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1、商务英语翻译教程第1单元教案武昌理工学院教 案课程名称: 商务英语翻译讲授班级: 商务英语1004（ 22人）主讲教师: 谭宗燕职 称: 讲 师部 门: 自考学院2013年2月23Introduction to the Course从商务英语翻译教程这门课的名称来看, 它有两个关键词,一个商务英语,一个翻译。这门课就围绕这两方面来进行。说到翻译呢，对于一个优秀的翻译人员的话，理论是基础，实践是真理。也就是说，实践对于学好翻译来说是至关重要的。如果只掌握了理论,而不去实践，是不能成为好的翻译人员的。相反，没有理论系统的学习，而有大量的翻译实践，有可能是以为合格的翻译者。而商务英语翻译除了关系着翻
2、译，还涉及到很多商贸知识.I.翻译理论在我国，文字翻译最早开始于春秋时期的越人歌，迄今大约有2500年的历史,对翻译标准的争论也有1000多年，但有关翻译标准在翻译界迄今还没有达成“共识”，即还没有一个大家都认同的翻译标准。翻译是一门推敲的，无唯一答案的课程。国内外翻译标准百家争鸣、白花齐放. 信、达、雅（faithfulness, expressiveness， elegance ）.1898年，严复在天演论的译例言中说：“译事之难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣！顾信矣，不达，虽译,犹不译也，则达尚焉。”后来一般就把“信、达、雅”当作翻译的标准。用今天的话来说,“信”就是忠实准确,“达就是通
3、顺流畅，“雅就是文字古雅。 “功能对等”。“功能对等”（Functional Equivalence）翻译准则是由美国著名翻译家尤金.奈达(Eugene A 。 Nida）博士提出的.在众多的国外翻译家中，奈达的翻译理论可以说对我国的影响最大。他认为，翻译的预期目的主要是原文与译文在信息内容、说话方式、文体、风格、语言、文化、社会因素诸方面达到对等. 综观国内外翻译家们的观点，可以得出结论:中外翻译标准其实质上有一致性，即：信息对等（Information Equivalence）.说到底,不管什么样的翻译标准,都离不开一个“真”字，换言之，译文应该是原文信息的真实反映，译者最大限度地将原文作
4、者所赋予原文语言文字的“任务”转译到译文里. II.关于命题考试的有关规定:1。 试题覆盖到章,适当突出重点.（80）2。 试卷中对不同能力层次的试题比例大致是：“识记”为20%，“理解”为20%，“应用为60。3. 试题难易程度应合理：易、较易、较难、难，比例为2:3：3：2。4。 每份试卷中，各类考核点所占比例约为：重点占65，次重点占25，一般占10%。5. 试题类型一般为：简答题,填空题，术语翻译题，单句翻译题，语境翻译题,段落翻译题。6。 考试采用闭卷考试，考试时间为150分钟,采用百分制评分，60分合格。 本大纲在考核目标中，按照“识记、“理解、“应用”三个能力层次规定其应达到的能
5、力层次要求.各能力层次为递进等级关系，后者必须建立在前者的基础上，其含义是:识记：能知道有关的名词，概念，知识的含义,并能正确认识和表述，是低层次的要求。理解:在识记的基础上，能全面把握基本概念、基本要求、基本方法，能掌握有关概念、原理、方法的区别与联系,是较高层次的要求。应用：在理解的基础上,能运用基本概念、基本原理、基本方法练习学过的多个知识点分析和解决有关的理论问题和实际问题，是最高层次的要求。III.课下自学方法指导1. 知晓大纲中有关这一章的考核知识点及对知识点的能力层次要求和考核目标，以便在阅读教材时做到有的放矢.2。 学习教材时,要逐句细读，逐字推敲，吃透每一个知识点，对基本概念
6、必须深刻理解，对基本理论必须彻底弄清，对基本方法必须牢固掌握.3。 在自学过程中，既要思考问题,也要做好读书笔记,把教材中的基本概念、原理、方法等加以整理，知识点需要前后互相联系。4. 完成书后作业和适当的辅导练习是理解、消化和巩固所学知识，培养分析问题及提高能力的重要环节。在练习过程中，注重理论联系实际和具体问题具体分析，解题时应注意培养逻辑性，针对问题围绕相关知识点进行层次（步骤)分明的论述或推导,明确各层次(步骤）间的逻辑关系。IV。 题型示例（一)、简答题Answer the following questions according to the translation theory
7、.1. What are the language characteristics of Business English？2。 What kind of structure is multi-branch with one stem in translation? Please illustrate the different types with charts。3. How to comprehend the definition of an offer? Please interpret in three aspects.4. Why do we say context can cons
8、train the meaning of words and even sentences？5。 How many types of modes does Business English discourse have？ And what are they？（二）、填空题 Fill in the following blanks according to the relevant information in English translation。1。 The most famous standards for translation are： _ ， _ and .2。 Business
9、English expert Nick Brieger has raised the theory of “the Category of Business English” that it includes the language of knowledge， communication skills， content， management skills and awareness, etc.3. Termination of an offer means that an offer， even it is irrevocable, is _ when a _ reaches the of
10、feror。 4. BOT Investment refers to the Build， _ and _ as a way of investment。 5. The bond price can be expressed by the following formula:P (security price） = I （security interest income） _ R (_)（三）、术语翻译题Give the corresponding definition to each item below.1。 IMF2. SAFE3. Demand Loan4。 Trust Indentu
11、re Act5. Contract for Sinoforeign Joint Venture6。 吞吐量7。 科技含量8. 投资保护协定9。 国际竞争力10. 双重征税协定（四）、单句翻译题 Translate the following individual sentences。1. Hedging in futures markets is synonymous with shifting risk。2。 A long position involves inflows greater than outflows in a currency and a short position in
12、volved outflows greater than inflows。3. The work of the new government can be put in a nutshell of “four phrases”, namely to “attain one goal”, “implement two key policies”， “solve three major economic problems” and “promote reforms in four major aspects。4. 我们确信,在平等互利的基础上，通过努力加强各种形式的经济贸易合作，相互间的贸易关系一
13、定存在着广阔的前景。5。 我们要求用100金额的、保兑的、不可撤销的信用证，并规定允许转船和分批装运，凭汇票向议付行交单即期付款。(五）、语境翻译题 Translate the following underlined parts in its each context.1。 The truth was not apparent to managers of one regional bank， which failed to improve its competitive position despite its investment in reducing the time a custo
14、m had to wait for a teller。 The bank managements did not recognize the level of customer inertia in the customer banking industry that arises from the inconvenience of switching banks。2。 During the Asian crisis， however， import prices fell well before the dollar took off. Import prices have stabiliz
15、ed in the past year despite the dollars fairly substantial rise. (1) The impact of exchange on import prices depends on the strength of demand in local markets. The stability of import prices over the past couple of years indicates importers have pocketed lower import benefits rather than passing th
16、em on to consumers。 （2） In fact， US export growth has accelerated significantly in this year, surpassing the growth of imports for the first time in a long while。 The strong dollar is reinforcing competitive pressures that have made the American economy very efficient and rapid investment in product
17、ivity.3. The function of futures markets are price discovery， 价格风险规避,and market efficiency improving.4。 In a recent study， researchers found that when the level of conflict within a nation was high, 那么公司用于市场营销行为的投资就会很少。By contrast, when the levels of cooperation were high, greater investments were m
18、ade.（六）、段落翻译题 Translate the following paragraphs using the techniques youve learnt in this course.1. The definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, however, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both
19、the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchanged will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that appl
20、y to the transaction， guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges， and other factors。2. 总体说来,一季度经济的高增长是过去五年实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策的累计效果的显现。近五年我国经济走出了一条前所未有的稳定而又快速增长的新轨迹。今年一季度的增长是这一良好态势的延续。具体说来,有三个层次的原因。一是房地产、汽车、电子信息这三大类消费品的需要旺盛。二是由这些旺盛的消费需求带动的投资需求的增长，一季度固定资产投资同比增长30%。三是由投资高增长带动
21、了钢材、建材、机械设备等投资品生产的高增长，特别是重工业的增长很快。第一单元I。教学学习目的与要求通过本单元的学习，了解翻译的过程，翻译的形式及其目的；掌握联合国国际货物销售合同公约的有关内容；对国际商务合同的术语翻译和解读。II.教学时间：4学时III.教学重难点:翻译中的词类转换；翻译的形式；专业术语IV。教学内容Section I TextSection II Method and TechniqueSection III Exercises V教学方法与手段：讲授为主，配以师生互动实训，PPT等。VI。 教学步骤一、翻译中的词类转换;翻译的形式;词类转换 (P.8）理解：词类转换： 1
22、.英语名词转化为汉语动词 动物名词的转化 人体名词的转换 自然现象名词的转化 地点名词的转化 2。英语名词转为为汉语形容词、副词应用：翻译的形式 (1）直译literal translation （2）意译free translation (3)活译dynamic equivalence translation英语名词转换成汉语动词 (与英语中名词转为动词词义不同）All I wanted was to go somewhere， all I wanted was a change。 我只不过是想到别的地方去，我只想换换空气。英语名词转换为汉语形容词，副词He noticed a very c
23、lose agreement between the two countries on the problem。 他注意到两国在这问题上的意见是非常一致的。The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.There is considerable debate about how best and how much to reduce income inequality.The board of directors will hold a consultation
24、 about the matter。英语名词转换成汉语动词The firm has a large business connection.There is a large attendance at the Fair.Withdrawal of offerRevocation of offerTermination of offerWithout his consent or confirmation英语名词转换成汉语动词She is a real beauty。Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study。We find di
25、fficulty in solving this problem。It is our great pleasure to note that shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously.The blockade was a success.英语名词转换为汉语形容词,副词翻译的形式直译 (literal translation）意译 （free translation)活译 (dynamic equivalence translation）They dont know their right hand from their left。I gave
26、 my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.All roads lead to Rome。I want to hit the sack and get some Zs.Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful， nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate。Maybe he has cut off his own head and destroyed himself。Cast
27、pearls before swine.She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth。I threw myself in a chair。He has to make a terrible decision。二、 国际商务合同的术语及其解读（次重点)P12识记：下列专业术语的定义 inquiry询盘，offer发盘（offeror发盘人,offeree受盘人），firm offer实盘,indefinite offer虚盘，counter offer还盘，accept承诺，contract合同/契约，termination of a contrac
28、t合同的终止，suspension of a contract合同的中止 理解：专业术语的特征和效力Enquiry/inquiry （询盘 )An enquiry is usually made by an importer to an exporter, asking for prices lists， catalogues（商品目录单 )， samples, and details about the goods or trade terms(贸易术语 ）。 However, the exporter， on receiving the enquiry， will make a reply
29、 to， thus getting the negotiation started。 Business negotiations in foreign trade usually commence with an enquiry by an overseas buyer to a seller to inquire about the terms of the sale（销售条款 ）. Offers （发价)An offer is a proposal that is made to a specific individual or entity to enter into a contrac
30、t. The proposal must contain definite terms and must indicate the offerors intent to be bound by an acceptance.The party that sends the offer is called the offeror and the another party that receives the offer is called the offeree。 Definition of an offerA proposal for concluding a contract addresse
31、d to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance。 （CISG Art 14-1）向一个或一个以上特定的人提出的订立合同的建议，如果十分确定并且表明发价人在得到接受时承受约束的意旨，即构成发价。CISG： United Nations Convention on Contracts for the Internationa
32、l Sale of Goods 联合国国际货物销售合同公约Three conditions of being an offer：It must indicate “the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance”It must be addressed to one or more “specific persons The contract must be “sufficiently definite It must indicate “the intention of the offeror to be boun
33、d in case of acceptance” 发盘人须表明承受按发盘条件与对方成立合同的约束意旨。1）使用表示发盘的术语。如“发盘”、“不可撤销发盘”、“递盘”、“不可撤销递盘”、“订购”、“定货”等。2）明确规定有效期.“限XX日复到有效”。公约第十四条规定“一个建议如果表明货物并且明示或暗示地规定数量和价格或规定如何确定数量和价格，即为十分确定。 若发盘中带有保留条件和限制性条件,如“仅供参考”“以我方最后确认为准”“为未售出为准这样的发盘都不构成发盘，而只是邀请发盘。 It must be addressed to one or more “specific persons”发盘是向
34、一个（或几个）特定受盘人提出的订立合同的建议.普通的产业广告、商品目录、价目单等不能构成有效的发盘，因为没有特定的对象,而只能视做邀请发盘。公约规定，如带有“本广告构成发盘”或“将售予最先支付货款的公司等字样也视为发盘.The contract must be “sufficiently definite” 发价的内容必须十分确定,一旦受盘人接受，合同即告成立。如果内容不确定，即使对方接受,也不能构成合同成立。 Validity time of offer （发价有效期)An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree. （CISG
35、Art 15)发价于送达被发价人时生效. Withdrawal of offer（撤回要约）The withdrawal of offer means that the offeror, for some reason, withdraw his offer before it reaches the offeree or before it becomes effective。This may happen when the offeror finds that the offer he makes contains some mistake, or that the situation h
36、as changed which makes his offer unfavorable to him.Revocation of offer （撤销发价)To revoke an offer means that when the offer has reached the offeree， it has become effective， the offeror acts to revoke the offer thus to kill its effectiveness。On the following two occasions, an offer is irrevocable.A.
37、It indicates, whether by stating a fixed time or otherwise， that it is irrevocable.B. if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer。 （）发价写明接受发价的期限或以其它方式表示发价是不可撤销的；或 （）被发价人有理由信赖该项发价是不可撤销的,而且被发价人已本着对该项发价的信赖行事.Terminati
38、on of offer（终止发价）“An offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror” （CISG Art。17）.一项发价,即使是不可撤销的，于拒绝通知送达发价人时终止。Offers （发价）According to different criteria， offers can be classified into various kind:Selling offersoffers made by the sellerBuying offersoffers made
39、by a buyerFirm offers or offers with engagementIndefinite offers or offers without engagement Firm offers （实盘)A firm offer or an irrevocable offer or an offer firm， is intended to make a contract with the offeree. The terms or conditions put forward in the offer can not be revoked or amended without
40、 consents from the other party。 Once it is unconditionally accepted by the offeree within its validity， the transaction is completed and a contract is concluded immediately. Until this time, the offer has legally binding force on the both parties.Such offer usually has phrases like: “we offer firm，
41、or we make a firm offer for the following goods.Firm offers （实盘）实盘是指发盘人(发价人)对接受人所提出的是一项内容完整、明确、肯定的交易条件,一旦送达受盘人（即接受人或称受发价人）之后，则对发盘人产生拘束力，发盘人在实盘规定的有效期内不得将其撤销或加以变更.表明发盘人有肯定订立合同的意图。如果受盘人在有效期内无条件地接受，就可以达成交易，成为对买卖双方都有约束力的合同.实盘必须同时具备三个条件才能成立：内容必须是完整和明确的;内容必须是肯定的,无保留条件的；实盘必须规定有效期限。其内容包括货物品名、品质规格、包装、数量、价格等。
42、Indefinite offers (虚盘）An indefinite offer is not binding on the offeror, and is stated unclear, incomplete and with reservation。 Some expressions can help the reader to identify this nature of the offer, such as, reference price, subject to our final confirmation, subject to being unsold。Actually， q
43、uotation sheets and price lists can serve as Indefinite offers because they only include part of the terms， such as descriptions, specifications and unit prices。 They do not include those terms about shipment， payment etc。Indefinite offers （虚盘）虚盘是发盘人所作的不肯定交易的表示。虚盘无须详细的内容和具体条件,也不注明有效期。它仅表示交易的意向,不具有法律
44、效力.出现下列一类的词句者,皆为虚盘: Without engagement。 不负任何责任. subject to prior sale 有权先售 -All quotations are subject to our final confirmation unless otherwise stated. 所作报价，除特别注明外,须经我方确认后方能生效。 -Our offer is subject to approval of export license. 出口许可证准许签证，我方报价才有效。 Counteroffers （还盘）Definition A counter-offer is a
45、 reply to an offer that materially alters the terms of the offer。 The party who has received the offer is not in a position to fully accept the business terms offered。 He may make a counter-offer， in which some alternations have been made about the business trade terms, such as, the price or other t
46、erms with the purpose of bargaining。There are also two kinds of counter-offer: one with engagement and the other is without engagement. Counter-offers还盘又称还价,是受盘人对发盘内容不完全同意而提出修改或变更的表示，是对发盘条件进行添加，限制或其他更改的答复。还盘只有受盘人才可以做出,其他人做出无效。 交易方式之一，即接盘人对所接发盘表示接受，但对其内容提出更改的行为。还盘实质上构成对原发盘的某种程度的拒绝,也是接盘人以发盘人地位所提出的新发盘。
47、因此 ，一经还盘,原发盘即失效,新发盘取代它成为交易谈判的基础。如果另一方对还盘内容不同意，还可以进行反还盘（或称再还盘）。还盘可以在双方之间反复进行，还盘的内容通常仅陈述需变更或增添的条件，对双方同意的交易条件毋需重复。在国际贸易中，往往经过多次的还盘、反还盘，才最终达成协议。Acceptance /Accept （承诺 ）Definition An acceptance is an unconditional assent(赞同、允许） to an offer， or an assent conditioned on minor changes that do not affect material terms of the offer.The acceptance， in practice， serves to conclude(缔结） the business transaction. It mu