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1、中学英语中考应考语法全集中学英语语法网络图名词I.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名,团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数:1 .规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加一S或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列 表如下:规则例词! 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dis h-dishes3 以-f 或-fe 结尾的词 变-f
2、 和-fe 为 v 再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-kniv es, loaf-loaves, wife-wives力!s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, stor y-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加s toy-toys, boy-boy s, day-days, ray-ray
3、s, Henry-Henrys6 以辅音字母加- 结尾的名词一般加一es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-po tatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少来词口s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两苕皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7 以元音字母加 结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8 以-th 结尾的名词加-s truth-tru
4、ths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2 .不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:规则例词!改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose -geese, mouse-mice3 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,4 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, con
5、 tents5 ，些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, f amily, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, p ublic, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关），forces（军队），times（时代），spirits（情 绪），drinks（饮料），sands（沙滩），papers（文件报纸），manners（礼貌），looks
6、（外表），b rains（头脑智力），greens（青菜），ruins（废墟）? 表示某国人力口-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europ eans单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen8 合成名词将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-telle rs, boy friends无主体名词时将最后，部分变为
7、复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII,名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:是名词 词尾加s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。1 .飞所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加飞 the boys father. Jacks book, her son-in-law?s photo,复数名词 一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother,不规则复数名词后加s the chi
8、ldrens toys, womens rights,以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者Dickens* novels, Charless job, the Smiths ho use表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加s Japans and Americas problems, J anes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后词末加s Japan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺,所有格后名词省略the doctors. the barbers, the tai lors, my uncles2
9、.所有格的用法:1 表小时I冋 todays newspaper, five weeks holiday2 表示自然现象 the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country9s plan, the worlds population, Chin as industry4 表示工作群体 the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5 表示度量衡及价值 a miles journey, five dollars, worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊
10、关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7 某些固定词组 a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end（不知所 措）3. of所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year stud ents用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an）,定冠词（the）,和零冠词。I,
11、不定冠词的用法:1 指类人或事,相当于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you.3 表示每相当于 every, one We study eight hours a day.4表示“相同相当于the same We are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6
12、用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such 之后 This room is rather a big one.8 用于 so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish t meet.II,定冠词的用法:1 表示某类人或物 The horse is a useful animal.2 用于世上独无二的事物名词前 th
13、e universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示，类人the reach, the living, the wounded6 表示一家人或夫妇the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two childre n.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前the Uni
14、ted States, the Co mmunist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代in the 1990飞11用于表示单位的名词前! hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.H零冠词的用法:!专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, a
15、ir2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制 ! want this book, n ot that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spri ng4表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by l
16、and7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.三.代词:L代词可以分为以下七大类:1 人称代词主格 !, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2 物主代词形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3 反
17、身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, them selves4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as? 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little
18、/ a few/ a little,other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII,不定代词用法注意点:1. one, some any:1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多 用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。
19、Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何，个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each 和 ever
20、y:each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数 必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We ea ch have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none 和 no：no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数, 代替可数名
21、词,谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other 和 another:1) other泛指“另外的,别的“常与其他词连用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others如:He held a boo
22、k in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) another指“又一个,另个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事” 如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, w
23、hile others like basketball.5. al! 和 both, neither 和 eitherall表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定, 全部否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四.形
24、容词和副词I.形容词:1.形容词的位置:1）形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobo dy absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可以后置 the only person awake 4和空间、时间、单位连用时a br
25、idge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with2）多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuch the athisanotheryour secondnext one four beautifulgoodpoor largeshort square newcool black yellow Chine
26、seLondon silkstone3)复合形容词的构成:I 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词 world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue 7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking 8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working 9数词+名词+ed three-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built 10数词+名词twenty-yearII .副词副词的分类:1 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently
27、5 频度副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, never2 地点副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑问副词 how, where, wh en, why3 方式副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 关系副词 when, where,
28、whyIII,形容词和副词比较等级:形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成 般是在形容词和副词后加er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。1 .同级比较时常常用asas以及not so(as)as如:I am not so good a pl ayer as you are.2 .可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, y et, by far, any, a great deal 3,表示，方随另方变化时用“the more.the more.”句型。如
29、:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4 .用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying da y5 .表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.6 .表示“最高程度”的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite,
30、 excellent, extr erne, perfect 五.介词1 .介词分类:! 简单介见! about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, dur ing, in, on2 合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, withou t3 短语介可 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, than ks to4 双重介词 from
31、 among, from behind, from under, till after, in between5分词转化成的介词considering（就而论），including6 形容词转化成的介词 !ike, unlike, near, next, oppositeII,常用介词区别:!表示时间的in, on, at at表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日子 有关2表示时间的since, from since指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,fr om指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in, after in指在一段时间之后,after表示某具体时间点之后或 用在过去时
32、的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in, on, to in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某 环境范围之外5表示“在一上的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分6表示穿过”的through, across through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表 示在表面上通过，与on有关7表示“关于的about, on about指涉及到,on指专门论述8 between与among的区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以 上的中间9 besides与except的区别besides指“除了还有再加上，except指除了，减 去什么”,不放
33、在句首10表示用的in, with with表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法，度量, 单位,语言,声音11 as与like的区别as意为作为,以地位或身份，like为象样,指情 形相似12 in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向,不表示目的地或位 置六.动词I.动词的时态:1 .动词的时态共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一一般 ask 1 asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/wi
34、ll be asking should/would be as king完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked完成进行 have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking sh ould/would have been asking2 .现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是 对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已
35、经等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer.（已经看过, 且了解这本书的内容）2 ） 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的 时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过，“了等词。简言之，仅谈过去,不关现在。如：I read the novel last month.（只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住）I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关）3 .现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可
36、以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果 时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用 现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。I have read that book.我读过那本书了。I have been reading that book all the morning.我早上一直在读那本书。4 . 一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1 will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.2 be going to+动词原形含有“打算,计划,
37、即将“做某事,或表示很有可能要发 生某事 It,s going to clear up.We,re going to have a party tonight.3 be + doing 进行时表示将来 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive 等词可用进 行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe?4 be about to +动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般 不跟时间状语 I was about to leave when the bell ran
38、g.The meeting is about to close.5 be to +动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Were to meet at the sc hool gate at noon.6 一般现在时表示将来 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在 时表示将来 The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II.动词的被动语态:常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成! 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked2 一般过去时
39、 was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked3 般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked4 过去将来时 should/would be asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have been aske d5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be aske d注事项被动语态的否定式是在第个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态 不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoing to, used to, have to
40、, had better变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被 动态。如:Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his cl assmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如:It is believed that. It is generally considered that. It is said that.It is well known that. It mus
41、t be pointed out that. It is supposed that.It is reported that. It must be admitted that. It is hoped that.下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如:The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut. / The play wont act. The clothes washes well. / The bo ok sells well.The dish tast
42、es delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, hav e, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等七.情态动词I .情态动词基本用法:情态动词用法否定式疑问式与
43、简答can能力（体力,智力,技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）可能性（表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中）can not / cannot /can,t do Can.d 0.?Yes,.can.No,.cant.could couldnt domay可以（问句中表示请求）可能,或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not do May.do.? Yes,.may.No,.mustnt/cant.might might not do Might.do.? Yes,.mightNo,.might not.must必须,应该（表主观要求）肯定,想必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustnt do
44、Must.do.? Yes,.must. No,.neednt/dont have to.have to只好,不得不（客观的必须,有时态人称变化）dont have to do Do. have to do.?Yes,.do. No,.dont.ought to 应当（表示义务责任,口语中多用 should ought not to/oughtnt to do Ought.to do.?Yes,.ought. No,.oughtnt.shall将要,会用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shall not/shant do Shall.do.?Yes,.shall.
45、 No,.shant.should应当,应该（表义务责任）本该（含有责备意味）should not/shouldnt do Should.do.?will意愿,决心请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉will not/wont do Will.do.?Yes,.will. No,.wont.would would not/wouldnt dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/darent do Dare.do.?Yes,.dare. No,.darent.need需要必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）need not/neednt do Need.do.?Yes,.must
46、. No,.neednt.used to 过去常常（现在已不再）used not/usednt/usent to dodidnt use to do Used.to do.?Yes,.used. No,.use（d）nt.Did.use to do.?Yes,.did. No,.didnt.II.情态动词 must, may, might, could, can 表示推测:以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的，般状态进行;must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1. mus肯定,一定“语气强,只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性,不及cant语气强,用于肯定、 否定、疑问句中。Th