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1、精益生精益生产产改善改善简简介介The Toyota Production System丰田生产体系丰田生产体系A solution to the particular problems Toyota faced,developed through trial and error on the shopfloor,to address:为二战后面临之特殊窘况觅寻出路,丰田在生产现场通过不断尝试发展而来的一套体系,以解决:A small market 市场甚小for a large variety of vehicles 车型繁多with little space,money,and capit
2、al 场地和资本馈乏with a goal of productivity at the levels of Fords Mass Production of black Model Ts.且要达到福特黑色T型车的大规模生产水平的高效率Average Lean Results 精益生产平均收效精益生产平均收效Set up time 换摸时间 -60%Lead time 交付周期 -50%Cycle time 循环时间 -20%Down time 停工时间 -50%Operator required 人员需求 -30%WIP DOH 在制品库存 -60%F.G.DOH 成品库存 -40%Dist
3、ance traveled/part 零部件流转距离 -50%Floor space 场地面积 -30%Rework 返工 -70%10 Rules for Kaizen Success精益生产成功的十大准则1Keep a positive attitude and an open mind to change.以积极的态度和开放的思想来进行改变2Change is good,more change is better /变更是好事,多变更佳3Create a team environment(there is no“I”in team).创建团队环境(在团队中不以我自居)4One perso
4、n,one vote,-no position,no rank.每人都有表决权,不分职位、等级5There is no such thing as a dumb question./多多提问(不耻下问)6Creativity before capital /创造先于资本7Respect each others /相互尊重8Plans are only good if they can be implemented.Plans succeed only if the gains are sustained /只有可以实施的计划才是好计划,只有坚持执行计划才能成功9There is no subs
5、titute for hard work /努力工作,艰苦拼搏10 Just do it!/及时行动is a manufacturing philosophy which shortens the time between the customer order and the product build/shipment by eliminating sources of waste.是一个通过祛废来缩短从客户定货是一个通过祛废来缩短从客户定货到发货周期的哲学到发货周期的哲学Lean Manufacturing 精益制造精益制造Business as Usual 循规道距式经营循规道距式经营P
6、RODUCTPRODUCTBUILT&SHIPPED BUILT&SHIPPED 生产并发货生产并发货生产并发货生产并发货CUSTOMERCUSTOMERORDER ORDER 客户定货客户定货客户定货客户定货Time 时间时间Waste浪费浪费PRODUCTPRODUCTBUILT&SHIPPED BUILT&SHIPPED 生产并发货生产并发货生产并发货生产并发货CUSTOMERCUSTOMERORDER ORDER 客户定货客户定货客户定货客户定货Time(Shorter)缩短的时间缩短的时间Waste浪费浪费Lean Manufacturing 精益制造精益制造A Time-Based
7、 Strategy时间策略研究、开发 预先计划 生产 分销 收款实际完成的时间(从设计至收款的过程)Individual Efficiency vs.Total Efficiency单个与整体效益单个与整体效益Pricing:The New Reality定价:新的现实问题lThe Old Model 旧公式旧公式:Cost to make +Profit=Selling Price 制造成本利润销售价格lThe New Model 新公式新公式:Customer sets Price -Profit=Manufacturing Cost 客户设定的价格利润制造成本Leadtime 交付周期交
8、付周期Value Added Activity 增值活动An activity that transforms or shapes raw materials or information to meet customer requirements.一个一个把原材料和信息转换成符合客户要求的活动过程Non-Value Added Activity(Waste)非增值活动非增值活动(浪费)(浪费)Those activities that take time,resources or space,but do not add to the value of the product itself.
9、消耗资源(时间,人员和场地),但不直接对产品的形成起贡献作用By Eliminating Waste By Eliminating Waste 通过祛废来短缩交付周期通过祛废来短缩交付周期通过祛废来短缩交付周期通过祛废来短缩交付周期:Product Leadtime 产品交付周期产品交付周期Value Added Time is only a very small percentage of the Leadtime.增值时间仅是交付周期的很少一部份Traditional Cost Savings focused on only Value Added Items.传统降低成本仅着眼于增值项目
10、LEAN THINKING FOCUSES ON NON-VALUE ADDING ITEMS.而精益思想则着重于非增值项目非增值项目Traditional vs Lean Results 传统与精益之比较传统与精益之比较Traditional vs Lean Results 传统与精益之比较传统与精益之比较Lean Results 精益结果Maximize Value-Add 增值最佳化增值最佳化Job Analysis Results岗位分析结果岗位分析结果Examples 例子:Walking to get parts 走动取零件 Transporting to warehouse 输送
11、至库房Extra processes 多余工序Over processing 加工过度Too much weld 焊接过度Banking to avoid c/o 为避免换摸而过量生产Rework 返修Scrap 废品Examples 例子:Reach for parts 取零件Q.C.check 质量检验Change over 换摸Storage 储存Examples 例子:Bending 弯管Stamping 冲压 Welding 焊接Making mufflers 制消 Waste浪费浪费60%Not needed at all in doing the work.徒徒劳劳9TIME时间
12、时间6312In this exampleValue Added 此例增值此例增值=10%Value Add增值增值10%Value added work changes the form or function of a part or assembly 增值工作增值工作-改改变工件的形状或性能变工件的形状或性能Non-Value Add-Necessary非增值但却必要非增值但却必要30%No added value but must be done under the present work conditions.非增值但目前还非增值但目前还必须做必须做IDENTIFYING WAST
13、ES 识别浪费识别浪费1.A value added step.一种增值的步骤一种增值的步骤。2.A non-value added step that is required.一种需要的不增值步骤。一种需要的不增值步骤。3.A non-value added step that is not required.一种不需要的不增值步骤。一种不需要的不增值步骤。BEFORE 之前之前AFTER 之后之后Seven Wastes 七大浪费七大浪费Overproduction过度生产过度生产Waiting等待等待Transport/Transfer运输周转运输周转Overprocessing过份加工
14、过份加工Inventory库存库存Movement运动行为运动行为Defects缺陷缺陷Typical Causes of Waste 浪费的典型原因浪费的典型原因Organize by Type of Process按工艺类型安排部局Bottleneck operation平颈口No Back-up/Cross Training无备份或交叉培训Machines in value stream at different cycle times机器循环时间不一Lack of training 缺少培训Lack of adherence 纪律松懈Unbalanced Workload工作负荷不平衡
15、Quality problems质量问题Unreliable equipment设备不可靠No Standardized work工作无规范Poor visual controls视觉控制贫乏Disorganized Workplace工作场地零乱Fundamental problem of a“Push”or“Mass”Production System“推动式推动式”或或“大规模大规模”生产系统的致命缺陷生产系统的致命缺陷Overproduction 过度生产Process 2Process 2工序工序工序工序INV INV 在制品在制品在制品在制品INVINV在制品在制品在制品在制品Wh
16、at is the waste caused by overproduction?过度生产会造成何种浪费?Handling 周转Storage space 储存场地Shortages 短缺Critical capacity 关键能力Design change 设计更改Logistics/Expediting 物流/催促Inventory Carrying Cost 库存财务成本Slower Feedback 反馈迟缓Lengthens lead times 臃长交付周期Mixes products 发错产品Process 1Process 1工序工序工序工序 Process 3Process
17、3工序工序工序工序What is wrong with Inventory?库存有何错?库存有何错?Need resources(people and computer)to track,move and monitor inventory 需资源(人和计算机)来追踪,搬运和监视库存。Parts get lost 零件丢失A stack of containers fall over and parts get damaged 一叠周转箱翻到并砸坏零件Must use facility floor space to keep inventory 占用场地Engineering or produ
18、ct change happens so inventory must be scrapped,reworked or sold at a discount 工程或产品更改致使库存报废,返工或减价买出Sales drop so inventory must be sold at a discount to clear it out of the system 销售大跌,只好降价清仓处理库存Poor forecast results in wrong product sitting in long-term storage.预测不准生产出不对号产品长期压库INVENTORY HIDES WAST
19、E库存掩盖浪费库存掩盖浪费RAW MATERIAL 原材料原材料FINISHED PRODUCT TO CONSUMER成品至客户成品至客户SEA OF INVENTORY 库存的库存的“汪洋大海汪洋大海”POORSCHEDULING不妥当的生产计划不妥当的生产计划MACHINE BREAKDOWN设备故障设备故障QUALITYPROBLEMS质量问题质量问题LINEIMBALANCE生产线不平衡生产线不平衡ABSENTEEISM缺勤缺勤LACK OFHOUSE KEEPING现场脏乱现场脏乱LONGSET-UPTIME长换摸长换摸时间时间供应商交付供应商交付VENDORDELIVERYCOM
20、MUNICATIONPROBLEMS 信息不畅信息不畅LONGTRANSPORTATION长距离搬运长距离搬运11RAW MATERIALExposed Waste 浪费外露浪费外露12FINISHED PRODUCT TO CONSUMER成品至客户成品至客户SEA OF INVENTORY 库存的库存的“汪洋大海汪洋大海”POORSCHEDULING不妥当的生产计划不妥当的生产计划MACHINE BREAKDOWN设备故障设备故障QUALITYPROBLEMS质量问题质量问题LONGTRANSPORTATION长距离搬运长距离搬运LONGSET-UPTIME长换摸长换摸时间时间供应商交付供
21、应商交付VENDORDELIVERYLINEIMBALANCE生产线不平衡生产线不平衡ABSENTEEISM缺勤缺勤LACK OFHOUSE KEEPING现场脏乱现场脏乱COMMUNICATIONPROBLEMS 信息不畅信息不畅Waste Elimination Chart 消除浪费图表 Flexible,Capable,Highly Motivated People 灵活,能干,自觉的员工灵活,能干,自觉的员工The Toyota Production System 丰田生产系统丰田生产系统Operational Stability 运作稳定性运作稳定性Standardized Work
22、 规范化工作规范化工作Robust Products&Processes 可靠的产品与工艺可靠的产品与工艺Total Productive Maintenance 全面生产维护全面生产维护Supplier Integration 供应商整规供应商整规 Kaizen 改善改善 Jidoka 自动化自动化“Make Problems Visible”使问题可见使问题可见Manual/Automatic Line Stop 手手/自动停线自动停线Labor-Machine Separation 人员机器分离人员机器分离Error Proofing 错误防范错误防范Visual Control 视觉管
23、理视觉管理 Just in Time 及时生产及时生产 “The right part at the right time in the right amount”正确的正确的零件,交付时间零件,交付时间 和数量和数量Continuous Flow一件流一件流Pull Systems 拉动系统拉动系统Level Production 均衡生产均衡生产Quality,Cost,Delivery through shortening the production flow by eliminating waste质量,成本,交付通过祛废来缩短生产流程质量,成本,交付通过祛废来缩短生产流程Lean
24、Lean Enterprise Enterprise 精益企业精益企业精益企业精益企业Foundation of Operational Stability 运行稳定的基础运行稳定的基础Lean Enterprise Tools 精益企业工具精益企业工具Separate Manual from Machine Time-Jidoka人机分离人机分离-自动化自动化Elimination ofVariation排除非一致性排除非一致性Understanding Value-Added理解增值观理解增值观Visual Controls可视化控制可视化控制Total ProductiveMainten
25、ance全面设备维护全面设备维护Stop the Line!停线停线Design for Manufacturing为制造着想的设计为制造着想的设计Error Proofing防错措施防错措施Built in Quality Built in Quality 内在质量内在质量内在质量内在质量Just in Time Just in Time 及时生产及时生产及时生产及时生产Quick Change Over&Lot Quick Change Over&Lot Size Reduction Size Reduction 快速换摸及批量减少快速换摸及批量减少快速换摸及批量减少快速换摸及批量减少Le
26、vel ProductionLevel Production均衡生产均衡生产均衡生产均衡生产Continuous FlowContinuous Flow一件流一件流一件流一件流Produce only只生产只生产:What is needed,客户所需之物客户所需之物When it is Needed 之时之时 at Rate of Customer Consumption之量之量Pull System Pull System 拉动系统拉动系统拉动系统拉动系统Sigma Logic Sigma 逻辑逻辑Problem Solving解决问题 Standard Work标准化工作Communic
27、ations交流Process Stability工艺稳定Measurement System测量系统5 S&Organization5S 与组织Flexible,capable,highly motivated people 灵活,能干,自灵活,能干,自觉的员工觉的员工Culture文化文化Value Steam Mapping价值流程图Lean Visioning精益文化PeoplePeople人员人员人员人员The Basic Philosophy of Lean Production精益生产的基本哲理精益生产的基本哲理4What is Needed(Sold)客户需要什么4When i
28、t is Needed 何时需要4In the Amount Needed 需要多少 (with the Minimum Materials,Equipment,Labor and Space 使用最低限度的材料,设备,人力和面积)HOW TO MANUFACTURE MOST ECONOMALLY HOW TO MANUFACTURE MOST ECONOMALLY 怎样生产才最经济怎样生产才最经济怎样生产才最经济怎样生产才最经济:适时生产的建筑板快适时生产的建筑板快含最少库存的柔性生产含最少库存的柔性生产含最少库存的柔性生产含最少库存的柔性生产 适时生产适时生产适时生产适时生产(JIT)(
29、JIT)流水线生产流水线生产流水线生产流水线生产pipelining pipelining production-one production-one piece flowpiece flow客户同步时间客户同步时间客户同步时间客户同步时间TAKT TIMETAKT TIME均衡计划的生产均衡计划的生产均衡计划的生产均衡计划的生产Balance ProductionBalance Production 看板拉动看板拉动看板拉动看板拉动 系统系统系统系统 (Kanban)(Kanban)但要假设各工序有:4相同的循环时间4生产步骤的自然衔接4高稳定性的生产过程4短/甚至无换模时间理想状态理想状态
30、理想状态理想状态=单件一条流单件一条流单件一条流单件一条流“适时适时”生产生产不是一种不是一种零库存的体系零库存的体系Offsetting the AssumptionsOffsetting the AssumptionsPull System拉动体系Withdraw only what you need 只拿取你需要的Replenish what is taken 补充被拿走的Overall Benefits 整体利益Flexibility in production 生产弹性化Prevents overproduction 防止过量生产Reduces inventory 减少库存正确的产品
31、,恰当的数量,合适的时间送到正确的位置(客户或下道工序)。所谓的所谓的“及时及时”供货供货客户方客户方满满:推出推出空空无论客户需不需要,满车的成品被运送出去无论客户需不需要,满车的成品被运送出去(按时按时)。供货方供货方满满:推出推出空空上道工序将库存推到下道工序。上道工序将库存推到下道工序。供货方供货方满满:推出推出空空仓库仓库工位器具循环中心工位器具循环中心简化拉动系统简化拉动系统客户方客户方ABCDEFGH需要的零件需要的零件空空 车车+要货看板要货看板拉动拉动新零件新零件空容器空容器+生产看板生产看板供货方供货方下道工序按需从上道工序取零件。下道工序按需从上道工序取零件。上道工序在零
32、件被取走后再生产新批次将超市添满。上道工序在零件被取走后再生产新批次将超市添满。Kanban 看板的两种基本类型看板的两种基本类型Kanban 看板看板生产生产 生产生产 许可许可取货取货 取用取用通知通知“内部内部”KANBAN我能取一我能取一些零件吗些零件吗?Press Supermarket冲压件超市生产线A成品库存成品库存后续工序后续工序上道工序上道工序多谢多谢!压拉动系统拉动系统Kanban看板的说明看板的说明零件#1106 6零件名称:颜色:数量:ASSOC/DATE/SHIFT JE 12/20/95 1stCY HOUSING RH30Description 零件名称零件名称G
33、OLD NUTSLot Size批量大小批量大小10 pcs.2 TotesTrigger再生产时间再生产时间0 TotesRun Time 单件工时单件工时40 sec.秒秒PART 零件 NUMBER 号DESCRIPTION 名称RH F-SERIES PRIV SVSQUANTITY 数量15MACHINE 机床13ZONE 区域3TIME NEEDED 需要时间REORDER 再定货POSITION 工位:REORDER POINT 定货点:53420Part#11023Qty.=50(Card)3.123456789101112(Dolly)小车123(货盘t)装配装配顺序部分物流
34、供给呼叫按钮呼叫按钮Part Number SMART No Market Address Line Side AddressF7C6-5422401-AG 000122 DTL-A-02 E26-N-010F8C6-5426075-AA 005126 DTL-A-03 E27-S-020F7C6-5467934-AB 003412 DTL-A-01 E26-N-030需求看板灯需求看板灯需求超市需求超市需求零件需求零件Market AddressSMART NumberLine Side AddressPart NumberPart DescriptionRoute NumberDock N
35、umberSerial NumberQuantityDTL-A-01001423F7C6-5467934-ABBlack Clip500A1C27-N-10LCL00007智能卡智能卡线旁的线旁的“邮箱邮箱”AAAAAAAAAAAABBCCBBBBBBBBDDDDDDCCCCCCDD标牌市场标牌市场标牌零件每个零件都应仔细规划每个零件都应仔细规划每个零件都应有正确的包装和运货方式每个零件都应有正确的包装和运货方式 什么是均衡生产什么是均衡生产?传统生产过程传统生产过程(未经均衡未经均衡)换模换模周一产量周一产量周一产量周一产量周二产量周二产量周二产量周二产量周三产量周三产量周三产量周三产量周四
36、产量周四产量周四产量周四产量周五产量周五产量周五产量周五产量换模换模混合生产混合生产(均衡均衡)周一产量周一产量周一产量周一产量周二产量周二产量周二产量周二产量周三产量周三产量周三产量周三产量周四产量周四产量周四产量周四产量周五产量周五产量周五产量周五产量Heijunka 均衡生产均衡生产:价值流程的领跑者价值流程的领跑者在领跑过程中释放的工作增量是什么?1 周周1 天天1 班次班次1 小时小时1 动动均衡生产=每次小批量的投入,同时取走相当量的成品为什么要均衡生产?为什么要均衡生产?使上道工序的需求变得平滑拉动系统的基础库存最小最优化资源利用创建最大的弹性来应对变化的需求vOne-Piece
37、 Flow 一件流vEfficient Space Utilization 充分利用场地vExcellent Visual Management 优良的视觉管理Lean Manufacturing Cell 精益生产单元精益生产单元Benefits of U-Shaped CellBenefits of U-Shaped Cell U-U-形单元之优点形单元之优点形单元之优点形单元之优点vEqual Productivity at any Volume 所有产量的效率均等vEfficient Material Handling 高效的材料搬运vExcellent Communication 优
38、良的沟通Raw MaterialFinished PartsA.Quality 质量质量:Work is passed directly to next Process with no defects 合格工合格工件直接转入下道工序件直接转入下道工序 B.Productivity 效率效率:Minimize wasted movement,warehouses,and double handling 将将仓库,重复搬运和无仓库,重复搬运和无用动作减至最低用动作减至最低C.Space 场地:场地:Free up floor space for new products 为新产品为新产品腾出生产场
39、地腾出生产场地F.Cost 成本成本:Reduced Inventory Levels缩减的库存量缩减的库存量Benefits of Creating Flow 一条流的好处一条流的好处D.Lead Time 交付周期交付周期:Shortest supply chain,highest fliexibility to satisfy customer demand 以最短的以最短的供应渠道,最高的供应渠道,最高的灵活性来满足客户灵活性来满足客户的要求的要求 E.Team Member Morale 团队成员团队成员的士气的士气:Value of work is more visible&rec
40、ognized;teamwork 工作的价值工作的价值更加显而易见并获广泛更加显而易见并获广泛认可;团队精神认可;团队精神 Source 来源来源:Toyota 丰田丰田Batch Processing Example批量生产例子批量生产例子Product requires three processes that take one minute each生产一台计算机需用三道工序,每道工序用时生产一台计算机需用三道工序,每道工序用时1分钟分钟Batch Processing Example批量生产例子批量生产例子Product requires three processes that ta
41、ke one minute each生产一台计算机需用三道工序,每道工序用时生产一台计算机需用三道工序,每道工序用时1分钟分钟Complete processing of first batch of 10 takes 30 minutes 完成10件一批需时30分钟First good part out takes 21 minutes(plus transport time)首件合格品需时21分钟(不算周转时间)There are at least 21 parts in-process 系统内至少有21件在制品Batch Processing Example批量生产例子批量生产例子Pro
42、duct requires three processes that take one minute each生产一台计算机需用三道工序,每道工序用时生产一台计算机需用三道工序,每道工序用时1分钟分钟Continuous Flow Processing Example一件流生产工艺一件流生产工艺First part out in 3 minutes 三分钟首件做出10 completed in 12 minutes 做10件仅需12分Only 2 sub-assemblies in process at a time.任何时间段整个系统内只有两件在制品。Product requires thr
43、ee processes that take one minute each生产一台计算机需用三道工序,每道工序用时生产一台计算机需用三道工序,每道工序用时1分钟分钟Takt Time 客户同步时间客户同步时间The Beat of Production 生产的节拍生产的节拍Takt time is the time in which a unit must be produced in order to match the rate of customer demand.客户同步时间是按客户客户同步时间是按客户要求的速度来生产一件产品所需的时间要求的速度来生产一件产品所需的时间Takt Ti
44、me客户同步时间客户同步时间=Available Time 可利用时间可利用时间Unit Demand 要货量要货量0102030405060ABCDCycle Time 循环时间循环时间T/T 客户客户同步时间同步时间OPERATORS 操作工操作工TIME时时间间Value System:Exploitation vs.Better Way to Work 价值流程:苦干与巧干价值流程:苦干与巧干1.Exploitation苦干2.Better Wayto Work巧干We ChooseOption 2我们选择巧干Value AddedWork 增值工作Staffing Requireme
45、nts 员工需求员工需求Total Op Cycle Time 总循环时间总循环时间Takt Time 客户同步时间客户同步时间=#of Operators 员工数量员工数量This assumes 100%efficiency以上公式假设以上公式假设100%效率效率Need to account for需考虑需考虑:Work Sequence inefficiency 工序间协调工序间协调Sick Time 病假病假Vacation Time 休假休假Down Time 停机停机Use 85%for planning purposes 用用85%做计划做计划Construct A Bar C
46、hart 做柱状图做柱状图*Draw in a Red line for the Takt Time 用客户同步时间画一条红线Set Part in ContainerWalkUnload/Load DrillUnload/Load PressPick-up Raw MaterialWalk to Raw MaterialOperator 1Operator 220401008060120Unload/Load MillDeburr PartUnload/Load LatheWalkWalk*Construct a Bar Chart using the elements of each op
47、erator 用每一操作工的操作内容画出柱状图*Wasted time becomes obvious 浪费的时间便显而易见Waste浪费浪费Waste浪费浪费Balance Workload to Takt Time 以客户同步时间平衡工作负荷以客户同步时间平衡工作负荷vBalance the operators workload to the Takt Time 以客户同步时间平衡员工的工作负荷Set Part in ContainerWalkUnload/Load DrillUnload/Load PressPick-up Raw MaterialWalk to Raw Material
48、Operator 员工员工1Operator 员工员工 220401008060120Unload/Load MillDeburr PartUnload/Load LatheWalkWalkvEliminate the remaining time through improvements 通过改进来去掉多余时间v17 seconds of improvement will yield a 50%cost reduction in labor and 50%productivity improvement 改进17秒将节省一半劳力并提高工效一倍。Set Part in ContainerWal
49、kUnload/Load DrillUnload/Load PressPick-up Raw MaterialWalk to Raw MaterialkanbanTreat Value-Added Worker as a Surgeon 象对待外科大夫那样对待做增值工作的工人12334123:.|:.:|Present Material and ToolsOptimally(and In Sequence)to the Value-Adders 将材料和工具按顺序递到做增值工作员工的手边WasteWork Station Design 工作台设计Size the workstation for
50、 the parts 确定零件工作台尺寸大小Arrange the parts in proper sequence and orientation 正确排放零件顺序和方向Standardize hardware and tools 工具标准化Place fixtures and hand tools order of use 按使用顺序放置工装夹具和工具Establish visual control of tools 建立工具视觉管理体制Make machines fit the process 根据工艺调整设备 Optimize operator motions 优化操作员动作Opera