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1、2022 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Harlan Coben believes that if youre a writer, youll find the time; and that if you cant find the time, then writin
2、g isnt a priority and youre not a writer. For him, writing is 1 joba job like any other. He has 2 it with plumbing, pointing out that a plumber doesnt wake up and say that he cant work with pipes today. 3 , like most writers these days, youre holding down a job to pay the bills, its not 4 to find th
3、e time to write. But its not impossible. It requires determination and single-mindedness. 5 that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living. And today, even writers who are fairly 6 often have to do other work to 7 their writing income.As Harlan Coben h
4、as suggested, its a 8 of priorities. To make writing a priority, youll have to 9 some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy. Depending on your 10 and your lifestyle, that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music, though some people can write 11
5、 they listen to music. You might have to 12 the amount of exercise or sport you do. Youll have to make social media an 13 activity rather than a daily, time-consuming 14 . Therell probably have to be less socializing with your friends and less time with your family. Its a 15 learning curve, and it w
6、ont always make youpopular.Theres just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for, 16 your writingand thats reading. Any writer needs to read as much and as widely as they can; its the one 17 supportersomething you cant do without.Time is finite, the older you get, the 18 it seems to go
7、. We need to use it as carefully and as 19 as we can. That means prioritizing out activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do. If you are awriter, that means 201. A difficult2. A combinedwriting.B normalB comparedC steadyC confusedD pleasantD confronted3.A IfB ThroughC O
8、nceD Unless4.A enoughB strangeC wrongD easy5.A AcceptB ExplainC RememberD Suppose6.A well-knownB well-advisedC well-informedD well-chosen7.A donateB generateC supplementD calculate8.A causeB purposeC questionD condition9.A highlightB sacrificeC continueD explore10.A relationsB interestsC memoriesD s
9、kills11.A untilB becauseC whileD before1012.A put up with13.A intelligentB make up forB occasionalC hang on toC intensiveD cut down onD emotional14.A habitB testC decisionD plan15.A toughB gentleC rapidD funny16. A in place ofB in charge ofC in response toD in addition to17.A indispensableB innovati
10、veC invisibleD instant18.A dullerB harderC quieterD quicker19.A peacefullyB generouslyC productivelyD gratefully20.A at mostB in turnC on averageD above allSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mar
11、k your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)TEXT1On a recent sunny day, 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Browns 40 windswept acres in Shiner, Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car. Others drink water with the cows. This all seems random, but its by design, part of what the $6.1 billion U.S
12、. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but theyre also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special techniques to c
13、ultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.“Im excited about our progress,” says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The b
14、irds waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements “allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers.”The egg industrys push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can
15、 become the next premium offering. In barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket c
16、ategories. If the sustainable- egg rollout is successful, it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylv
17、ania State University Brandywine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any, improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non- GMO, and pasture-raised eg
18、gs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are moreconcerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment. Young adults “really care about the planet,” says John Br
19、unnquell, president of Egg Innovations. “They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what theyre doing.”21. The climate-friendly eggs are produced . Aat a considerably low costBat the demand of regular shoppers Cas a replacement for organic eggs Don specially
20、 designed farms22. Larry Brown is excited about his progress in . Areducing the damage of wormsBaccelerating the disposal of uses Ccreating a sustainable system. Dattracting customers to his products23. The example of organic eggs is used in the paragraph 4 to suggest . Athe doubts to over natural f
21、eedsBthe setbacks in the eggs industry Cthe potential of regenerative productsDthe promotional success of super markets24. It can be learned from the last paragraph that young people . Aare reluctant to change their dietBare likely to buy climate-friendly eggs Care curious about new foodDare amazed
22、at agricultural advances25. John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative products . Amarkets prospectsB standard definitionC nutritional valueD moral implicationTEXT 2More Americans are opting to work well into the retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old wo
23、rkforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising is that more than half of unretireesthose who plan to work in retirement or went back
24、 to work after retiringsaid they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.Financial needs arent the only culprit for the “unretirement” trend. Other reasons, according to the study,include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit
25、, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of “unretire” respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet. Can Congress save the economy? Fed chair says “US debt is on unsustainable path ”. Auto industry
26、 is still a boys club at the top despite GM CEO Mary Barrassuccess.“The concept of retirement is evolving,” said Christine Russell senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. “Its not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement.”One reason for
27、the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. The share of the population 65 and older was 16% in 2018, up 3.2% from the prior year, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Thats also up 30.2% since 2010. Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U.S workforce, and b
28、oomers are expected to live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985, according to money man
29、ager United Income.Because of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to79. Six in 10 “unretires are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life, according to the sur
30、vey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts. Seniors are living longer, but planning for the extended years is key.Unfortunately, many people who are op
31、ting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial- planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretiree should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financi
32、al goals.“The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring.” Weiss said. “Its not just a financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they cant retire.26. The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that .A over half of the retire
33、es are physically fit for work Bthe old workforce is as active as the younger one Cone in three Americans enjoy earlier retirement Dmore Americans are willing to work in retirement27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that . Aretirement may cause problems for themB bor
34、edom can be relieved after retirement Cthe mental health of retirees is overlooked D“unretirement” contributes to the economy28. Retirement patterns are changing partly due to . Alabor shortageBpopulation growth Clonger life expectancy Drising living costs29. Many retirees are increasing their savin
35、gs by . Ainvesting more in stocksBtaking up odd jobs Cgetting well-paid work Dspending less30. With regard to retirement, Brent Weiss thinks that many people are . AunpreparedBunafraid Cdisappointed DenthusiasticTEXT 3We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think a
36、bout the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are ex
37、amples of dark patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, ”dark patterns” is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection
38、and hidden costs to roach motel” where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevale
39、nt, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, comp
40、liance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy, and include in the discussion the customer/ user experience designers and coders responsible for the companys user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets pricing, and promotions. Any or all
41、 these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding digital deception.”Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the C
42、alifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that “ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.” The regulations aim to ban dark patterns this means prohibiting companies from using confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to c
43、lick through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldnt opt out.”As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community. Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organi
44、zations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements but also to industry best practices and standards.31. It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns A improve user experiencesB leak user information for profit Cundermine users decision-making Dremind users of
45、hidden costs32. The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show A their major flawsB their complex designsC their severe damageD their strong presence33. To handle digital deception, businesses should Alisten to customer feedbackBtalk with relevant teams Cturn to independent agencies Drely on p
46、rofessional training34. The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to Aguide users through opt-out processesB protect consumers from being trickedC grant companies data privacy rights Drestrict access to problematic content35. According to the last paragraph, a key to coping with dark pa
47、tterns is Anew legal requirementsBbusinesses self-discipline Cstrict regulatory standards Dconsumers safety awarenessText 4Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self- reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situ