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1、现代大学英语精读4lesson3 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望Why Historians DisagreeAllen F.Davis&Harold D.Woodman Conflict and ConsensusRespectivelySingly in the order designated or mentioned Questions for considerationQuestions for consideration 1)What
2、is history?The whole human past?The recorded 1)What is history?The whole human past?The recorded past?What historians write about the past?A record of past?What historians write about the past?A record of class struggles in the past?A collective human memory?A class struggles in the past?A collectiv
3、e human memory?A mirror to the present?A collection of interesting and mirror to the present?A collection of interesting and instructive stories?Propaganda?A totally timeless instructive stories?Propaganda?A totally timeless objective science like physics and mathematics?objective science like physi
4、cs and mathematics?2)What is a historian supposed to do?What would you 2)What is a historian supposed to do?What would you say are the most important characteristics of a good say are the most important characteristics of a good historian?historian?3)Why do historians disagree?What controversies hav
5、e 3)Why do historians disagree?What controversies have excited Chinese historians concerning either ancient or excited Chinese historians concerning either ancient or recent history?recent history?Introduction to the TextIntroduction to the TextThis is a much condensed and adapted version of This is
6、 a much condensed and adapted version of the preface to the book called the preface to the book called Conflict and Conflict and ConsensusConsensus in in Modern American History Modern American History edited by edited by Allen F.Davis and Harold DAllen F.Davis and Harold DWoodmanWoodman，professors
7、at Temple University and Purdue professors at Temple University and Purdue University respectivelyUniversity respectively，who also wrote the who also wrote the introduction.introduction.Assumptions of New Historicism1.that there is no transhistorical or universal human essence and that human subject
8、ivity is constructed by cultural codes which position and limit all of us in various and divided ways Historians occupy subject positions that are socially and linguistically constructed,created by various discourses of a given culture Power relations show that society controls its members through c
9、onstructing and defining what appear to be universal and natural truths Any universalizing or totalizing claims are questionable.We should focus rather on the specificities of a particular historical and cultural context.2.that there is no objectivity,that we experience the world in language,and tha
10、t all our representations of the world,our readings of texts and of the past,are informed by our own historical position,by the values and politics that are rooted in them emphasizing the necessity for self-awareness,we must be constantly aware of the difficulties of seeing the past except through t
11、he lenses and cultural constructs of the present.by way of(p1)by way of：through,by route of，e.g Taiwanese planes can now fly from the mainland to Taiwan by way of Hong Kong or Macao“By way of”can also mean“as a means of”，eg He sent her some flowers by way of an apologyto be immersed in：to be complet
12、ely covered or submerged in a liquid；to be deeply involved or absorbed Presumably:adv.(Pa.2)probably,supposed to be true,likely by reasonable assumption although you are not certain1 It is raining heavily,which presumably means that their football match will be postponed.QAll this _ that he agrees t
13、o accept our proposal.Otherwise,there would be no ground for cooperation.A.assumes B.presumes C.presupposes D.surmiseC Assume:主观臆断often without real proof;power or responsibility;呈现出 a smile;假装 innocence;采用 a false name Presume:I to do我冒昧地，擅自;推测although not certain;认定，推定，意味着An accused man is d innoc
14、ent until proven guilty.Presuppose:assuming one thing is true in order to continue with what you are saying or thinking预先推测；以为先决条件Surmise:guess from the available evidence although not certain推测;猜测;疑惑Turn out to be (Pa.2)prove to be;1 turn out well/fine/all right/satisfactory etc.It was a difficult
15、time,but everything turned out all right.2 turn out to ones+n.Please make sure that all the presents will turn out to their satisfaction.3 turn out to be He turned out to be a teacher instead of a new student.4 As it turned out,Contend v.(Pa.2)1 contend with/against/for:struggle,be in rivalry or com
16、petitionThey contend with each other for the top prize while getting along well.2 argue,assertHe contends at the meeting that the universe is expanding.QoThis experience opened a new _ in his mind.A.perspective B.prospect C.factor D.aspectPerspective:远景;a way of thinking视角,观点,想法Prospect:将要发生的事,预期展望,
17、景色,视野,（成功）可能性,（经济）前景;堪察(for)(v.)Factor:因素;Aspect:one of the parts of sths character or nature方面;建筑物的方位;appearance or quality 外观,面貌BCan not help but do sth(p3)ocannothelpbutdo cannotbutdo candonothingbutdo cannotdoanythingbutdo 但是：haveno choice/alternativebuttodo take sth.for granted:(Pa4)regard it a
18、s true or certain to happen 1 His parents take his success in the contest for granted.Take sb.for granted:treat his presence and actions as a due rather than a favorWhat is history?百家讲坛 于丹 论语心得oCCTV Hundred Rostrums”is calling for an increased awareness of traditional Chinese culture.How do you comm
19、ent on the craze of Chinese classics?oHow do you like Prof.Yudan?oConfucianism:Confucius,Chinese philosopher whose Analects contain a collection of his sayings and dialogues compiled by disciples after his death.oTaoism:Zhuangzi and Laozi-two famous scholars of Taoism in ancient ChinaAdmittedly adv.
20、(Pa7):saying sth which weakens the importance or force of your statement He is admittedly a scholar.(without denial,by general admission)Crude adj.(Pa7)1 not refined or manufactured 未提炼的，粗糙的crude oil crude ore2 not having grace,taste or refinement粗鄙/粗鲁的crude manner3 not finished properly;badly worke
21、d out 粗制滥造的，不完善的BThe _ parties were due,once again,to try to settle their differences.So a temporary ceasefire is ordered.A.aggressive B.belligerent C.combative D.contentiousBelligerent:hostile and aggressive好斗敌对;warring countries or groups交战国Aggressive:behaving in a forceful way because of an eager
22、 to succeed咄咄逼人Combative:aggressive and eager to fight or argueContentious:a issue causes a lot of disagreement or arguments;World War I(1914-1918)oWoodrow WilsonZimmerman Note Pa 8 A coded communique from the German foreign Secretary,Arthur Zimmerman to the German minister in Mexico on Jan.19,1917,
23、which is intercepted and decoded by British navy intelligence.In that Pa.9 since,becauseThe increase of income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.Take.into account/take account of.(Pa.9):note or consider;pay attention to 1 Youd better take all factors into accou
24、nt before making your decision.2 When seeking a job,he is likely to take account of his parents opinion.Stem from(Pa.9)arise from;develop as a result of sth.else(not in continuous aspect不用进行时)1 His headaches stemmed from vision problems.2 Much of the instability stems from the economic effects of th
25、e war.Concern oneself with/in/about(Pa.9)be busy with,interest oneself in1 He loves his wife,and concerns himself with her needs and desires.2 As a fan of the football player Yao Ming,he concerns himself in every account of him.To whom it may concernBe concerned for/about sb./sth.:worry,trouble,both
26、erSo/As far as is/are concernedDisproportionate adj.(Pa.10)out of proportion,relatively too large or small,etc.1 School students tend to give disproportionate time to games.2 The railway workers in New York were on strike because their pay is disproportionate to their work.Be destined for sth./to do
27、 sth.(Pa.13)decoded in advance or by fate1 He was a soliders son and was destined from birth for the army.2 Deep in love as they were,they were destined never to meet again.ooSummarySummaryooIt should be noted that although this essay is about why It should be noted that although this essay is about
28、 why historians differ in their opinions,actually the basic views historians differ in their opinions,actually the basic views can also be used to explain why people disagree generallycan also be used to explain why people disagree generallyAnd to understand why people disagree is the first And to u
29、nderstand why people disagree is the first necessary step toward learning to deal with themnecessary step toward learning to deal with themThis is This is particularly important today because We are confronted particularly important today because We are confronted with an information explosion and s
30、urrounded by people with an information explosion and surrounded by people who are trying to influence our thinking for their own selfish who are trying to influence our thinking for their own selfish reasonsreasons oo This is a piece of expository writing.The language used is This is a piece of exp
31、ository writing.The language used is a little formala little formal，with impersonal structureswith impersonal structures，long sentences long sentences and formal wordsand formal words，which are typical of academic writingwhich are typical of academic writing TEM 4 1998oIt is now generally accepted t
32、hat vehicles(cars,trucks,etc.)are a major source of air pollution in cities.You are to suggest only ONE way to solve the problem.oWrite on answer sheet a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:oONE WAY TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMoPro-BritishoGarrisonoArtifactoBelligerentoHaberdasheroFoolproofoInterceptionoDiametricallyoCut-and-driedoExhilaratingoDisproportionateoDeemoValidityoSubmarineoPremiseoproximate