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1、Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can
2、t remember1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintances name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as senior moments. 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental- 13 -focus can potentially have a(n)4 personal5impact on our profession
3、al, social, andNeuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that theres actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental_7_ can significantly improve our basic cognitive _8_ . Thinking
4、 is essentially a9of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to10in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited.11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effor
5、t.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first brain training program designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and p
6、rovides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing - much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1. A thatB whenC whyD where2. A
7、fadesB improvesC collapsesD recovers3. A UnlessB WhileC OnceD If4. A damagingB limitedC unevenD obscure5. A relationshipB environment C wellbeingD outlook6. A figuresB findsC pointsD turns7. A responsesB associationsC workoutsD roundabouts8. A genreB criterionC circumstancesD functions9. A channelB
8、processC conditionD sequence10. A persistB featureC excelD believe11. A HoweverB MoreoverC OtherwiseD Therefore12. A according toB regardless of C apart fromD instead of13. A back14. A framework15. A hurries16. A order17. A on18. A habitually19. A carry20. A idleB furtherB stabilityB remindsB trackB
9、 toB constantlyB putB riskySection IIC asideD aroundC flexibilityD sharpnessC allowsD forcesC paceD holdC forD withC irregularlyD unusuallyC buildD takeC familiarD effectiveReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C o
10、r D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to change lives for the better and reduce dependency, George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the upfront work search scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, a
11、nd start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit - and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseekers allowance. Those first few days should be spent looking
12、 for work, not looking to sig n on, he claimed. Were doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster. Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with
13、 reforms to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for fundamental fairness - protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most d
14、eserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you dont skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minima
15、l and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the a
16、nswer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency - permanent dependency if you can get it - supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system nev
17、er happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseekers allowance is about redefining the unemployed as a jobseeker who had no fundamental righ
18、t to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited allowance, conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osbornes scheme was in
19、tended toA encouragejobseekers active engagement in job seeking.B provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.C guaranteejobseekers legitimate right to benefits.D motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.22. The phrase to sign on (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably meansA to check on the
20、availability ofjobs at thejobcentre.B to accept the governments restrictions on the allowance.C to register for an allowance from the government.D to attend a governmentaljob-training program.23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?A A desire to secure a better life for all.B An eager
21、ness to protect the unemployed.C An urge to be generous to the claimants.D A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feelA uneasy.B insulted.C enraged.D guilty.25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?A Unemployment
22、benefits should not be made conditional.B The British welfare system indulges jobseekers laziness.C Thejobseekers allowance has met their actual needs.D Osbornes reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.Text2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other prof
23、ession - with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money
24、, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. Ther
25、e is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves todays average law-school
26、graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensibleideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been
27、 too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stem enough test for a would be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed t
28、o do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees
29、 high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own s
30、hares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions
31、. America should follow.26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due toA the growing demand from clients.B the increasing pressure of inflation.C the prospect of working in big firms.D the attraction of financial rewards.27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in
32、 most American states?A Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.B Receiving training by professional associations.C Admissions approval from the bar association.D Pursuing a bachelors degree in another major.28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates fromA the rigid bodies gove
33、rning the profession.B lawyers and clients strongresistance.C the stem exam for would-be lawyers.D non-professionals sharp criticism.29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered restrictive partly because itA prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.B bans outsiders involvement in the profe
34、ssion.C aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.D keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.30. In this text, the author mainly discussesA the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.B a problem in Americas legal profession and solutions to it.C the role of undergraduate studies
35、 in Americas legal education.D flawed ownership of Americas law firms and its causes.Text3The US$3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this years award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feat
36、ure article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fi
37、elds, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.Whats not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted m the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their pr
38、izes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. T
39、hey perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns
40、about how science prizes - both new and old - are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundations limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long bee
41、n outgrown by the collaborative nature of modem research - as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do w
42、ith his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention co
43、me to science rather than go elsewhere. It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism- that is the culture of research, after all - but it is the prize-givers money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen asA a
44、symbol of the entrepreneurs wealth.B a handsome reward for researchers.C a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.D an example of bankers investments.32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefitA the profit-oriented scientists.B the achievement-based system.C the founders of the new
45、 awards.D peer-review-led research.33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involvesA legitimate concerns over the new prizes.B controversies over the recipients status.C the joint effort of modern researchers.D the demonstration of research findings.34. According to Paragraph 4,
46、 which of the following is true of the Nobels?A History has never cast doubt on them.B Their endurance has done justice to them.C They are the most representative honor.D Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.35. The author believes that the new awards areA unworthy of public attention.B subject
47、 to undesirable changes.C harmful to the culture of research.D acceptable despite the criticism.Text4The Heart of the Matter, the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the reports failure to address the t