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1、 一一.定语从句的基本定义定语从句的基本定义放在名词或代词后面，由关系代词或关系副词放在名词或代词后面，由关系代词或关系副词引导的修饰该名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。引导的修饰该名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的词叫先行词。被修饰的词叫先行词。一.定语从句的基本定义The boy who is reading is Tom.先行词先行词关系代词关系代词Hospital is a place where a doctor works.先行词先行词关系副词关系副词 二二.关系词的分类关系词的分类1.关系代词关系代词2.2.关系副词关系副词关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语关系代词在定语从句中作
2、主语、宾语、表语和定语，常用的关系代词有：和定语，常用的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose关系副词在定语从句中作状语，常用的关系副关系副词在定语从句中作状语，常用的关系副词有：词有：when,where,why二.关系词的分类三三.关系代词的基本用法和注意点关系代词的基本用法和注意点1.关系代词的基本用法关系代词的基本用法三.1.关系代词的基本用法关系代关系代词词 指代的先指代的先行行词词充当从句的成分充当从句的成分who人人主主语语、宾语宾语whom人人宾语宾语which物物主主语语、宾语宾语that人或物人或物主主语语、宾语宾语、表、表语语whose人或物人或物
3、定定语语 who指人指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。语时，可省略。The man(who)I talked with is our teacher.A person who steals things is called a thief.whom指人指人,在定语从句中作宾语，可省略在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。The man(whom)I nodded to is Mr.Li.who,whom which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。语。作宾语时，可省略。These are the trees wh
4、ich were planted last year.This recorder（which）he is using ismade in Japan.whichHe is the man(that)I told you about.that 指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。语。作宾语时，可省略。A plane is a machine that can fly.thatwhose指人或物指人或物,在定语从句中作定语在定语从句中作定语。不可省略。不可省略。We live in a house whose windows face south.
5、This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake.whose2.关系代词的用法注意点关系代词的用法注意点(1)that和和which都可以指物，但以下都可以指物，但以下5种情况种情况只能用只能用that不能用不能用which。当先行词中有人又有物时。如：当先行词中有人又有物时。如：Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?2.关系代词用法注意点(1)只能用that不能用which的5种情况当先行词为不定代词当先行词为不定代词all,on
6、e,few,little,no,some,any,everything,nothing,nobody,none等时。如：等时。如：ThisisallthatIwantfromtheschool.当先行词被当先行词被only,just,very,right,last等修等修饰时。如：饰时。如：ThisistheverybookthatIamlookingforthesedays.当先行词被最高级修饰时。如：当先行词被最高级修饰时。如：TheTVtoweristhehighestbuildingthathasbeenbuiltinthiscity.当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：当先行词被序数词修饰时
7、。如：ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.(2)that和和who都可以指人，但下面两种情况，都可以指人，但下面两种情况，多用多用who。(2)用who不用that的情况先行词为先行词为all,anyone,one,ones等时。如：等时。如：Allwhoheardthenewswereexcited.先行词为先行词为those,he和和people时。如：时。如：Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.(3)w
8、hose引导的定语从句注意点引导的定语从句注意点whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。词短语。whose与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。如：如：Thebossin whose departmentheworkedhadheardthenews.他工作所在部门的老板已经听说了他工作所在部门的老板已经听说了这个消息。这个消息。(3)whose引导的定语从句注意点whose的先行词指物时，可用的先行词指物时，可用ofwhich代替，但语代替，但语序不同，即序不同，即whose+名词名词=the+名词名词+
9、ofwhich，或，或=ofwhich+the+名词。如：名词。如：Thenovelwhose title(=the title of which或或of which the title)isRed and Blackisveryinteresting.whose引导的定语从句，其先行词既可以指人引导的定语从句，其先行词既可以指人也可以指物。也可以指物。whose的先行词指人时，可用的先行词指人时，可用ofwhom代替，代替，但语序不同，即但语序不同，即whose+名词名词=the+名词名词+ofwhom，或，或=ofwhom+the+名词。如：名词。如：Theboywhose mother(
10、=the mother of whom或或of whom the mother)isadoctorismyfriend.(4)关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。如：的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。如：Thosewhoareagainsttheplanputupyourhands.Tomisoneofthestudentswhowerepraisedbytheteacheryesterday.Tomistheonlyoneofthestudentswhowaspraisedbytheteacheryesterday.(
11、4)从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致The scientist who we met yesterday is very famous whom in the world.that (2)The dress is new.She is wearing it.The dress which she is wearing is new.that (1)The scientist is very famous in the world.We met her yesterday.巩固练习：巩固练习：1.用定语从句合并句子用定语从句合并句子巩固练习1：用定语从句合并句子(3)He is the kind
12、 person.I have ever worked with him.(4)This is the best film.I have ever seen this film.He is the kind person who I have ever worked with.whom that This is the best film that I have ever seen.1.The girl _is standing next to our teachernext to our teacher is her daughter.is her daughter.2.The girl _o
13、ur teacher is talking with 2.The girl _our teacher is talking with is a famous singer.is a famous singer.3.The girl_ mother is a teacher can speak 3.The girl_ mother is a teacher can speak English English very well.very well.4.I cant find the book _is borrowed from 4.I cant find the book _is borrowe
14、d from the library.the library.5.I cant find the book _you lent to me.5.I cant find the book _you lent to me.who/that(who/whom/that)(who/whom/that)whosewhosewhich/thatwhich/that(that/which)(that/which)巩固练习：巩固练习：2.用适当的关系词填空用适当的关系词填空巩固练习2：用适当的关系词填空四四.介词介词+which/whom引导的定语从句引导的定语从句1.介词的选用原则：介词的选用原则：(1)根
15、据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。(2)ThisisthebookonwhichIspent8dollars.(3)ThisisthebookforwhichIpaid8dollars.四.“介词+which/whom”引导的从句，1.介词选用原则(2)根据先行词的习惯搭配来决定。根据先行词的习惯搭配来决定。IrememberthedayonwhichIjoinedtheParty.IrememberthedaysduringwhichIlivedthere.2.当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用whom(指
16、人指人)或或which(指物指物)，且关系代词不能，且关系代词不能省略。省略。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbor.IcantfindthepenwithwhichIwaswriting.2.介词位于关系代词前，关系代词的使用3.当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用which/that(指物指物),who/whom/that(指人指人)作从句作从句中介词的宾语中介词的宾语.而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。略。(whom/who/that)(which/that)Dadisaperson_Ic
17、aneasilytalkto.Isthistheplay_youweretalkingaboutjustnow?3.介词位于句末，关系代词的使用4.在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如：之前。如：Thisisthewatch(that/which)Iamlookingfor.Thebabies(who/whom/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.4.含介词的固定搭配动词短语的使用介词介词+which 和介词和介词who
18、m1.The farm we worked ten years ago isnt what it used to be.2.He is the man you can turn for help.3.This is the tree we used to play games.on whichto whomunder whichn4.Thesungivesusheatandlight,_wecantlive.n5.Thestudent_weweretalkingjustnowisthebeststudentinourclass.n6.Illneverforgettheday_shesaidgo
19、odbyetome.n7.Whocangivemethereason_hehasntturnedupyet?withoutwhichaboutwhomonwhichforwhich5.“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”结构引导非限制性定语从句，结构引导非限制性定语从句，一般有以下几种结构：一般有以下几种结构：(1)名词名词+介词介词+关系代词：关系代词：Theyliveinahouse,thedoorofwhichfacessouth.4.“介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句的几种结构(2)代词代词+介词介词+关系代词：关系代词：Therearefourstudentsintheclassroo
20、m,allofwhomareworkinghard.(3)数词数词+介词介词+关系代词：关系代词：LastSundayIboughtfourbooksfromthebookstore,threeofwhichwereEnglishnovels.(4)形容词比较级形容词比较级/最高级最高级+介词介词+关系代词：关系代词：Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.关系副词when/where/why在下列短文中分别填入where,when,why.I worked in a machinery factory_ I worked fo
21、r three years.The year _ I was 19 years old was very important to me.I was admitted to a college _ I learned English.The reason _ I chose to learn English is quite simple.I like it.wherewhenwherewhyWho/which/that/whose/where/when/whyWho/which/that/whose/where/when/why 1.The girl _is over there is my
22、 friend.1.The girl _is over there is my friend.2.The pen _he bought yesterday is good.2.The pen _he bought yesterday is good.3.The days_we used foreign oil has gone.3.The days_we used foreign oil has gone.4.I still remember the days_ _we spent together.4.I still remember the days_ _we spent together
23、.5.The playground _we often do exercises is 5.The playground _we often do exercises is wet today.wet today.6.I still work in the factory_you visited last 6.I still work in the factory_you visited last year.year.7.Now,please do the exercises in the book _cover is 7.Now,please do the exercises in the
24、book _cover is red.red.8.I don8.I don t know the reason _he doesnt know the reason _he doesn t like itt like it.who/thatwhich/that/xwhen which/that/xwhere/on whichwhich/that/xwhosewhy/for which综合练习综合练习五五.关系副词关系副词when,where和和why的用法的用法五.关系副词的基本用法关系副关系副词词指代的先行指代的先行词词充当从句的成分充当从句的成分when表表时间时间的名的名词词/名名词词组
25、词词组时间时间状状语语where表地点的名表地点的名词词/名名词词组词词组地点状地点状语语why表原因的名表原因的名词词原因状原因状语语用关系副词用关系副词when时，先行词指时间，时，先行词指时间，when在定在定语从句中作时间状语，语从句中作时间状语，when可换成可换成“介词介词+关系关系代词代词”。如：。如：Istillrememberthedaywhen(=on which)IfirstcametoNanjing.Myfatherwasbornintheyearwhen(=in which)WorldWarbrokeout.1.when1.when用关系副词用关系副词where时，先
26、行词指地点，时，先行词指地点，where在定在定语从句中作地点状语，语从句中作地点状语，where可换成可换成“介词介词+关系关系代词代词”。如：。如：Thisisthefarmwhere(=on which)weworkedwhenwewereyoung.Theschoolwhere(=in which)hismotherteachesisinthewestofthecity.2.where2.where用关系副词用关系副词why时，先行词指原因，时，先行词指原因，why在定语在定语从句中作原因状语，从句中作原因状语，why可换成可换成“介词介词+关系代关系代词词”。如：。如：Therear
27、eseveralreasonswhy(=for which)theboysshouldbepunished.Tomcouldntgivetheteacherthereasonwhy(=for which)hewaslateforschool.3.why3.why4.关系副词的用法注意点关系副词的用法注意点(1)当先行词为当先行词为time，表示，表示“次数次数”时，应用关时，应用关系词系词that或省略。如：或省略。如：Thisisthefirsttime(that)thepresidenthasvisitedthecountry.(2)当当point,situation,case等词作先行词
28、表示等词作先行词表示“情况，境地，场合情况，境地，场合”等意思时，其后常由等意思时，其后常由where引导定语从句，引导定语从句，where在句中作状语。如：在句中作状语。如：Canyouthinkofasituationwherethisphrasecanbeused?4.关系副词的用法注意点巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空1)October1,1949wastheday_(_)Chinawasfounded.2)Beijingistheplace_(_)Icame.3)Isthisthereason_(_)hedidntwanttoseeme?whenon whic
29、hwherefrom whichwhyfor which巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空4)Isthistheroom_(_)wewerelivinglastwinter?5)Thedaysaregone_(_)weused“foreignoil”.6)Yesterday,wehadameeting_(_)wediscussedmanyproblems.wherein whichwhenduring whichatwhichwhere对比练习：用适当的关系词填空对比练习：用适当的关系词填空1.The room _ he once lived is still there.The room _ I
30、have to clean every day belongs to my mother.where/in which(that/which)对比练习：用适当的关系词填空2.I will never forget the day_ I met you.I will never forget the day _ we spent together.when/on which(that/which)The reason _ I dont know is known to him.(that/which)why/for which3.The reason _ I dont know the thin
31、g is that I was not there at that time.特例：特例：先行词是先行词是theway，意为，意为“方式，方法方式，方法”时，时，引导定语从句的关系词用引导定语从句的关系词用that/inwhich或省略。或省略。Ididntliketheway_shetalkedtome.Theway_heteachesEnglishisinteresting.（that/inwhich）（that/inwhich）5.先行词为the way，关系词的使用六六.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句1.非限制性定语从句的定义非限制性定语从句的定义非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附
32、加说非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之间的关系比较松散，因此常用逗号它和主句之间的关系比较松散，因此常用逗号隔开。隔开。Mywatch,whichisveryold,stoppedagain.六.1.非限制性定语从句的定义2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别(1)限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，若省去，主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间若省去，主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间不用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然。不用逗号
33、隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然。试比较：试比较：ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveread.Thisisagoodbook,whichiseasytounderstand.2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别(2)限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一个限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一个代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。此时，一词，也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。此时，一般用关系代词般用关系代词as或或which引导。引导。(4)在非限制性定语从句中，不能省略关系代在非限制性定语从句
34、中，不能省略关系代词，而在限制性定语从句中则可以。词，而在限制性定语从句中则可以。(3)限制性定语从句可以用关系代词限制性定语从句可以用关系代词that引导，而非引导，而非限制性定语从句则不能。限制性定语从句则不能。3.关系代词关系代词as,which引导非限制定语从句时的区别引导非限制定语从句时的区别(1)as和和which都可指主句的整个意思，而不是主都可指主句的整个意思，而不是主句中的某一个词。句中的某一个词。as引导的非限制性定语从句，引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而句中；而which引导的非限制性定语
35、从句一般置于引导的非限制性定语从句一般置于主句之后。如：主句之后。如：3.as/which引导非限制性定语从句的区别Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.Asisknowntoall,themoontravelsroundtheearth.(2)as多用于下列习惯用语中多用于下列习惯用语中asanybodycansee正如人人都能看到的那样正如人人都能看到的那样asiswellknown=asisknowntoall众所周知众所周知aswehadexpected正如我们所预料的那样正如我们所预料的那样asof
36、tenhappens正如经常发生的那样正如经常发生的那样ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述如上所述asismentionedabove正如上面提到的正如上面提到的asisoftenthecaseasisreportedinthenewspaper限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和先行词关系密切（删去影响和先行词关系密切（删去影响整个意思表达）整个意思表达）和先行词关系不密切（一种补和先行词关系不密切（一种补充说明，删去不影响全句意思充说明，删去不影响全句意思的表达）的表达）不用逗号隔开不用
37、逗号隔开一般用逗号隔开一般用逗号隔开可用关系代词可用关系代词thatthat不可用关系代词不可用关系代词thatthat关系代词可省略（但在从句中关系代词可省略（但在从句中作宾语）作宾语）关系代词不可以省略关系代词不可以省略只可修饰先行词，不可以修饰只可修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分主句或主句的一部分除修饰先行词还可以修饰整个除修饰先行词还可以修饰整个主句或主句的一部分主句或主句的一部分暗示被修饰的先行词不是唯一暗示被修饰的先行词不是唯一的的表示被修饰的先行词是唯一的表示被修饰的先行词是唯一的翻译时先翻译从句在翻译主句翻译时先翻译从句在翻译主句 翻译时先译主句再译从句翻译时先译主句再
38、译从句People who take physical exercise live longer.进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)His daughter,who is in Boston now,is coming home next week.他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)I have a sister who is a doctor.我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)I have a sister,who is a doctor.我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)Peter drove too fast,which wa
39、s dangerous.彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)He changed his mind,which made me very angry.他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)Mr.Smith,who is our boss,will leave for Japan next week.我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)Her father,who has a lot of money,wishes her to study abroad.她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无
40、二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)1.I have lost the pen which I like very much.（暗示不止一个）（暗示不止一个）I have lost the pen,which I like very much.（暗示只有一支钢（暗示只有一支钢笔）笔）2.I have two sisters,who are both students.I have two sisters,both of whom are students.4.This is our classroom,in the front of which there is a teachers desk.5.His father who is in Beijing will return to Yancheng next week.()His father,who is in Beijing,will return to Yancheng next week.()Thank youThank you