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1、2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (lO points)Thinner isnt always better. A number of studies have 1 that normal- weight people are in fact at higher risk of so
2、me diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually 2 . For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. 3 , among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an 4 of good health.Of even
3、 greater 5 is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. BMI 7 body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is consi
4、dered obese. Obesity, 8 , can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numencal standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may
5、be in poor 11 . For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(n) 14 to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes 15 in the
6、 media with their faces covered. Stereotypes 16 with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. 17 very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasin
7、g about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, 18 in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19 . My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Miche
8、lle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign 20 childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.- 13 -1. A deniedB concludedC doubtedD ensured2. A protectiveB dangerousC sufficientD troublesome3. A InsteadB HoweverC LikewiseD Therefore4. A indicatorB ob
9、jective5. A impactB relevanceC assistanceD concern6. A in terms ofB in case ofC in favor ofD in respects of7. A measuresB detern血esC equalsD modifies8. A in essenceB in contrastC in turn9. A complicatedB conservativeC variableD straightforward10. A soB whileC sinceD unless11. A shapeB spiritC balanc
10、eD tasteD stay12. A startB qualifyC retire13. A strangeB changeableC normalD constant14. A optionB reason15. A employedC imitatedD monitored16. A comparedB combinedC settledD associated17. A EvenB StillC YetD Only18. A despisedB corrected19. A discussionsB businessesC policiesD studies20. A forB aga
11、instC withD withoutSection IIReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria MacKenzie, an 84-y
12、ear-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.Thes
13、e two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once
14、 exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time- as stories or memories - particularly if they involv
15、e feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most happiness bang for your buck. It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of
16、 it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is
17、apparently the reason McDonalds restricts the availability of its popular McRib a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in
18、wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity e 呻 ances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors poli
19、cy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?A A big house.B A special
20、 tour.C A stylish car.D A rich meal.22. The authors attitude toward Americanswatching TV is.A critical23. McRib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that.A consumers are sometimes 1rrat10nalB popularity usually comes after qualityC marketing tricks are often effectiveD rarity generally increases plea
21、sure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money.A has left much room for readerscriticismB may prove to be a worthwhile purchaseC has predicted a wider income gap in the USD may give its readers a sense ofachievement25. This text mainly discusses how to.A balance feeling good and spending money
22、B spend large sums of money won in lotteriesC obtain lasting satisfaction from money spentD become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText2An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think youre more beautiful than you are. We have a deep se
23、ated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the above average effect, or illusory superiority, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as a
24、bove average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others - all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticised, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own est
25、eem. We stalk around thinking were hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from
26、a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is an automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering im
27、age which most did they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that those who self-e呻anced the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored pictures were real) were doing so to
28、 make up for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. I dont think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion, says Eple
29、y. Its a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves. If you are depressed, you wont be self enhancing.Knowing the results of Epleys study, it makes sense that many people hate photographs of themselves viscerally on one level, they dont even recognise the person in the picture
30、 as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancers paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. Its not that peoples profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, but they portra
31、y an idealised version of themselves.26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that.A our self-ratings are unrealistically highB illusory superiority is a baseless effectC our need for leadership is unnaturalD self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognitio
32、n is believed to be peoples.A rapid matchingB conscious choiceC intuitive responseD automatic self-defence28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to.A underestimate their msecuntlesB ber1eve m their attractivenessC cover up their depressionsD oversimplify their illusions29. The wo
33、rd viscerally (Line 2, Para.5) is closest in meaning to.A instinctivelyB occasionally30. It can be inferred that Facebook is a self-enhancers paradise because peopleA present their dishonest profilesB define their traditional lifestylesC share their intellectual pursuitsD withhold their unflattering
34、 sidesText3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom an
35、d bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we cannot immediately foresee.When there is rapid improvement in the price and perform
36、ance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MITs Center for Digital Business.T
37、his is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be tightly scripted
38、and highly standardized ones that leave no room for individual initiative or creativity. In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.Its time to reinvent the
39、 formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination to respond to unexpected events. That is not someth
40、ing machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines c
41、an augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would.A ease the competition of man vs. machineB highlight machines threa
42、t to humanjobsC provoke a painful technological revolutionD outmode our current economic structure32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that.A technology is diminishing mans job opportunitiesB automation is accelerating technological developmentC certain jobs will remain intact after aut
43、omationD man will finally win the race against machine33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U. S. are often.A performed by innovative mindsB scripted with an individual styleC standardized without a clear targetD designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAf
44、ee discussed.A the predictability of machine behavior in practiceB the formula for how work is conducted efficientlyC the ways machines replace human labor in modem timesD the necessity of human involvement in the workplace35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?A
45、 How to Innovate Our Work Practices?B Machines Will Replace Human LaborC Can We Win the Race Against Machines?D Economic Downturns Stimulate Innovat10nsText4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housi
46、ng is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at con皿unicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibi
47、llion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices