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1、考研真相英语长难句专章分类精解收集于网络考研真相英语长难句专章分类精解考研真相为考试中心资深命题人王林所著的历年英语真题书,以“彻底细解”为特 色,很适合英语基础不是太好的考生使用。尤其是真题文章当中的词汇注释部分非常系 统,难句解析部分非常直观。以下是本人在网上搜索的老版本的专章讲长难句的部分, 这部分新版本用图解的方法讲解,效果更好了。但目前只能找到这个,还算不错,所以 建议大家看看。希望大家喜欢。近几年来,考研英语出现了很多难句。并且这些难句主要是长难句。英语长难句不限于 并列句和复合句,简单句有时也很长。它的个重要特点便是修饰语较长,而这些较长的 修饰语一般都是短语和从句,它们或是位于
2、名词后面的定语短语或从句,或是位于动词 后面的状语短语或从句。这类修饰语在句子中还可以个套个连用,甚至连套上好 几个也很普 通。于是,英语文章中出现的长句少则四、五行,多则十余行,甚至整个 段就是个长句。对于考研英语的考生来说,英语长句的理解,关键在于语法分析。具 体地说,理解长句大体可以分两个步骤进行:(D判断出句子是简单句,并列句,还是复合句;(2)先找出句中的主要成分,即主语和谓语动词;然后再分清句中的宾语、状语、表 语、宾语补足语、定语等。一般说来考研英语的句式往往具有以下特点:1)句子偏长,多为复杂句。2)句子修饰语多,层次复杂。3)使用插入语和分隔结构4)成分省略5)多枝共干6)改
3、变语序7)否定结构8)比较结构这种方式往往可以相互结合.从而形成更长的难句。形成长难句的目的却只有一个。 就是打断和打乱考生正常的阅读习惯和思维习惯。从而达到考察考生阅读能力和翻译能力 的目标。下面分别对这八种方式解析。第一节:句子偏长,多为复杂句1具体表现在以下几点:I.主语为长句,且放在前面如果句子的主语比谓语长许多,可用各种修饰手段变成主谓语两头基本平衡。阅读理解 短文中大多数也是这种句子。但是,也有相当一部分长句不是这样,而是头顶个长长的 主 语,其后的谓语却非常短。例如:例 ! ! Much of the language used to describe monetary poli
4、cy, such as “steering theeconomy to a soft landing or a touch on the brakes, makes it sound like a precise science.【简析】本句的主语部分是:Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, suchas steering the economy to a soft landing or a touch on the brakes, 长达 24个单词,而谓语只是个词make.对中国学生来说,这样长的主语往往会打乱我们的 思
5、维习惯,使我们摸不清 句子结构关系,导致理解错误。【译文】很多用来描述货币政策的语言,如“引导经济软着陆,“踩刹车”,使经济 学听起来像是一门精确的科学。此外,名词性从句作主语时,也会使主语变长。例如:【例 2】How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon theamount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skills and wisdom with which it is inte
6、rpreted.【简析】本句中主语 How well the predictions will be validated by later performance,这是名词性从句作主语,而谓语却只是个并列的词组depends upon和 (depends) on【译文】这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现证实,这取决于被采用信息的数量、可靠 性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。II.句首为个较长的状语从句一般情况下,状语通常放在句未或句中。在句首出现个长长的状语较少见,但在考研 英语中,这种现象比较常见。例如:【例 3】 From the very day of the capitulatio
7、n, by which Bismark* s prisoners had signed the surrender of France but reserved to themselves a numerous bodyguard for the express purpose of cowing Paris, Paris stood on the watch.【简析】本句的主语是Paris,而前面的部分都是状语,放在句首,往往会干扰我们的 阅读思路。【译文】从法国投降那一天起,巴黎就严加戒备,因为屈从于俾斯麦的法国政府签约投 降时,保留了一支相当庞大的军事力量,目的是为了威胁恐吓巴黎。例14
8、】While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at theexpense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that warlike conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.本句中 While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand terr
9、itory at theexpense of others, and thus lead to conflict,是个让步状语从句,放在句首, 后面的!t是句子的形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的从句。【译文】尽管这种竞争可能导致双方努力扩张领土,牺牲对方的利益,因而导致冲突, 但是,我们还不能说战争不能避免,虽然竞争已经不可避免。第二节:修饰成分复杂英语句子有时主体结构简单,附加修饰成分结构却非常复杂,虽然这些修饰成分丰富句 子内容,但是,修饰语的增多,会破坏了主于句子的连贯性,这就给快速阅读、充分理解 原 文,造成了很大的困难。而且,这些修饰成分往往是考研英语的考点所在。命题人员 常常利
10、用这些考点设计问题或选项。因此很多考生常感到“文章生词并不多,可就是读 不懂”。其中从句套从句常在考研英语阅读理解短文中出现。不管句子结构多么复杂多 变、盘根错节,我 们只要把握住句子结构的主脉络,就可理出头绪,找到思路。例如:【例 5】This trend began during the Second World War, when severalgovernments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that agovernment wants to make of its scientific establishment
11、 cannot generally be foreseen in detail.【简析】本句中从when开始是个时间状语从句,在这个时间状语从句中,还包含一 个that引导的同位语从句,修饰conclusion:还包含个的定语从句由that引导, 修饰 the specific demands【译文】这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府下了结论,认为:政 府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。例 6 Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiologicalmechanis
12、ms that allow the seals to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the ocean s surface and last for over 70 minutes.【简析】本句三个不同层次的定语从句。第一层次定语从句由that引导修饰前面的mechanisms;第二层定语从句也是由that引导,修饰deprivation:第三层次的定语从 句由which引导,修饰前面的its lon
13、gest diveso现图解如下:Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seals to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivationthat occurs during its longest dives,which can extend 500 meters below the ocean s surface and last for over 70 minutes.【译文】关于威德尔
14、海豹特殊的生理机制,在实验室里对其进行的研究作过详细的描 述。该生理机制使海豹可以适应长时间潜水时出现的极度缺氧。海豹长时间潜水时最深可 达水面以下500米,时间可持续70多分钟。【例 7】Tom, the book s protagonist, took issue with a man who doted on his household pet yet, as a slave merchant, thought “nothing of separating the husband from the wife, the parents from the children”.【简析】本句主干
15、部分很简单:Tom took issue with a man,但是后面的关系介词 who引导的定语从句却非常复杂,它包含了一个由yet连接的并列的谓语doted on, thought nothing of ,而且在介词of第二个宾语中还省略了 separatingo现图解如 下:Tom, the book s protagonist, took issue with a manwho doted on his household petyet,并列谓语as a slave merchant, thought nothing of separating the husband from th
16、e wife,介词of的并列宾语(separating) the parents from the children”.4【译文】书中的主人公汤姆与一个人发生了争执。这人虽然爱家中的宠物。但作为个 奴隶贩子,却认为“拆散夫妻,让骨肉分离算不了什么”。第三节:分隔结构英语句子中语法关系密切的两个词语本应紧挨在起,但为了某种原因,根据英语行文 习惯可以把两个有关成分隔开,这种语言现象称为词语的分隔。含有分隔结构的复杂句通 常是指那些句子结构主谓、谓宾、宾补之间存在着其他成分,另外,还有一种分隔结构 是同位语和定语同它们所修饰的成分分隔,由于作同位语和作定语的句子太长,而后面 的部分又太短,为了保证
17、全句意义表达的完整性常常把同位语或定语放到句子的最后, 形成分隔的结构。一般地来讲分隔结构不难辨认,但当句子较长时,各种句子成分较 多,被分隔的部分又相距较远时也容易造成理解障碍,而且常常被分隔的成分又都是句 子的主干。因此准确判断分隔结构也是提高英语阅读水平的个重要方面。本章将分析 带有分隔结构的英语句子。常见的词语分隔现象有下列三种:修辞性分隔;修饰性分 隔;插人性分隔。下面分类举例作些说明。、修辞性分隔修辞性分隔主要是为了保持全句的平衡.避免头重脚轻,把本应紧挨在一起的两个有关 成分隔开。它有主语和定语的分隔、主语和同位语的分隔等。这类分隔现象般都是定语 和同位语较长,它们紧接在主语后面
18、,显得头重脚轻,所以被移在谓语动词后面:A、主语和定语的分隔例 8 To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American.【简析】本句中of Canada and Canadians是this observation的定语,但是被谓 语made隔开。【译文】公平地说,人们对加拿大和加拿大人也有这样的评论。【例 9】 Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary
19、 standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion.【简析】本句中of people who是主语Cases的定语,因为定语太长,被谓语隔开, 放在句子末尾。【译文】有记录表明,(按通常看法)几乎没有遗忘的那些人,其日常活动充满了混 乱。B、主语和同位语的分隔5作 10 An unusual present was given to him for his birthday, a book on ethics.【简析】本句中a book on ethics是同位语,说明主语an u
20、nusual present.【译文】过生日的时候他得到了一件不寻常的礼物一本关于伦理道徳的书。【例 11】The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by sever
21、al local geological journals in the 20thcentury.【简析】本句中以a result开始的结构是主语the overall result的同位语,因为 太长,被安排在最后,与谓语隔开。【译文】这样来,总的结果便是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊上发表文章就更难 T,而被广泛使用的论文评审推荐制度又进步强化了这结果,该种制度先是出现在 19世纪的国家级刊物上,后又在20世纪被几家地方级地质学刊物所使用。上述各例可以说都是从修辞角度出发,为了全句的平衡,把本应紧挨在一起的主语和 其修辞语隔开。因为汉语中定语和同位语一般都是和它所修饰的词语连在起,所以英语 中
22、这类分隔的词语译成汉语往往是紧挨在一起的。二、修饰性分隔语法关系密切的两个词语有时被个起修饰作用的词语或从句分隔,这种语言现象称为 修饰性分隔。常见的修饰性分隔有主语或宾语后面跟上一个定语,谓语动词之前或后面有 个状语,造成主语或宾语同谓语动词的分隔,宾语同状语或补足语的分隔,定语同定 语的分隔,等等。A、主语或宾语和谓语动词的分隔【例 11】This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than onesfellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, th
23、e very causes of unhappiness and i1Iness.【简析】主语need后有一个不定式短语作定语。这个不定式本身又带有一个宾语从句 that 【译文】他们需要不断证明自己与竞争对手同样优秀或者比对手更好,这使他们经常感 到忧虑和压重重,而这正是不幸和疾病的起因。6例 12 If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.【简析】本句中黑体字是形容词短语,作主语the cell的定语,本句谓语是becomes cance
24、rous.【译文】如果几个致癌基因被激活,而细胞不能将它们消灭,就会成为癌细胞。【例 12】Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.【简析】本句中主语之后有两个并列的fromto介词短语,本句谓语是bringo【译文
25、】许多其他商业企业,从剧院到出版社,从煤气、电公司到牛奶加工厂,都通 过计算机的使用给消费者提供更好、效率更高的服务。【例 13】Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, those manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.【简析】在that引导的宾语从句中,主语manifest和谓语动词scorns和longs 之间被定语published in 1995隔开。有些学生不
26、了解这种结构的特点,往往把作定语 用的过去分词published误解为谓语动词过去时。【译文】如果将反科学标签用在仇视现代文明的恐怖分子身上,很少会有人非议。这些 恐怖分子在1995年的宣言中公开蔑视科学,渴望回到技术时代之前的乌托邦社会。【例 14】The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water arecombined -in the presence of chlorophyll and with energy derived from light to form sugars, require that
27、 carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant.【简析】主谓之冋被个很长的定语从句by which隔开。该定语从句(黑体部分) 是 对主语The processes (光合作用过程)的解释。【译文】在有叶绿素和光能的情况下,二氧化碳和水通过光合作用结合形成单糖。这就 要求空气中的二氧化碳必须进入植物。【例 15】Fhe researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing gene
28、s, are inactive in normal cells.7【简析】句子后半部分有一个以that引导的宾语从句,其主语是oncogenes,谓语是 are inactive的定语从句。主谓之间被which引导的定语从句隔开。oncogenes是专业 性较强的单词,能认识它的考生恐怕不多,所以,用定语从句对其进行解释(致癌的基 固)。【例 16】What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for re
29、al.【简析】 关系代词that引导的定语从句将主语the productivity revolution和谓 语is隔开。【译文】更难分辨的是这些商人们设想的由他们领导的这场生产率革命是否真实。【仞 17】Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employ
30、ed them.【简析】meet的宾语是the managers,及物动词和它的宾语之间通常是连贯的,但这 里 被状语on equal terms隔开。【译文】然而,幸运的是,工会的势和组织在日益壮大,至少在各技术行业是这样, 这就使工人与雇用他们的公司经理们地位平等了。【例 18】Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men
31、are created equal.【简析】本句中,on this continent插在动词brought forth和宾语a new nation 之间。【译文】八十七年前,我们的先辈们在这块大陆上创建了一个新国家。这个国家以自由 为立国之本,并奉行人人生来平等的原则。【例 19 Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that th
32、ey could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”【简析】本句中 director of Montefiore Medical Center是主语 Nancy Dub 1 er 的 同位语,它将主语和谓语动词contends隔开;在后半部分doctors的定语从句中 until now将定语从句的主语who和谓语have insisted隔开。【译文】Nancy Dub 1 er, Montefiore医疗中心的主任,认为这一原则将会保护这样 些医生
33、,他们到目前为止还强烈坚持他们不能够给病人是量的镇痛剂来控制他们的疼 痛,如果这么做会加速他们的死亡的话。8【例 20】The second major section of the research report details, with as much data aspossible, exactly how the study was carried out.【简析】本句中介词短语with as much data as possible,和exactly插在动词 details 和宾语 从句 how the study was carried out.【译文】研究报告的第二大部分用尽
34、可能多的资料详细而又精确地说明了该研究工作是 如何进行的。B.宾语和状语或补足语的分隔【例 21】We should not scare people who are waging war against aggressors with the danger of thermo-nuc1ear war.我们不应用热核战争的危险吓唬正在和侵略者作战的人们。【简析】这句中的宾语people和状语with the danger of thermo-nuclear war之 间隔着定语从句 whaggressors.从形式上看,with the danger of thermo-nuclear war
35、似乎也可修饰它前面的aggressors,如译为“正在和充满热核战争危险的侵略 者作战的人们”,意思好像勉 强过得去。其实,它在句中不是修饰aggressors的定 语,而是状语,修饰scare,应译为“我 们不应用危险吓唬”。【译文】我们不应用热核战争的危险吓唬正在和侵略者作战的人们。【例 22】We know that these principles will also inspire the students, who stand at the head of the demonstration, to march forward, through struggles, to vict
36、ory.【简析】这句中的 to march forward, through struggles, to victory 不是修饰它 邻近的stand的状语,而是作宾语students的补足语(其中through struggles, to victory是修 饰to march的状语),因此不能照原文词序机械地译为“我们知道这些原则也将鼓舞学 生们,他们站在,向前迈进,通过斗争,走向胜利”。原句中的宾语students和 补足语 to marchvictory 被定语从句 who stand the demonstration 隔开。【译文】我们知道这些原则也将鼓舞站在示威游行队伍前列的学生
37、们通过斗争,向前迈 进,走向胜利。C.其他词语之间的分隔【例 23 No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as wel 1 as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the house.【简析】本句中more highly than I do插在动词词组think of之间。【译文】没有人比我对刚刚向议会全体代表发言的可尊敬的先生们的爱国精神和才干更 钦佩了。9【例24?he auto bomb has merely brought
38、 home to (向.清楚地证实;使深切地 感至)us, harshly, as a matter of life and death, what has long been growing: our failure to face, our refusal to face, as individuals and as nations, the place of science in our mind.【简析】本句中as a matter of life and death,插在动词词组brought home to us 和宾语what has long been growing之间。我们
39、还可以把这一句中what has been growing 看出是 brought的宾语。另外,as individuals and as nations也是分隔结构,插在face和the place of science in our mind 之间。【译文】原子弹只是无情地使我们深切地认识到个长期来日益增长的生死攸关的问题:作为个人或国家,我们未能正视或拒绝正视科学在我们这个世界上的地位。【例 25】The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from thegovernment official to t
40、he ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.【简析】这句中的表语application和修饰它的定语of the special methods .in their work 之间,被另1个定语 by al 1 members . ordinary citizen 分隔,如 果把后者移在原文句末或其 他位置,都不恰当,只有放在the application与of the special methods之间最为妥帖,汉译时可把它放在句末。【译
41、文】第二个方面是,社会上的一切成员,从政府部门中任公职的官员到普通公民, 都应运用科学家们在研究工作中所采用的专门的思维方法和工作方法。【例 26 Why does he say nothing about the total absence from his list of poems about his life in the countryside?【简析】这句中的of poems很容易被误解为修饰list,如果译为“他的诗单中根本 没有他在农村的生活”,当然错了。其实这里的of poems修饰absence, absence后 接of poems,作“没有诗”解,不是“没有他在农村的生
42、活”。句中about 的宾语absence和它的定语of poems之间被另个定语from his list分隔,这里的from his list如 被移在poems后面或句末,修饰关系上可能产生歧义,因此它只有放在absence和of poems之间比较恰当。【译文】他的目录中根本没有关于他在农村的生活,他对这点为什么只字不提呢?【例 27】He poured into his writing all the pain of his life and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a bet
43、ter place to live in if the people became the masters of their fate.10这句中的that the worldtheir fate是名词从句,作宾语conviction的同位语, 中间被定语从句it had brought to him隔开。这句是宾语和其同位语之间的分隔。【译文】他在作品里倾诉了自己一生的痛苦和这种痛苦给他带来的一种信念,认为如果 人民成为自己命运的主人,世界就会变得美好。上述各例中被修饰成分分隔的有关词语,译成汉语时一般也都紧挨在起。三、插入性分隔在语法关系密切的两个词语之间可以加入个插入语,这种语言现象称为
44、插人性分隔。 在书面语中,插人语的前后通常都用逗号或破折号把被它分隔的有关成分撇开。在考研英 语中,这种分隔现象,往往会导致误解。例如:【例 28】So much is art, the art that in common with poetry, drama, painting, and music, does, we all know, enter into the novel.【简析】这句中the art后面的that in common with. into the novel是个定语 从句,定语从句里的主语是that,指art,谓语动词是does enter,这里的does用来加强
45、 enter的语气,但中间被插入语we all know分隔,前后用两个逗号撇开。如果把 does和enter理解为两个单独的谓语动词,那就错了。【译文】以上说的就是艺术,也就是小说里确实具有的艺术,与诗歌、戏剧、绘画和音 乐中所具有的艺术没有什么不同,这一点我们大家都知道。【例 29】Thirdly by refusing to take refuge-as the previous Government had continually done in the preceding years-in panic-striken stop-gap measures, we stimulated
46、the return of international confidence.【简析】to take refuge in是个固定词组,作“求助于解,而这句中的to take refuge与in之间插入as the previous. years,插入语前后用两个破折号把take refuge与in隔开。如果因为in前面有了个破折号,就把in看作和它后面的 measures有关,而把句中的take refuge误解为“避难”,译为“第三,我们拒绝像上 届政府那样以惶恐的补漏洞措施避难”,那就大错特错了。【译文】第三,我们没有采取上届政府前几年的贯做法:由于惊慌失措而求助于些 权宜之计。因为没有这
47、样做,我们促进了国际信任的恢复。第四节:省略句11英语句子中的某些成分有时在句中不必出现,或者前面已出现过的某些成分,为了避免 不必要的重复,增强表义的紧凑性、逻辑性和新颖性,常常把句子前部分已经交待过的 人、事或动作在不影响语义内容表达连贯的情况下,从句子后部分的成分中省略掉。这 种语言现象叫做省略。例如Glad to see you,这是个简单句,主语I和谓语动词am 在这里可以省略; 又如:London is on the Thames, and Paris on the Seine.这句是 并列复合句,后半句省略了谓语动词is,因为前面已出现过is,后面不必重复;再如 While wa
48、lking along the road, he sang merrily.这是个主从复合句,walking 前面 的主语he和助动词was可以省略。英语省略一般出现在平行结构的后半部分或各类从句中。被省略的部分大多是主语,谓 语或谓语的助动词等。因此在阅读过程中,如果遇到较长、较复杂的句子,有时容易把已 被省略了某些成分的分句或短语误解为其他的句子成分,如:分词结构、插入、定语或 状语等,造成对主干结构的误判,就容易造成对文章的理解困难。从历年试卷阅读理解 短文的情况来看,一般有以下几种:I .引导词引导的省略句有些词语可引导有省略成分的句子,如hence, so等。例如:例 I Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear view mirro