动作,后跟衣、帽、鞋、袜等作宾语。如:He put
39、on his coat and hat and went out.他穿上外套、戴上帽子,然后出去了。have on强调穿、戴的状态,相当于wear,但have on没有进行时态和被动语态。如:She had on a red dress that day.那天她穿着红色的裙子。29.find和look forfind意为“找到、发现”,侧重“找”的结果。如:Her lost watch was found yesterday.她丢失的手表昨天找到了。look for表示“寻找”,侧重“找”的动作和过程,不强调结果。如:What are you looking for in the room?你
40、在房间里找什么呢?一言辨异 My brother looked for a job everywhere,but he hasnt found one till now yet.我哥哥到处找工作,但直到现在也没找到。30.forget和leaveforget指大脑不能记起或回忆不出过去的人、事物或事情,其反义词是remember。如:I forgot his name.我忘记了他的名字。leave指因粗心而没带某物或把某物落在某处,其后往往有一个地点状语。如:I left my key at home.我把钥匙忘在家里了。He left his exercise book in the cla
41、ssroom.他把练习本忘在教室里了。31.go to bed,go to sleep和fall asleepgo to bed意为“去睡觉、就寝”,指上床睡觉这一动作,但不一定睡着。如:I used to go to bed at eleven oclock.我过去常常在11点睡觉。go to sleep意为“入睡”,指睡着了,强调睡觉的结果。如:I often go to sleep very late in the evening.我晚上常常很晚才睡着。fall asleep与go to sleep用法相同,但fall asleep更强调进入睡眠的状态。如:When I visited
42、him,he fell asleep in the chair.我去看他的时候,他在椅子上睡着了。注意:get to sleep,get into sleep,be asleep都有“入睡、睡着”的意思。get to sleep,get into sleep与go to sleep用法相同;be asleep与fall asleep用法相同。他们常常可以通用。32.hanged和hunghang表示“绞死、吊死、上吊、处以绞刑”时,它的过去式和过去分词是hanged。如:They hanged the prisoner at dawn.拂晓时分他们绞死了犯人。hang表示“悬挂、吊着”时,它的
43、过去式和过去分词是hung。如:They hung four new paintings in the foyer.他们在门厅悬挂着四幅新的绘画作品。33.happen和take placehappen为常用词语,指一切客观事物或情况偶然或未能预见地发生。如:The accident happened yesterday.事故发生在昨天。take place 指“发生事先计划或预料到的事”。如:The meeting took place at 8:00 as planned.按计划会议在八点举行了。34.have和there behave表示所属关系,指某人或某物所有或具有。如:I have
44、 a brother.我有个弟弟。The table has four legs.那张桌子有四条腿。there be表示存在关系,指某处有某物。如:There isnt anything interesting in todays newspaper.在今天的报纸上没有什么有趣的东西。注意:当主语是第三人称单数时,have要用其第三人称单数形式has。如:The girl has a digital camera.那个女孩有一台数码相机。There be句型的现在时态形式是there is,there are;过去时态形式是there was,there were;将来时态形式是there w
45、ill be;完成时态形式是there have been。如:There will be a sports meeting in our school next week.下周我们学校将有一场运动会。35.have a word with和have words withhave a word with意思是“与谈话”,无论谈话是内容多少,word都不能使用复数。如:Are you free now?I want to have a word with you.你现在有空吗?我想跟你谈谈。have words with意思是“与吵架”,在表示这个意思时,word必须用复数形式。如:Fangfa
46、ng had words with her husband again yesterday.芳芳昨天又和她丈夫吵架了。注意:have words with sb.等于quarrel with sb.都是“与某人吵架”的意思。36.hear和listen tohear及物动词,表示“听见、听到”,强调“听”的结果,不一定是有意识地听。如:I heard someone knocking at the door just now.刚才我听到有人在敲门。listen to是指有意识地“听”,但不一定能听见,强调“听”的行为。如:Please listen to the teacher careful
47、ly in class.在课堂上请认真听老师讲课。一言辨异 I listened to them carefully outside the door,but heard nothing.我在门外仔细地听了听,但什么也没听到。37.hope和wishhope意为“希望、盼望”,指实现某一愿望有把握或有信心。hope后常跟动词不定式或从句作宾语,不能直接跟名词、动名词或复合结构。如:I hope to see you next week.我希望下周能见到你。I hope that you will come tomorrow.我希望你明天来。wish意为“希望、愿望”,一般用于“难以实现或不可能实现的愿望”,强调主语的主观愿望,指“希望、愿、想”;wish还常用于祝贺句中。