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1、Lesson Four Wisdom of Bear Wood Michael WelzenbachThe authorMichael Welzenbach(1954-2001)was an art critic as well as a poet and a novelist.He wrote some of the most stimulating criticism of art and music for the Washington PostMichael Welzenbach,Mirrors of Their Souls Washington Post (July 20,1991)
2、Friendship;Age/Nationality/Race/Social Ranks/Wealth differenceCan you cite examples or experiences of yourself to illustrate what friendship means to you?What do you think are the essential elements of true friendship?Why is the friendship between the boy and the old lady is true and rewarding?Whats
3、 your understanding of“wisdom”in the title?Para 1 subjunctive mood 2-1Advise/suggest/Ask/propose/Command/Decree/Decide/Demand/Determine/insist/maintain/move(动议，规定)/order/recommend/requireDesiredirect，prefer，stipulate，vIt is politely requested by the hotel management that radios(should)not be played
4、after 11 oclock at night.(表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词+that+(should)+动词原形，其中should经常被省略)。Para 1 subjunctive mood 2-2important，natural，desirable，possible，astonishing，advisable，anxious，appropriate，compulsory，crucial，eager，essential，fitting，imperative，improper，necessary，obligatory，preferable，proper，urgent，vit
5、al，shocked，requested，amazing，strange，odd，ridiculous，surprising，unthinkable，incrediblevIt is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.vIt is surprising that they should kill the time like that.It is/was+形容词/过去分词+that+(should)+动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性
6、、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。Wrench myself away from(p1):to twist and pull violently away or free from 猛扭；猛拉She tore at one mans face as she tried to wrench free.He wrenched his ankle badly from the force of the fall.(扭伤)Many of the things are of great sentimental value and it will be a wrench to part
7、 with them.(feel very sad about it 痛苦)Para 2Para 2vTake/find/have(a)delight inTake/find/have(a)delight in喜爱,以.为乐vto to sb.ssb.s delight delight令人高兴的是.vdelight indelight in喜爱,以.为乐Cf.pleaseddelighted 所表现的心理反应在感情上强一些，在理性上弱一些,因此它所表示的心理反应是喜形于色的 My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal onc
8、e more.I was delighted to hear the news of your success.pleased 所表现的心理反应在理性上强一些，在感情上弱一些，这个词的含义与符合自己的愿望、爱好或理想有关，因此它的内涵是满足 The examiner must have been pleased with my performance,for he smiled and said主考人对我所干的一定很满意，因为他微笑着说：We are very pleased to see you here.我们在这里见到你很高兴。Patchwork(p2):sth made of piece
9、s of different materials,shapes or colorsThe lower mountains were a patchwork of green and brown.This complex republic is a patchwork of cultures,religions and nationalities.Patch(n.&v.)A small piece,part,or section-a bean patch一片扁豆地-a patch of beans-a patch of thin ice;-patches of sunlight 日光斑驳to m
10、ake by sewing scraps of material together-patch a quilt.Verge(p2):border or edgeShes been swept by a fury that verged on/upon madness.(=almost the same)The country was on the verge of becoming prosperous and successful.The boy was brought to the verge of bursting into tears.Pheasant 雉（鸟）Rocket off(p
11、2):go off like rockets similar metaphorsMicrosoft is getting the lion share.Republicans won a landslide victory in the parliament.The newcomer was greeted with an avalanche of publicity.(雪崩n.&v.)Factories mushroomed.He tried to worm into that organization.It could snowball into a serious conflict.He
12、 was wolfing it down as if he had not eaten for days.laurel-a small tree with smooth shiny dark green leaves that dont fall in winterLaurel leaves are also used in the Olympic symbol,and laurel leaves were once woven into wreaths by the ancient Greeks to crown victors in various contests.This is als
13、o the origin of the term laurels,which is used to indicate fame,honor and victory.uwin ones laurels赢得声望,获得荣誉,获得冠军urest on ones laurels安于小成；不思进取uSweet-scented osmanthus木犀属植物Robin HoodThe Robin Hood-A legendary English outlaw of the 12th century,hero of many ballads,who robbed the rich to give to the
14、poor;a popular model of courage,generosity and justice,as well as of skill in archery,he lived and presided over his band of followers chiefly in Sherwood Forest。Everyone has heard of Robin Hood,Nottinghamshires诺丁汉郡(英国英格兰郡名)most famous son and the worlds favourite folk hero.His adventures have been
15、told and retold down the generations,from medieval ballad to Hollywood movie.A famous outlaw and romantic hero of the Middle Ages.Whether he was a living man or only a legend is uncertain.Old ballads relate that Robin Hood and his followers roamed the green depths of Sherwood Forest,near Nottingham,
16、in the center of England.There they lived a carefree life,passing the time playing games of archery,hunting the kings deer,and robbing the rich.They shared their spoils with the poor and never injured women or children.Robin Hood represents the ideal of the common people of England in the later Midd
17、le Ages.He stands for liberty and the rights of the people against unjust laws and the tyranny of the nobles.Robin Hood in BalladsRobin Hood and Allin-a-DaleCome listen to me,you gallants so free,All you that love mirth for to hear,And I will tell you of a bold outlaw That lived in Nottinghamshire.A
18、s Robin Hood in the forest stood,All under the greenwood tree,There he was aware of a brave young man As fine as fine might be.(Here Robin Hood helped the young man get back his bride whos been taken away by an old knight.He often robbed the rich to help the poor.)Attachment(p3):the sense of being f
19、ond of or loyal to sbThey often have a feeling of attachment to the land where their ancestors have lived.During her course she worked on attachment to Kew Gardens for six months.(work temporarily 临时配属)Some models come with attachments for dusting.（物品）Use of“attach”Do you attach importance to what h
20、e said?They bought a house with garage attached.(附带车房的房子）He is foolishly attached to old customs.他愚昧地执着于旧习俗。She is deeply attached to her grandma.她深爱祖母。No blame attaches to him.他无可指责。Abandon(p3):give up completely,forsake,desertThe authorities have abandoned any attempt at relief effort due to the s
21、evere conditions.The order was given to abandon the ship.He abandoned himself to despair after so many failures.（沉溺，纵情，肆意）He has splashed dollars around with abandon.(放纵；放任；纵情)Stand:p4 growing crop or tree in a certain area(某地)正在生长的作物或树A good stand of timber 生长茂盛的树木I took my stand upon sound precede
22、nts.我的立场基于有利的先例.Music stand/hat stand乐谱;帽架A news stand/stall报摊Taxi standWill the next witness please take the stand.请下一个证人作证.(证人席)Twitter and rustle(p4):onomatopoeia象声词The giggle of laughter;the clink of kettles;the slap on the face;The twitter of birds;the rustle of clothes;the hiss of a snake;the
23、gurgle of the water;the cracking of the fire;the banging of the door;the fluttering of the flag;the rumbling of the waves;the tick-tock of the clock;Metaphorical Quantifiersa giggle of girls嘻嘻哈哈的姑娘们an eloquence of lawyers 口若悬河的律师们an obeisance of servants唯唯诺诺的仆人们a skulk of thieves一伙贼头贼脑的小偷a lamentati
24、on of swans一群哀鸣的天鹅a smother of spiders令人毛骨悚然的蜘蛛群an exaltation of larks一行欢歌飞腾的云雀 a blunder of boys 莽莽撞撞的一群男孩a consternation of mothers大惊小怪的妈妈们a pack of hoodlums 一伙流氓（贬义）a swarm of people一群人a crowd of people 拥挤的人群a multitude of people散落的人群a gang of people乌合之众 Creep(p4)&crawlCreep:crawl quietly and slo
25、wly;move slowly,quietly and secretly 蠕动;爬行;缓慢/无声/偷偷地移动The cat crept silently towards the bird.The thief crept along the corridor.to feel as though insects were crawling on the skin;有虫爬的感觉,起鸡皮疙瘩The sight of the cold,damp prison cell,with rats running about,made her flesh creep.to grow over a surface
26、or reach a point gradually like ivy;象常春藤一样蔓延;攀爬Ivy had crept over the ruined castle walls.sth occurs or become part of another without people realizing or wanting it 不知不觉而来A feeling of drowsiness crept over him.一种昏昏欲睡的感觉袭击着他.Creepy:having or producing a nervous shivery fear 毛骨悚然Give sb.the creeps(口)
27、使人有虫爬的感觉(不寒而栗);厌恶Crawl:to advance feebly,cautiously or slowly often along the ground;爬行,匍匐to be swarming with,or feel as if so,insects like ants爬满虫子(的感觉),起鸡皮疙瘩Fill the blanks with“creep”or“crawl”in their proper forms He had lost both his legs.Nobody knew how he managed to _ home.The boy _ out of bed
28、 and went to the kitchen to fetch ice-cream from the fridge.When we finished all the repair and _ into bed,it was already 3 oclock in the morning.The murdered man looked hideous.It makes her flesh _.Theres a bug _ up your leg.Canterbury Cathedral(p4):pilgrimage destination in the Medieval TimesThe C
29、anterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)Chaucer was the founder of English Realist literature,the earliest humanistic writer in Britain and“the Father of English Poetry.”The Canterbury Tales is a collection of tales told by a group of pilgrims.They include knights,landlords,merchants,scholars,
30、lawyers,priests,nuns and doctors,a panorama of the 14th Century England.The Tales,vivid and humorous,mirrored the rise of capitalism and the corruption of religion and feudal rule.Rosslyn Chapel A place of worship in an institution,such as a prison,college,or hospital.Egypt Aswan Mosque 埃及阿斯旺清真寺Syna
31、gogue:a Jewish congregation or the house of worship for that purpose,a Jewish institution for prayer,study,and socializing犹太会堂;犹太教堂Touro Synagoguesanctuary:a consecrated place such as the part of a church in which the alter is placedtemple pagoda Echo&Narcissus Echo.Nymph condemned by Hera to speak
32、only when echoing the words of others.She fell hopelessly in love with Narcissus and pined away in unrequited passion until only her voice was left.Narcissus does not care about nymphs.The spurned Echo can be seen behind turned into stone.proceed（Pa5）1.(+to/with)continue:The old man took a drink fro
33、m his cup and proceeded with his story.2.To begin to carry on an action or a process+to-vAfter everyone was seated the chairman proceeded to announce his plan.3.To move on in an orderly mannerThe project is proceeding as planned.He got off the bus and proceeded home on foot.他下了汽车,步行回家。(沿特定路线)行进Q4.To
34、 institute and conduct legal action(+against)The district attorney proceeded against the defaulting debtor.地方检察官起诉不履行债务的债务人。5.originate or issue:(+from)The whole trouble processed from a misunderstanding.Greek and Roman mythologyChaos Erebus(darkness)=Nox(night)Aether(light)=Hemera(day)Eros(Amor)(lo
35、ve)UranusSaturn(the titans,children of earth&heaven)Jupiter(Zeus)Ceres(Demeter)Juno(Hera)Pluto(Hades)Neptune(Poseidon)Vesta(Hestia)Jupiters children:Mars(Ares)Apollo Diana(Artemis)Venus(Aphrodite)Mercury Nine Muses Three Graces HerculesThe earth:flat and circular,the center:Mount Olympus or Delphi(f
36、or oracles)Hebe passes the drinkApollo plays the lyre and the Muses singMinerva智慧女神 and the Graces weave the clothes Vulcan was architect,smith,armourer and artist of all work,who married Venus(爱与美之神)Cupid(Eros)the son of VenusMercury the messenger of JupiterCeres,the wife of Pluto,presides over agr
37、icultureBacchus(Dionysus)/bks/,the god of wine,the promoter of civilization,and a lawgiver and lover of peace The Muses preside over song and prompt memoryThe Graces preside over the banquet,the dance,and all social enjoyments and elegant artsThe Fates(3)spin the thread of human destiny and will cut
38、 it off when they pleaseThe Furies(3)punish the crimes of those who escape or defy public justice.Nemesis is an avenging goddess,esp against pride and insolencePan,the god of flocks and shepherdsPrometheus Pandora,first woman on earthThe ages of the worldThe Golden Age:an age of innocence and happin
39、ess,perpetual spring,the river flowed with milk and wine,honey distilled from the oaksThe Silver Age:seasons,grow crops,The Brazen Age:more savage of temper,readier to the strife of arms,not altogether wickedThe Iron Age:crimes,fraud and cunning,violence,land is divided into possessions,dig ores of
40、metals,war springs outThe Flooding of the earth only one man and one woman left,the race of Prometheus,“cast behind you the bones of your mother(stones)”Creatures(p5)wild fowl poultrywater fowlwild beastlivestocksea creaturesreptileinsectmolluscamphibianflora and fauna猎鸟家禽水鸟；水禽野兽家畜海洋生物爬行动物;爬虫昆虫软体动物两
41、栖动物动植物 Para 6frail-thin and weak,esp because you have become oldeg:At 85,Doris,single,diabetic and living alone,was Becoming increasingly forgetful and frail.v run into-meet sb by chancev eg:1)I ran into a good friend of mine in the street the other day.v 2)(fig.)Weve run into bad weather/debt/troub
42、le/difficulties.l instinctively touching her throat with her handu instinctively-based on instinct;based on natural tendency eg:Instinctively,he flung up his hand to protect his eyes.l ease-freedom from difficulty,effort,pain etc eg:1)He immediately felt completely at ease(=relaxed and able to talk
43、freely)2)She soon put/set me at ease(=made me relaxed and able to talk freely)l powerful-looking binoculars-高倍望远镜 ocular demonstration 直观演示an ocular witness 目击者,见证人l dangle-hang or swing loosely eg:1)She had big earrings dangling from her ear.2)A loose electric wire was dangling from the wall.Albatr
44、ossWoodpeckerQuailRobinVultureHeronSparrowHawkowlPara 11 wary1.On guard;watchfulIm a bit wary of/about giving people my address when I dont know them very well.Shes been a bit wary of dogs ever since one bit her as a child.Some children are wary of strangers.有些小孩怕/提防陌生人。他提防泄漏秘密。He is wary of telling
45、 secrets.2.Cautiousa wary glance at the black clouds谨慎地瞥了一眼乌云Para 11gamekeeper-someone whose job is to look after birds and animals that are kept to be hunted on private land.Notice the use of the word“game”to refer to the animals,birds,and fish that are hunted for food or as a sport.to be introduce
46、d-to be brought into this place from somewhere else for the first time eg:1)When we introduced this system,no one believed it would work.2)Such unpopular legislation is unlikely to be introduced before the next election.Trespass(p12)on:intrude,enter unlawfully They were trespassing on private proper
47、ty.In language,rhythm and imagination Naomi Wallace is trespassing on traditional male preserves动植物保护区.(involving oneself in an area of activity where one is not wanted because it is someone elses concern.)Warn(p14)to make sb aware of a possible danger or problem,esp one in the future 1)Scientists h
48、ave warned that further extremely high winds are likely.+that clause2)We were warned not to eat the fish which might give us a slight stomach upset.T+obj+to infinitive3)Have you warned them that there will be an extra person for dinner?T+obj+that clause4)I was warned against/off going to the east co
49、ast because it was so full of tourists.+againstextend(P15)1.To open or straighten(something)out;unbend:extended the legs of the folding table.2.To cause(something)to be or last longerCantyouCantyouextendextendyourvisitforafewyourvisitforafewdays?days?你们访问的时间不能延长几天吗？3.To offer:IwouldliketoIwouldliket
50、oextendextendawarmwelcometoawarmwelcometoourvisitors.ourvisitors.我想对我们的来访者表示热烈的欢迎。extend ones greetings.Euphemisms for Death and DyingDecease/perish/expire/passawaycashinyourchips-anotherreferencetoviewinglifeasaloankickthebucket-hanging(goto/bein)Abrahamsbosomanswerthelastcallbreatheoneslastdebtwea