《2018考研英语一真题及参考答案.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2018考研英语一真题及参考答案.pdf（23页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2018 考研英语一真题及参考答案2018 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET。（10 points）Trust is a tricky business。On the one hand，its a necess
2、ary condition 1 many worthwhilethings：child care，friendships，etc。On the other hand，putting your 2，in the wrong placeoften carries a high 3。4，why do we trust at all？Well，because it feels good。5 people place their trust inan individual or an institution，their brains release oxytocin，a hormone that 6 p
3、leasurablefeelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another。Scientistshave found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9：In a Swiss study，researcherssprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects；those subjects were ready to lendsignificantly hig
4、her amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else。11 for us，we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us。A Canadian study foundthat children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one。Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an ad
5、ult tester holding a plastic container。The tester wouldask，“Whats in here？”before looking into the container，smiling，and exclaiming，“Wow！”Each subject was then invited to look 15。Half of them found a toy；the other half 16 the containerwas empty-and realized the tester had 17 them。Among the children
6、who had not been tricked，the majority were 18 to cooperate with the testerin learning a new skill，demonstrating that they trusted his leadership。19，only five of the30 children paired with the“20”tester participated in a follow-up activity。1。A on B like C for D from2。A faith B concern C attention D i
7、nterest3。A benefit B debt C hope D price4。A Therefore B Then C Instead D Again5。AUntil B Unless C Although D When6。A selects B produces C applies D maintains7。A consult B compete C connect D compare欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！8。A at B by Cof Dto9。A context B mood C period D circle
8、10。A counterparts B substitutes C colleagues Dsupporters11。A Funny B Lucky C Odd D Ironic12。A monitor B protect C surprise D delight13。A between B within C toward D over14。A transferred B added C introduced D entrusted15。A out B back C around D inside16。A discovered B proved C insisted D。remembered1
9、7。A betrayed Bwronged C fooled D mocked18。A forced B willing C hesitant D entitled19。A In contrast B As a result C On the whole D For instance20。A inflexible B incapable C unreliable D unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts。Answer the questions below
10、 each text by choosing A，B，Cor D。Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET。（40 points）Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentionedin the next presidential campaign：What happens when the robots come for their jobs？Dont dismiss that possibility entir
11、ely。About half of U.S。jobs are at high risk of beingautomated，according to a University of Oxford study，with the middle class disproportionatelysqueezed。Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dont appeal to robots。But manymiddle-class occupations-trucking，financial advice，software engineering
12、have arousedtheir interest，or soon will。The rich own the robots，so they will be fine。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！This isnt to be alarmist。Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefitedworkers in the past。The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites whose
13、jobs weredisplaced by mechanized looms，but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobsthan it destroyed。Likewise，automationshould eventually boost productivity，stimulate demandby driving down prices，and free workers from hard，boring work。But in the medium term，middle-class workers ma
14、y need a lot of help adjusting。The first step，as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age，should be rethinking education and job training。Curriculums from grammar school to college-should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communica
15、tion。Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solvingskills and helping studentswork alongside robots。Online education can supplement the traditional kind。It could make extratraining and instruction affordable。Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be ableto do so with
16、out going into debt。The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S。to revive its fadingbusiness dynamism：Starting new companies must be made easier。In previous eras of drastictechnological change，entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine laborand m
17、achines。The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality havent been invented yet。TheU.S。needs the new companies that will invent them。Finally，because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and laborincome，taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought。Taxes on low-wage lab
18、or need tobe cut，and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded：This wouldboost incomes，encourage work，reward companies for job creation，and reduce inequality。Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years，yet this willbe little comfort to t
19、hose who find their lives and careers upended by automation。Destroyingthe machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts。But policies to help workers adapt willbe indispensable。21.Who will be most threatened by automation？A Leading politicians。BLow-wage laborers。CRobot owners。DMiddle-class work
20、ers。22。Which of the following best represent the authors view？A Worries about automation are in fact groundless。BOptimists opinions on new tech find little support。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！CIssues arising from automation need to be tackledDNegative consequences of new tech can
21、be avoided23.Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis onA creative potential。Bjob-hunting skills。Cindividual needs。Dcooperative spirit。24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed atA encouraging the development of automation。Bincreasing the return on capital investment。Ceasi
22、ng the hostility between rich and poor。Dpreventing the income gap from widening。25.In this text，the author presents a problem withA opposing views on it。Bpossible solutions to it。Cits alarming impacts。Dits major variations。Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young
23、Americans disapproveof President Trumps use of Twitter。The implication is that Millennials prefer news from theWhite House to be filtered through other source，Not a presidents social media platform。Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines。Yet as distrust has risen towardall media
24、，people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills。Such a trend is badlyneeded。During the 2016 presidential campaign，nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitterusers in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news，according to the Universityof Oxford。And a survey conduc
25、ted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarelyor never trust news from the media giant。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating factfrom fiction in cyberspace。A Knight Foundation focus-group s
26、urvey of young people between ages14and24 found they use“distributed trust”to verify stories。They cross-check sources andprefer news from different perspectivesespecially those that are open about any bias。“Manyyoung people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and
27、activelyseeking out opposing viewpoints，”the survey concluded。Such active research can have another effect。A 2014 survey conducted in Australia，Britain，and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peoples relianceon social media led to greater political engagement。So
28、cial media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately whilealso permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests。This forcesusers to be more conscious of their role in passing along information。A survey by Barna researchgroup found the top re
29、ason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is“reader error，”more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting。About a third say the problemof fake news lies in“misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”via social media。Inother words，the choice to share news on social med
30、ia may be the heart of the issue。“Thisindicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem，”says RoxanneStone，editor in chief at Barna Group。So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president，they reveal a mentaldiscipline in thinking skills and in their choic
31、es on when to share on social media。26。According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2，many young Americans cast doubts onA the justification of the news-filtering practice。B peoples preference for social media platforms。C the administrations ability to handle information。D social media was a reliable source of
32、 news。27。The phrase“beer up”（Line 2，Para。2）is closest in meaning toA sharpenB defineC boastD share28。According to the knight foundation survey，young people欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！A tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace。B verify news by referring to diverse resources。C hav
33、e s strong sense of responsibility。D like to exchange views on“distributed trust”29。The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem isA readers outdated values。B journalists biased reportingC readers misinterpretationD journalists made-up stories。30。Which of the following would be
34、 the best title for the text？A A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineB A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendC The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media。D The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests。Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between
35、 Britains National HealthService（NHS）and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well。DeepMindis one of the leading artificial intelligence（AI）companies in the world。The potential ofthis work applied to healthcare is very great，but it could also lead to further concentrationof powe
36、r in the tech giants。It Is against that background that the information commissioner，Elizabeth Denham，has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust underthe NHS，which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basisof a vague agreement which too
37、k far too little account of the patients rights and theirexpectations of privacy。DeepMind has almost apologized。The NHS trust has mended its ways。Further arrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure thatall necessary permissions have been as
38、ked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned。There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn。But privacy is not the only anglein this case and not even the most important。Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on theNHS trust，since under existing law it“controlled”the data a
39、nd DeepMind merely“processed欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！“it。But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation，not themere possession of bits，that gives the data value。The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our live
40、snow generate。Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiableknowledge about them。That misses the way the surveillance economy works。The data of anindividual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millionsmore。The use of privacy law t
41、o curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted。This practice does not address the real worry。It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMinddevelops will benefit patients and save lives。What matters is that they will belong to a privatemonopoly which developed them using publ
42、ic resources。If software promises to save lives on thescale that dugs now can，big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done。We arestill at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have giganticconsequences later。A long struggle will be needed to avoid a fut
43、ure of digital feudalism。MsDenhams report is a welcome start。31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind？A It caused conflicts among tech giants。B It failed to pay due attention to patients rights。C It fell short of the latters expectationsD It put both sides into a dangerous situat
44、ion。32。The NHS trust responded to Denhams verdict withA empty promises。B tough resistance。C necessary adjustments。D sincere apologies。33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 thatA privacy protection must be secured at all costs。B leaking patients data is worse than selling it。C making profits from patie
45、nts data is illegal。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！D the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph，the real worry arising from this deal isA the vicious rivalry among big pharmas。B the ineffective enforcement of privacy law。C the uncontrolled use
46、 of new software。D the monopoly of big data by tech giants。35.The authors attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare isA ambiguous。B cautious。C appreciative。D contemptuous。Text 4The U.S。Postal Service（USPS）continues to bleed red ink。It reported a net loss of$5.6billion for fiscal 2016，the 1
47、0th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue。Meanwhile，it has more than$120 billion in unfunded liabilities，mostly for employee health and retirementcosts。There are many bankruptcies。Fundamentally，the USPS is in a historic squeeze betweentechnological change that has permanently decreased de
48、mand for its bread-and-butter product，first-class mail，and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjustits operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interestedpressure on the USPSs ultimate overseer-Congr
49、ess-insisting that whatever else happens to thePostal Service，aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected。This is why repeatedattempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years，leaving the Postal Service unableto pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization。Now comes word
50、 that everyone involved-Democrats，Republicans，the Postal Service，theunions and the system s heaviest usershas finally agreed on a plan to fix the system。Legislationis moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated$28.6 billion over five years，which could help pay for new vehicles，among o