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1、1.He is the tallest boy in his class.2.The apples here are big and sweet.指出下列句中的定语成分:定语从句定语从句1.什么叫定语从句?2.为什么要有定语从句?形容词,修饰boy,副词，修饰apples,比较：The apples that he bought for his daughter on his way back yesterday were big and sweet.修饰名词的成分叫定语 这里的苹果定语从句,修饰apples,他昨天在回来的路上为他女儿买的(苹果)以句子形式作定语叫做定语从句.从句能表达一个动
2、作概念的修饰成分 个子最高的男孩More 定语从句2.它的作用相当于形容词形容词3.被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词5.从句引导词:关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as,关系副词when,where why4.关系代词和关系副词，也叫引导词.联系定语从句和先行词.充当从句中的一个句子成分 6.定语从句必须跟在先行词后面.as 从句例外基本概念:1.修饰名词或代词或整个句子的，起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句1.修饰修饰名词名词或或代词代词或或整个句子整个句子1.The woman is a doctor.2.Anyone will be fined.3.The ea
3、rth provides us with heat and light,which makes it possible for plants to grow._那位妇女是一位医生.任何_人将被处罚.who从句修饰_太阳为我们提供光和热,_.which从句修饰_和他在谈话的who从句修饰_名词名词the woman修饰who在中文中未体现,但它是从句的引导词，不可缺少不遵守规则的代词代词he整个主句整个主句这使得植物生长which 意为“这、这件事、这一点”who is talking with himwho doesnt obey the rules2.定语从句的作用定语从句的作用相当于相当于
4、形容词形容词1.The woman who is talking with him is a doctor.2.All that glitters is not gold.和他在谈话的妇女是一位医生.who部分相当于一个_修饰修饰闪光的不全是金子.that glitters相当于一个_3.被被定语从句修饰的定语从句修饰的名词或代词名词或代词叫做叫做先行词先行词1.All that glitters is not gold.all被that glitters修饰,all是先行词2.I dont know the girls who are from Japan.修饰the girls是先行词形容
5、词形容词修饰4.关系代词和关系副词叫做关系代词和关系副词叫做从句的引导词从句的引导词 a.联系定联系定语从句和先行词语从句和先行词 b.充当充当定语从句的一个定语从句的一个句子成分句子成分任何一个从句都必须有它的引导词1.He is the man whom I want to see.他就是我要见的人.whom联系定语从句和the man,whom充当定语从句中see的宾语2.The woman who is talking with him is a doctor.和他在谈话的那位妇女是一位医生.who联系定语从句和_who充当定语从句中的_the woman主语5.从句引导词从句引导词:
6、关系代词关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as,关系副词关系副词when,where why1.Do you know the man who can speak English?.2.Thats the woman whom the policeman is looking for.3.We have some students whose parents are college teachers4.I can lend you a box in which you put you books.5.Last week he read a novel that was
7、 very interesting6.He studied here in the year when he was only fifteen.8.I dont know the reason why he is angry.7.He found his ball-pen in the room where we had a meeting9.As we all know,Taiwan is a part of the Chinese mainland.翻译成中文 定语从句必须跟定语从句必须跟在在先行词后面先行词后面.as从句例从句例外外1.They passed the village wh
8、ere his grandparents lived.2.A bookstore is a store that sells books.先行词/被修饰词在前修饰句首句中句尾1.As is known to all,Taiwan is a part of of China.2.Taiwan,as is known to all,is a part of of China.3.Taiwan is a part of of China,as is known to all.不要了 他们经过了住着他们祖父母的那个村庄.修饰修饰汉语与英语中定语的位置正好相反定语从句在后书店就是 售书的 店.修饰As从
9、句who指人,是主格,在从句中作主语1.The woman who is talking with him is a doctor.2.Where is the man who was here?正在和他交谈的那位妇女是医生.刚才在这儿的那个人现在在哪儿?从句中作主语从句中作主语3.I dont know the girls who _(be)from the No.2 middle school.are who 的单复数取决于先行词whom 指人,是宾格,在从句中作宾语,可以省略1.The young writer(whom)we visited last week has left for
10、 Paris.who 可以代替 whom 也可以说:The young writer who we visited last week has left for Paris.因此，此句共有三种说法从句中作宾语介词可以放在whom前面,这时whom不可省略,who不能做介词宾语 The woman (whom/who)you spoke to is our class teacher.The woman to whom/to who you spoke is our class teacher.2.Thats the man(whom/who)you should pay attention(？
11、)漏了 to,(whom/who)是 pay attention to的宾语请翻译:你和她讲话的那位妇女是我们的班主任.又如:昨天我和他一起回家的那个男孩是约翰.(五种说法)The boy whom I went home with is John.The boy with whom I went home is JohnThe boy I went home with is John.The boy who I went home with is John错to.The boy that I went home with is John.that 可以指人3.The teacher you
12、saw him in the park teaches physics.()saw的宾语是whom,这里省略了,him多余说出其他三种正确的说法:whose是所有格,“的”,指人,也指物,可与of which互换使用1.The boy whose sister is a singer sings well.2.The classroom whose windows(=the windows of which)face south is large and bright.那个姐姐是歌唱家的姐姐是歌唱家的男孩歌唱的很好.指人那个窗子朝南的窗子朝南的教室又大又明亮.指物又:我借了一本红封面的书.(两
13、种说法)1.I borrowed a book whose cover is red.2.I borrowed a book the cover of which is red.无区别错More 1 whose+名词=the名词+of whichMore 2 which/that 指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以被省略 1.The ball-pen which/that lies on the desk is mine.2.The necklace(which/that)she lost yesterday was a gift from her mother.3.He showe
14、d me the pictures which/that _(be)interesting.书桌上的圆珠笔是我的.(作主语,是单数)昨天她丢失的项链是她母亲给的生日礼物.(作宾语可以省略)were which/that 指 pictures 因此复数只能用which时在介词后面,作介词宾语时只用whichThe pen with which he wrote the letter was expensive.不能说with that 只能用 that 时 1.代替who/whom,指人 Who is the girl that is standing there?which不能指人 2.在从句
15、中作表语He is not the man(that)he was before.表语时不能用whoIt was the only school (that)there was then.也不用 which 3.Who/Which 问句中不能用thatWhich is the book (that)you bought yesterday?who 见上例4.当先行词为something,anything,nothing,everything,little all,much 时1.There is little that the enemy could do besides surrender.
16、was的表语 Those _ want to go please stay behind.those后只接whowho八种情况2.Only Mr.White could understand all(that)she said.比较:She told us all what she did during the summer vacation.all 不做先行词,是 us 的同位语,what 引导的是宾语从句 3.Im sure she has something(that/which)you can borrow.实际使用中something后面也可用which5.当先行词any,no,al
17、l,little,every,much,some被修饰时All little namesIve read all the books that you lent to me.注意:Anyone who smokes on the ferry will be fined.任何人在渡船上吸烟都将被罚款.指人时仍用who 7.当先行词被 the only,the very,the same,the last 修饰时Solve the 41.Thats the very book(that)I want find.2.The last place (that)we visited was the ch
18、emical works.这正是我要找的书.我们最后参观的地方是化工厂.8.当先行词指人又指物时He talked about the teachers and the schools that he had visited.他谈到了他所参观的老师和学校.1.This is the first composition(that)he has ever written in English.2.Thats the best novel(that)Ive ever read.6.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时More As 在从句中作主语或宾语用法一:必须与such,the same,as,
19、so 一起连用，作主语宾语表语，as 代表 the same,such,as,so 开始的整个短语1.He is not the same man _ he used to be.2.Let children read such books _ will make them better and wiser.3.Here is so big a stone _ no man can lift.4.As much money _is necessary must be collected.asasasas他不再是从前的那个样子了.(作表语)让孩子们读那些使他们更好更聪明的书.(作主语)这儿有块石
20、头很大没人能举起.(作宾语)必须凑足所需的钱.(作主语)两种用法I want to borrow the same book as you have.I want to borrow the same book that you bought yesterday.我想借一本和你的那本一样的书。（两本书）我想借你昨天买的那本书。（一本书）注意as 指蓝字部分More 用法二:1.as 从句与主句用逗号分开,指整个主句或主句 的一部分,解释“这一点，这件事”2.位于句首、句中、句尾,3.as 作从句的主语,宾语或表语1.As we have seen,oceans cover more than
21、70 percent of the earth.2.As is known to all,Taiwan is a part of of China.3.He was late for school,as often happened.4.It was,as he later admitted,a stupid thing to do.5.He was late again,as he used to be.作宾语,在句首,也可以在句中、句尾作主语,同上句作主语,同上句作宾语,同上句作表语,同上句As we now know that the moon makes its journey in
22、about thirty days.()As 指the moondays.整个主句,在从句中做know的宾语去掉that,加逗号常见 as 从句还有:1.as anybody can see2.as has been said before3.as is well known4.as was expected5.as we had expected6.as may be imagined 正如任何人都可以看出的如上所述众所周知正如预料的那样正如我们所预料的那样正如可以想象的那样More 1 More 2 when 表示时间,在从句中做时间状语先行词往往是表示时间的名词:time,hour,mo
23、rning,day,week,month,year 2.The diary was written by John in 1997.In the year he was a middle school student.日记是约翰在1997年当他是一个中学生那一年写的.when指代1997,“在那一年”,在从句中作时间状语July 1,1921 was the day when the Chinese Communist Party was founded.He was very lonely in the week when he was left alone at home.when指the
24、 day,“在那一天”注意:when可以用介词+which来表示He was very lonely in the week _ _he was left alone at.in which1.July 1,1921 was the day.3.他独自一人被留在家里的那个礼拜很孤独.On that day the Chinese Communist Party was founded.合并成一句The diary was written by John in 1997 when he was a middle school student1.He will never forget the d
25、ay.On that day he joined the League.2.The professor came back to China in 1949.The mainland had just been liberated in the year.合并成一句,并改成介词+which 句型 He will never forget the day when he joined the LeagueHe will never forget the day on which he joined the League The professor came back to China in 19
26、49 when the mainland had just been liberated.The professor came back to China in 1949 in which the mainland had just been liberated in the year.还有三种说法,但不如前两种好He will never forget the day which he joined the League on.He will never forget the day that he joined the League on He will never forget the
27、day he joined the League on.注意区别:1.We will never forget the days _we worked on the farm.2.We will never forget the days _we spent together on the farm.when whichwhen 指the days,“在那些日子里”,表示劳动的时间 which 指the days,“那些日子”,做spent的宾语时间状语宾语判断标准:3.作从句的时间和地点状语用when,where,作及物动词宾语时用which1.August 6 was the day _
28、she was born in a poor family.2.August 6 is the day _ they will always remember.whenwhichwhen 指出生的那一天,在从句中做时间状语which作及物动词remember的宾语3.2008 is the year _the Chinese people are looking forward to.whichWhere 表示地点，在定语从句中做地点状语先行词往往是:place,table,room,spot,house,school,country,village,city,town,street,shop
29、This is the factory where we worked last week.这就是上星期我们在那儿劳动的那家工厂.where指代the factory,“在那儿”,在从句中作地点状语1.The teachers office is a small room.There are some computers there.2.She is on business in that city.Her sister is studying there.The teachers office is a small room where there are some computers.Sh
30、e is on business in the city where her sister is studying.1.这就是他出生的地方。2.在我们居住的城市里发生了巨大的变化。3.昨天我在上次我们见面的那个图书馆里看到了我们的班主任.This is the place where he was born.Great changes have taken place in the city where we live.I met our class teacher in the library where we met last time.Note:The laboratory is the
31、 place _students do their experiments.Shanghai Museum is the place _ we visited last week.wherewhich关系副词关系副词where 意为意为“在那个地方在那个地方”,作从句的地点状语作从句的地点状语关系代词关系代词which 作作及物动词及物动词visited 的宾语的宾语I found the desk in the room _needed repairing.They waited in the room _there is nothing but some bencheswhichwhere
32、注意:where可以用介词+which来表示1.Thats the house where we found the kidnapped child.2.Thats the house in which we found the kidnapped child.还可以说:(介词后移)3.Thats the house which we found the kidnapped child in.4.Thats the house that we found the kidnapped child in.5.Thats the house we found the kidnapped child
33、in.我们参观了约翰叔叔在那儿工作的那个农场.We visited the farm where Johns uncle worked.We visited the farm on which Johns uncle worked.We visited the farm that Johns uncle worked on.We visited the farm Johns uncle worked on.We visited the farm which Johns uncle worked on.小结1.when,where分别在从句中引导从句、作从句的时间和地点状语2.when,wher
34、e可以用介词+which来表示，介词还可以后移3.作从句的时间和地点状语用when,where;作及物动词宾语时用whichThey came to a place where was found some pollution.They came to a place where lived some local farmers.错对引导词where不能做从句的主语，改为_where some pollution was found第二句从句部分是倒装句,where是状语,some local farmer是主语Why 表示原因，做原因状语状语先行词只有一个 reason1.I should
35、like to know the reason why he changed this plan.2.Do you know the reason why he was late?3.The reason why he was late is that he got up too late.我想知道他为什么改变计划的原因.你知道他为什么迟到的原因吗?他为什么迟到的原因是因为他起床太晚了.注意:这一句里的“因为”不能说成 because because填空：The reason _ we want to know is now clear.我们想知道的理由现在清楚了.know是及物动词that/
36、whichthat/which 做know的宾语whichwhich why 改错1.The reason why he was absent is because he was ill.2.The reason why he told us was unsatisfactory.3.Thats the reason that the horse refused to move.that that why 填空1.He gave us the reason _ was reasonable.2.The reason _ we refused to come was _we were not w
37、ell prepared.3.The reason _ he trembled was hard to explain.4.The reason _ he offered was hard to explain.why that when 和why在口语中可以省略,where不可以省略1.Be sure to call on us next time(when)you come to town.2.This is one of the reasons(why)you may like to eat it.Is the woman who often gives us some kind of
38、help?(wrong)Is the woman the one who often gives us some kind of help?Is that the woman who often gives us some kind of help?woman 被定语从句所修饰,应为特指,加 the right/wrong?非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充/附加说明,与主句用逗号分开,如果省去,主句意思仍完整1.He lives in Lujiazui,which is about an hours ride from here.他住在陆家嘴,离这儿大约有一小时的车程(附加说明)从句修饰_陆家
39、嘴(名词)引导词:非限制性定语从句中 指物,用引导词which,不用 that2.We all know Xu Hu,who is a 3.model worker.我们都认识徐虎,他是个劳动模范 非限制性定语从句中 指人,用引导词who/whom,不用 that3.They arrived in Shanghai,where they would stay for a week.who,whom,whose,which,where,as逗号从句省去，主句依然完整不能理解为:离这儿大约有一小时车程的陆家嘴 非限制性定语从句的先行词多为专有名词或独一无二1.We came to Spain,wh
40、ich was a beautiful country.2.Abraham Lincoln,who was against slavery,was murdered at a theater in 1865.3.I,who am fond of swimming,go to the beach every day.Note:He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.没到过长城的人不算是真汉子。He 泛指，“任何一个”也有用普通名词做先行词的，表示关系松散,读时停顿一下1.They arrived at a farmhouse,
41、in front of which sat a small boy.2.His dog,which was old now,became ill and died.亚伯拉罕林肯在一家戏院被谋杀，他反对奴隶制度。我每天去沙滩。我喜欢游泳。非限制性定语从句练习1.他会操作电脑,这一点大家都知道.2.我认识李教授,她是我们的英语老师.3.教学大楼,也就是我们上课的地方,有四层楼高.4.她上课老是开小差,这使老师感到很失望.5.他有两个女儿,两人都在国外念书.He can operate a computer,as is known to all.I know Professor Li,who is
42、our English teacher.The classroom,where we have our lessons,is four stories high.She is often absent-minded,which makes the teacher very disappointed.He has two daughters,both of who are studying abroad.限制性与非限制性定语从句用法区别I have two sisters who are still at school.I have two sisters,who are still at sc
43、hool.我有两个还在上学的妹妹.(不止有两个妹妹)我有两个妹妹,她们还在上学.(只有两个妹妹)Is that the woman who wants to buy your car?Ive just met that Mrs.Smith,who wants to buy your car.She said that her son would become an artist,which I thought possible.非限制性定语从句修饰短语。限制性定语从句不行句义不同 限制性修饰普通名词，非限制性修饰专有名词Tom is very active in sports,which hi
44、s sister rarely is.非限制性定语从句修饰另一从句。限制性定语从句不行 The hillsides were covered with trees of red and orange,which extended as far as the eyes could see.The earth moves around the sun,as is known to all.非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句，限制性定语从句不行小结：非限制性定语从句与主句用_分开，引导词不能用_ _,从句如果省去,主句意思仍_,非限制性定语从句修饰_,_,_或_,从句引导词不能_限制性定语从句只能修饰_逗
45、号that why完整专有名词另一从句整个主句短语普通名词The hillsides were covered with trees of red and orange.They extended as far as the eyes could see.Combine the two sentences:省略 改错1.They were standing beside a building which outer walls were originally painted yellow.2.I rarely know a musician whos father is a blacksmit
46、h.3.Is that the woman whom you guess will take your place?4.The engineer with who he carried out the experiment made no answer.5.Father as well as his children who was fond of sports was having a good time on the beach.Return whichwhosewhowho是定语从句的引导词和宾语从句的主语,需用主格whose1.with whom2.who/whom/thatwith3
47、./withwho指children,应为复数,故用werewereAs的正确理解return当 as 跟着从句时,as 作从句的主语,宾语或表语,代表 the same,such,as,so 开始的整个名词短语1.Take as many books as you want.2.I hope to get such a tool as he is using.3.He is the same man as always thinks of others first.4.He is so tall a man as can reach the top the blackboard.你想拿多少书
48、就拿多少.我想弄到象他在使用的一样的工具.as在从句中作宾语,代表as many booksas在从句中作主语,代表such a tool他就是那种总是先想到他人的人.作主语,指the same man(略)As后接名词,代词或相当于名词的从句时,as 是介词,解释“象”1.I have never seen such a lazy man as you.2.Thats not the same as what is learned in experience.我从没见过象你这么懒的人.as后接代词,as是介词,such as“象”那跟生活经历中学到的不一样.后接名词性从句what is le
49、arned,as 是介词1.Is there anything _ I can do for you?2.This is the tallest building _I have ever seen.3.Which is the book _ you bought last week?4.Who is the man _ we can depend on?5.The student about _ you are talking is good at maths.6.He didnt find the bottle _ cover was red.7.He told them all _ he
50、 had experienced in Africa.8.Language is a tool by means of _ people communicate with each other.9.She is the same woman _ you talked about yesterday.10.He is not such a man _ will leave his work half done.that that that that/what thatwhomwhosewhichas/thatasreturnwho,whom,whose,which,that,as 综合练习1.A