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1、 Hello,everyone.Todays topic is a brief discussion on the union of heaven and man.The union of heaven and man is a major feature of Chinese traditional culture,Not only Confucianism but also Taoism,they both acknowledge that heaven and man are united.For example,Zhuang Zi,the representative figure o
2、f Taoism,said clearly that Man co-exists with Heaven and Earth,and is united with everything.He also said,integrating everything in the world into a whole part.All the more so with Confucianism.For example,theres a paragraph in The Doctrine of the Mean,So the gentleman should make self-cultivation.T
3、o make self-cultivation,he should serve his relatives.To serve relatives,he should understand others.To understand others,he should understand the heaven.So this paragraph actually means A gentleman needs to cultivate himself.In what aspect does he cultivate himself,How to cultivate himself?That is,
4、serving relatives.Cultivating himself in the practice of filial piety.But if he really wants to be filial,he needs to understand people.And if he really wants to know what people are thinking,he needs to understand what heaven means.Here,relatives,man,and heaven have a kind of inherent structural co
5、nnection.The great Confucian scholar Dong Zhongshu in the Han Dynasty once put forward a famous thought which had a great influence in history,Thats heaven-man induction.In the Northern Song Dynasty,one of the founders of Neo-Confucianism,Zhang Zai,firmly supported the union of heaven and man.The br
6、others Cheng(Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi,Neo-Confucianists)even said that heaven and man are originally one part,so we neednt say the union.But the meaning of the heaven is really complicated,so the meaning of the union of heaven and man is also very complicated.Here I will explain the meaning of heaven
7、in three aspects.One is the natural meaning of heaven,The second is the theological meaning of heaven,And the third one is the moral righteousness of heaven.The first one is its natural meaning.In the Confucian classics,Sometimes when it talks about heaven,it actually refers to the natural meaning.F
8、or example,Confucius once said I dont want to talk.His student Zi Gong said if you dont want to talk,how can we learn from you?How do we understand your thoughts?Confucius had an answer at this time:Heaven gives you all kinds of knowledge at all times.Does it tell you something?Spring,summer,autumn
9、and winter,these four times cycle back and forth,Animals and plants function normally.Do heaven and Earth tell them what to do?That means,Heaven doesnt speak,but spring,summer,fall and winter cycle well,All things grow and develop.Its clear that Confucius wanted to learn from the heaven.Mencius,anot
10、her representative figure of Confucianism,said something like this,Heaven doesnt talk and just warn with actions and things.Although Mencius had a certain kind of target,we can analyze it abstractly here.Mencius means that Heaven doesnt talk,But it shows its ideas through all kinds of things that ha
11、ppen to us or a variety of behaviors.For example,we have a cold,Does the heaven show his opinion through this way?What does a cold mean?It means that we should put on more clothes.The weather is getting cold.But if youve put on more clothes,you still caught cold,It might be another meaning here.It m
12、eans that theres something wrong with your constitution,You should exercise more to strengthen your constitution.So the events that happen to us or some of these behaviors may be all about expressing the meaning of heaven in some way.So heaven here actually has a natural meaning.In the Confucian vie
13、w,heaven with the natural meaning is united with man.For example,earlier we cited,the words of Zhang Zai,the founder of the Guanzhong School,Heaven and man came from one source,They are united.The Cheng brothers in Luoyang,Henan Province,said that,Heaven and man were originally one part,We neednt sa
14、y union.Of course in the Confucian culture some people think that man can understand and change heaven.The most typical representatives are Xun Zi,the Confucian master at the late Warring States Period,and Liu Yuxi,a scholar in the Tang Dynasty.Xun Zi once proposed a thought of mastering the laws of
15、 heaven and then making use of them.But Liu Yuxi believed that sometimes heaven can conquer man and sometimes man can conquer heaven,Mastering the laws of heaven and then making use of them,emphasizes the modification of the nature by man.And the saying sometimes heaven can conquer man and sometimes
16、 man can conquer heaven admits that neither heaven nor man has absolute advantage.In the process of interaction,heaven and the man influence each other with ups and downs on both sides.So in addition to Xun Zi and Liu Yuxi,on the whole The Confucians thought that in the natural meaning,heaven and ma
17、n are united.The second one is the theological meaning of heaven raised by Dong Zhongshu.He thought that heaven and man are mutual induction.In Dong Zhongshus opinion,Heaven not only has a natural meaning,but also has a theological meaning.So he said clearly that the Son of Heaven is the leader of t
18、he gods,and his idea of interaction between heaven and mankind contains some sort of mysterious ingredient.The so-called interaction between heaven and man,means that the emergence of auspiciousness or disasters will appear according to the social governance.For example,if the phoenix and the Chines
19、e unicorn appeared,Dong Zhongshu would think that it was a symbol that heaven was rewarding the ruler.And if there was a plague or natural disaster such as earthquake,locusts and droughts,in Dong Zhongshus opinion,it might be a warning of heaven to the ruler.Of course,Dong Zhongshus idea had some su
20、perstitious components,Because not all phenomena are directly related to politics.Things like earthquakes are natural phenomena obviously,They have no direct correlation with politics or the management ability of rulers.But we should take a dialectical attitude on Dong Zhongshus thought.He was deepl
21、y aware of the great influence of politics on society.If politics wasnt constrained,the rulers might do something ridiculous.So he regarded heaven as the leader of the gods,The purpose was to make the rulers absolutely obey Heaven.Putting the rulers in an inferior position and enhancing the heavens
22、position,This was clearly Dong Zhongshus real intention.There are some phenomena that seem to be natural but have some connection with political governance.For example,severe deforestation and soil erosion seem to be natural phenomena,in fact they may be problems due to social systems,they are man-m
23、ade.People havent protected the natural ecology very well.Of course some phenomena in human society might have a more intimate relationship with politics.So we say that the induction of heaven and man has mysterious ingredients,But theres something worth thinking about.The third one is heaven with t
24、he meaning of moral righteousness.This heaven is associated with human and moral behaviors.For example,Confucius once said that,Dont complain about heaven,Dont blame others.Learn ordinary knowledge,understand the philosophy,and get the true meaning of life.Does only heaven know me?Here,the heaven in
25、 Does only heaven know me and the one in Dont complain about heaven are linked closely,if there were no the former one,the later one would be difficult to appear.Take another example,Mencius also said that A man who thinks with mind fully can know his nature.If you know your own nature,you can know
26、your destiny.So,in Confucianism,Learning and practicing are actually a necessary prerequisite to get and understand to achieve and understand heaven.It also shows the practice of people and their morality,It has connectivity between the mind and the structure of the heaven.The heaven here and the ac
27、tivities of people have a moral meaning but not a natural meaning.So heaven in this sense is connection with human activities,especially something related to moral practice.So although heaven here is still an objective thing,at the same time,according to the difference of peoples cultivation,it has
28、a different presentation to the person.In other words,With our learning and knowing the human nature,heaven will show up in practice constantly.Because we have different levels of learning and practice,heaven appears different to us.So heaven here is not a solid and unchanging one,Its constantly sho
29、wing up.And we are constantly exploring in our lives.So you can also say that heaven is a range or a boundary of human activities.No matter how we act,we cant go beyond the scope of heaven.In other words,we cant get away from the category and boundary stipulated by heaven.But it must have a bottom l
30、ine,Its impossible for us to go beyond it.If we try to break through the bottom line,it might give us a warning.Along with our constant understanding and practice in daily life,we will have a profound understanding of heaven.So in this sense,the thought of the union of heaven and man does have a cor
31、e of humanism.There is a saying,Man proposes,God disposes.It expresses the humanistic meaning in a simple way.When were going to do something,we must try our best,But we stil cant decide everything.The doctors cant cure all the patients,Peoples ability has a certain range and boundaries.So how much
32、can we really achieve.To what extent we can go beyond heaven and recognize the boundaries or limits of our lives?That is showed in the interaction of heaven and man in different ways.These three meanings of heaven decide that there are three different meanings of the union of heaven and man.We can s
33、ay heaven with the natural meaning shows the harmony between man and nature.The union of heaven and man shows the harmony between man and nature.The three meanings of heaven are summed up as heaven which may be ambiguous when they have interaction.The natural or theological heaven can be mixed up,It
34、 shows that people need to maintain a harmonious relationship with the unknown world.That is,revere the unknown world,Because the world is infinite.No matter to what extent human knowledge develops,its just like a drop of water in the ocean.For the vast unknown universe,we should keep an attitude of
35、 reverence.So Dong Zhongshu regarded heaven as a relationship between man and gods.It may not be consistent with the thought of Confucius and Mencius,But there are some reasonable components here.That is,we need to revere heaven and respect nature.In the third meaning,heaven is the moral one,The uni
36、on of heaven and man in this meaning is the harmony between people and a foundation for harmonious relationships between people.Thats the harmony between the body and the mind of individuals.Because heaven is moral and its the scope and the boundary of human activities,The harmony between between th
37、e body and the mind of individuals is obviously the most basic premise.If a persons body and mind arent harmonious,when he deals with interpersonal relationship,he finds it difficult to keep a harmonious relationship with others.If his interpersonal relationships isnt harmonious,its hard for him to
38、be in harmony with the world where he lives.So the harmony between the body and the mind is the foundation.For the union of man and nature in Confucianism,How to carry out it?The key is self-cultivation.Because personal cultivation,personal practice,personal nature and the structure of heaven have i
39、ntrinsic connectivity.Or we can say they have an internal isomorphism.In the harmony between man and nature,the union of man and nature clearly has a practical sense of environmental protection.We emphasize that heaven is nature,so the union of man and nature is clearly about protecting the environm
40、ent.Because the natural environment is a necessary prerequisite for human survival.If the natural environment was destroyed,we would have a lot of difficulties in life.And interpersonal harmony is clearly conducive to social stability and development.So one of the core values of socialism emphasizes
41、 harmony.As for personal harmony,Its the basis of self-cultivation,Its also a necessary premise for personal life.In addition,for the harmony between man and the theological heaven,if we remove the superstitions we can preserve the parts that arouse peoples respect and awe.That is,for the vast universe,people should have a sense of awe.Thank you for watching