《《被动语态翻译》PPT课件.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《《被动语态翻译》PPT课件.ppt(29页珍藏版)》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Unit 3n英语被动语态的翻译英语被动语态的翻译 英语和汉语都有被动语态,但两种文字对被动语态的运用却不尽相同。同一个意思,英语习惯用被动语态表达,汉语却往往要用主动语态。例如We are kept strong and well by clean air.如译成“我们被清洁的空气保持得健壮”显然不符合汉语习惯,应译成“空气清洁能促使我们身体健壮。”n汉英对比,英语的被动句显然多于汉语,其原因比较简单:英语有表示主语和谓语动词之间处于“被动关系”(即受事者+行为)而不是“主动关系”(即施事者+行为)的形式程序,那就是:主语+be(.各式形态变化)+动词的过去分词式。在英语中,这种形态表示程序
2、非常稳定,非常明确,可以使被动语态形成一个界定十分清楚的语法范畴:nPeter was robbed to pay Paul.n n如果说话者要指出施事者来,英语的表达方式也很简单,就是在谓语结构后面加一个由by引导的短语:n nPeter was robbed by him to pay Paul.n n他偷了彼得的钱去还保尔的债。(“剜肉补疮”)n n汉语是一种在形式上呈弱势的语言。我们固然有“被”字可用来表示被动语态,但在更多的情况下,我们并不执着于主语与谓语之间究竟有什么关系,因而一律用主动形式。n n1.被动语态有强调受事者,使其位置鲜明、突出。例如:n n1)The happy m
3、an cannot be harried.n n吉人自有天相。(注意汉语用主动)n n2)In an adversary spots are soon seen.n n对手的缺点最易发现。(注意汉语主动)n n2.当不必要说出主动者或无法说出主动者时。例如:n n1)New electronic devices are often shown to the students.n n常给同学门看新的电子装置。n n2)For a long time aluminium has been thought as an effective material for preventing metal c
4、orrosion.n n长期以来,铝被当作一种有效防止金属腐蚀的材料。n n3.为更好地连接上下文。例如:n nVulcanized rubber was a perfect insulating material;on the railway it was used for shock-absorbers and cushions.n n硫化橡胶是一种很好的绝缘材料,在铁路上可用来做减震器和减震垫。n n4.被动语态可在特定的语境中表达对主语的尊敬和说话者的谦恭。例如:n n1)Where can you be reached?n n在什么地方可以找到您?(请问您住在什么地方?)n n2)W
5、hen will I be interviewed?我什么时候来参加面试呢?n n5.被动语态常用以表示说话者对所提出的话题(或人或事或物)持有某种客观态度,因而比较婉转。例如:n n1)He is said to be the most respected teacher in our Department.据说他是我们系上最受尊敬的老师。n n2)It is suggested that each speaker is allotted 2)It is suggested that each speaker is allotted five minutes.five minutes.n n
6、以上两句都暗示说话者力求避免主观、武断。如以上两句都暗示说话者力求避免主观、武断。如第第2)2)句的意思是:句的意思是:“建议每位发言者讲话不要超建议每位发言者讲话不要超过五分钟过五分钟”,言下之意是:,言下之意是:“不是我个人的规定不是我个人的规定”。n n 综上所述,英语被动语态除了表示语法关系外,综上所述,英语被动语态除了表示语法关系外,还表示一定的意义,这是我们在翻译中要注意的。还表示一定的意义,这是我们在翻译中要注意的。英语被动句在译成汉语时不存在现成的对应表达英语被动句在译成汉语时不存在现成的对应表达方式,而是需要我们依据汉语的习惯用法,从丰方式,而是需要我们依据汉语的习惯用法,从
7、丰富的句式和辅助词语中选一些适当的手段来表现富的句式和辅助词语中选一些适当的手段来表现出原文中的被动含意。汉语在这方面的句式主要出原文中的被动含意。汉语在这方面的句式主要是被动句和主动句,现将它们的用法分述如下。是被动句和主动句,现将它们的用法分述如下。一一.把被动语态译成汉语被动句把被动语态译成汉语被动句n n 原文句子的主语(行为客体)仍然译作主语,而句子的被动意义通常可采用以下四种方式:n n1.在谓语前面使用“被”字n n当句中不出现行为主体时,有时可以在谓语前使用“被”字来表示被动意义。例如:n n1)The company was enjoined from using false
8、 advertising.n n这家商号被禁止使用虚假广告。n n2)The words“work”and“power”are often confused or interchanged in colloquial use.n n在日常口语中,“功”和“功率”是常被混淆或相互代用的两个词。n n3)Up to now,sulphur dioxide has been regarded as one of the most serious of these n npollutants.n n到目前为止,二氧化硫一直被看作是这些污染物中最严重的一种。n n2.在谓语前省略“被”字n n在不出现行
9、为主体的被动句中,当其被动意义很明显时,汉语习惯上不使用“被”字。比如汉语说“习题做完了”,而不说“习题被做完了”。n n这种不使用“被”字的被动句在形式上与主动句相似,但意义上是被动的。在现代汉语中,不采用“被”字的被动句比用“被”字的要多。例如:n n1)Its use is therefore restricted to articles in which lightness is a prime essential.n n因此,它的用途限于制造首先要求重量小的对象。n n2)Accompanying the visible light,a great deal of invisible
10、 radiation,or radiant heat,is emitted.n n大量的不可见的辐射热,伴随着可见光释放出来。n n3.在行为主体前使用“被”、“由”、“受”、“给”等字n n在这类句子中,在“被”、“由”、“受”、“给”等字后面,在动词前面,有一个名词作为该动词的逻辑主语。例如:n n1)All around,the hill were black with oil,and some were hidden by gas and drifting oil spray.n n四周,由于蒙上了一层油,山峦是黑色的,有的山峦则被天然气和在风中飘洒的喷油遮挡住了。n n2)The t
11、hrust force of an airplane is produced by the propeller.n n飞机的推力由螺旋桨所产生。n n3)The R-rays are not affected by an electric field.n nR射线不受电场的影响。n n4)Pure oxygen must be given patients in certain circumstances.n n在某些情况下必须给病人吸纯氧。n n4.使用“是的”、“为所”句型n n “是的”、“为所”这些句子着重说明一件事情是怎样做或什么时候、什么地点做的等等。例如:n n1)Poets a
12、re born,but orators are made.n n诗人是天生的,而演说家则是后天造就的。n n2)Footprints on the sands of time are not made by 2)Footprints on the sands of time are not made by sitting down.sitting down.n n沙滩上的足迹是走出来的。(喻沙滩上的足迹是走出来的。(喻“不身体力行不足以不身体力行不足以成事成事”)n n3)In his late thirties he was almost knocked down 3)In his late
13、 thirties he was almost knocked down in his despondency of the unsuccessful career.in his despondency of the unsuccessful career.n n近四十岁时,由于事业上的挫折,他几乎为失意所毁。近四十岁时,由于事业上的挫折,他几乎为失意所毁。n n5.5.使用使用“加以加以”、“予以予以”字样字样n n1)The laws of motion will be discussed in the next 1)The laws of motion will be discussed
14、 in the next articles.articles.n n运动定律将在下文中予以讨论。运动定律将在下文中予以讨论。n n2)The details of the facade will be further fitted up 2)The details of the facade will be further fitted up to match the interior.to match the interior.n n铺面将进一步加以装修,使之与室内装饰浑然一体。铺面将进一步加以装修,使之与室内装饰浑然一体。n n二二.把被动语态译成汉语主动句把被动语态译成汉语主动句n n
15、当英语被动句中的主语是无生命的名词,而且句中一般没有由介词by引导的行为主体时,这种句子常常可译成汉语的主动句,而不需加什么词。如:n n1)His pride must be pinched.n n他这股傲气应该打下去。n n2)Increased rate of reaction,in the presence of catalyzers,is called catalysis,or catalytic action.n n有催化剂时,反应速度的加快叫做催化作用。n n当被动句中有地点状语,由介词“by”引导的方式状语及“from”等表示的其它状语时,有时可把这种状语译成主语,将介词省略,
16、而把原主语译成宾语,这样,就更符合汉语的习惯。如:n n1)The result of the invention of the stream engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.n n蒸汽机发明的结果是,机械力代替了人力。n n2)Even when the pressure stays the same,great changes in air density are caused by changes in temperature.n n即使压力不变,气温的变化也能引起空气密度的巨大变化。n n 如果英
17、语中某些要求宾语及宾语补语的动词是被动语态,翻译时往往可在其前加“人们”、“大家”、“我们”、“有人”、“众人”等含有泛指性的词做主语。例如:n n1)With the development of modern electrical engineering,power can be transmitted to wherever it is needed.n n随着现代化电气工程的发展,人们能把电力输送到所需要的任何地方。n n2)But Japan spent roughly$3 billion,and is considered the international leader in m
18、ost optic fields.n n但日本却花费了约30亿美元,人们认为它在光学的大多数领域居国际领先地位。n n 凡是讲充当主语的人或物有某种能力或获得某种荣誉时,若原文是被动语态,应译成汉语的主动语态。因为能力是主动性的东西而不是被动性的东西,荣誉是人们乐于接受的东西,而不是使人不快的东西。例如:n n1)There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.n n某些金属不但能导电,而且能磁化。n n2)Six medical scientis
19、ts were honored in 1973 by the Gairdner Foundation of Toronto,Canada,for outstanding research.n n由于杰出的研究工作,六位医学科学家荣获了加拿大多伦多盖尔德纳基金会的奖金。n n三三.把被动语态译成汉语无主句把被动语态译成汉语无主句n n英语中有些句子,常常是强调怎么做而不介意谁去做。这类被动句译成汉语时,常采用下列方法。n n1 将原文中的主语译成宾语,置于动词之后n n1)Power would be gotten if there were money to get it with.n n有了
20、钱,就会以钱谋权。n n2)Nearly 400 tons of accumulated refuse and dregs were removed altogether in five days.n n五天内运走了近四百吨堆积的垃圾与渣土。n n2.将原文中的主语译成宾语,置于动词之前n n 即在句中原主语之前加“把”、“将”、“使”、“给”、“对”等词译出。例如:n n1)If water is heated,the molecules move more quickly.n n如果把水加热,水分子就运动得更快。n n2)Gasoline may be separated from oth
21、er components of crude oil by distillation.n n 用蒸馏方法可使汽油与原油的其它组成部分分离开来。n n3.主语和谓语合译n n英语中有些成语动词含有名词,变成被动语态时可将该名词用作主语,这是一种特殊的被动语态。汉译时可以把主语和谓语合译,译成汉语无主句的谓语。例如:n n1)Use is made of an automatic elemental analyser.n n利用了自动元素分析仪。n n2)Care should be taken at all time to protect the instrument from dust and
22、 damp.n n应当始终注意保护仪器,不使沾染灰尘,不使受潮。n n四、四、习惯译法习惯译法n n 英语中以it 做形式主语,以被动语态作谓语,其后跟一个由that引导的主语从句的结n n构很多。这种结构在译成汉语时,除把it一律省略外,通常有两种处理方法:n n1.在被动语态前加“人们”、“有人”、“我们”、“大家”等词n n1)Its believed that her plans for a movie career had all been merely a pipe dream.n n有人说她那些当明星的计划全都是些非非遐想罢了。n n2)It will be recorded t
23、hat the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago.n n我们将予记录在案的是:从日本到夏威夷之间的距离清楚地表明了,日本这次袭击是在许多天甚至许多星期以前就仔细计划好的。n n3)It is believed that the loans will be repaid by exporting some of the new products back to the West.n n人们认为,(波兰
24、)将通过这些新产品向西方出口一部分的办法来偿还贷款。n n2.用“据”等短语译出n nIt is estimated that Americans spend up to five years of their lives in that tedious,stressful but unavoidable process known as waiting.n n据估计,美国人一生中,在乏味而令人厌烦,却又躲避不掉的等待上所耗费的时间,竟达五年之多。n n英语中这种it做形式主语的被动句型在各类文章中比比皆是,汉译时一般均按主动结构译出。即将原文中的主语从句译在宾语的位置上,而把it做形式主语的
25、主句译成一个独立语或分句。现将这类常见句型及其汉语列举如下:n nIt is generally accepted thatn n一般认为;大家公认n nIt is alleged thatn n人们断言n nIt is asserted thatn n有人主张(断定)n nIt is believed thatn n据信;人们(大家)相信n nIt is claimed thatn n有人(人们)主张;人们要求n nIt is declared thatn n据宣称;人们宣称n nIt cannot be denied thatn n不可否认n nIt is estimated thatn
26、n据估计(推算)n nIt has been found thatn n已经发现;实践证明n nIt must be kept in mind thatn n必须记住n n It is known thatn n众所周知;大家知道n nIt has been objected thatn n有人反驳n nIt is predicted thatn n据估计;据预计n nIt is reported thatn n据报道;据报告说n nIt must be realized thatn n必须了解(认识、明白)n nIt is said thatn n据说;一般认为n nIt is suggested thatn n有人建议n nIt is understood thatn n人们理解;不用说n n在实际的语段翻译中,被动语态的翻译要求对以上种种方法进行综合的、灵活的运用,这是自不待言的。