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1、(EnglishWriting)中国海洋大学外国语学院中国海洋大学外国语学院张德玉张德玉逄洋洋逄洋洋山东省高等教育特色课程英语写作课件山东省高等教育特色课程英语写作课件第一章第一章 成教英语写作课程导航成教英语写作课程导航本章重点、学习目的和相关要求本章重点、学习目的和相关要求本章着重探讨英语写作的重要性，介绍主要教材及几部辅助教材的精髓内容和学习要求，精心指导相关具体学习策略、方法和技巧，通报课程考核方式等，并与学员商讨有关本课程的更加行之有效的教学方法，以期追求更为理想的教学效果。AccordingtotheTeachingSyllabus,Englishmajorsshouldlearn
2、towritecompositionsconcerningtheirdailylifeandcommonlydiscussedsubjects.InTEM,testeesarenormallyaskedtowritebothfreecompositionsandguidedonesaswell.Nowyouarefreshmen,andthelong-feltTEM-4isjustonitsway,therefore,learningtowriteEnglishcompositionsstepbystephasalreadycometotheagenda.Withthedeepeningofr
3、eformsandopeningtotheoutsideworld,ourcountryhasnowenteredanewhistoricalperiod.MoreandmoreprofessionalswithhigherabilityofEnglishareneeded.Inordertokeepupwiththechangingsituation,youshouldworkarduously.Recently,stricterrequirementshavebeenputforwardinEnglishwriting,whichlayincreasingemphasisontheactu
4、aluseofthelanguage.Therefore,howtohelpyoubeabletowritecompositionswithasfewerrorsaspossibleisevidentlyagreattaskconfrontingmyteaching.Justoutofthisconsideration,nowletsgothroughourlecture.Brieflyspeaking,thiscoursewillbedeliveredwithtwoobjectivesinview:Firstly,itismainlymeanttomeetyourneedsofprepari
5、ngforthecomingGrade-4test.Secondly,itaimsatprovidingyouwithacoverageofwhatyouneedthemostinyouractualuseofthelanguage.Forexample,youcanlearnhowtowriteabusinessletterorotherpracticalwritings.Fromyearsofmyteachingexperience,Iknowclearlythatthereasonwhyquiteafewstudentscannotwriteprettygoodcompositionsi
6、sthattheyfailtoemploysentencepatternsinwritingandthattheycannotputproperwordsintoproperplacesinasentence.Theydoknowwhattowrite,buttheydonotknowhowtomakeuseoftheirwordstoexpresstheirideascorrectlyandeffectively.Asaresult,mistakesareoftenmadehereandthere,anditisverydifficultforteacherstoreadtheso-call
7、edwrittenpassages.Therefore,Iwillsparenoeffortstogiveyouasmuchbasicinformationandguidanceaspossibleastotheusesofwords,phrasesandsentenceswhilewedealwiththosecommontechniquesandstrategiesinparagraphandcompositionwriting.Asyouknow,writingisnoeasymatter.Itisnoteasytowriteeveninonesnativelanguage,nottom
8、entioninaforeignlanguage.Thereisalsonomagicformulathatwillguaranteeinstantsuccess.Therefore,writingwelltakestimeandeffort.Allthatyouneedforthefirststepisanactiveandresponsiveattitudetowardswriting:beconfident,becauseyouarenotstartingfromscratch;butdontbeover-optimistic,fortheroadtoeffectivewritingis
9、longandarduous.Longandarduousasitis,Istillhopethatmylecturewillbringtoyouthepleasure,thehelpandtheconfidenceinwritingalltypesofarticlesinEnglish.TopicsforDiscussion(讨论题讨论题)：1.WhydowestudyEnglishWritingcourse？2.Whatisthemosteffectivewayoflearningthecourse?Howwouldyouliketobetestedforthecourse?Whatdoy
10、ousupposeisthebestwritingteacherlike?本章重点、学习目的和要求本章重点、学习目的和要求本章着重讲述英语写作的基本格式,包括如何布局、抄写体例、单词分节、大写的用法、如何空格及标准书法等相关内容。通过对本章的学习，要求学员熟练掌握规范的英语写作格式。第二章第二章 英语写作格式英语写作格式Aswearelearningtowrite,weshouldhaveaclearideaofwhatisgoodmanuscriptform.Weshoulddoeverythingwritingthetitle,leavingmargins,indenting,capita
11、lizing,anddividingwordsaccordingtogenerallyacceptedrules.Wheneverwewritesomething,weshouldworkcarefully,writeneatlyandclearly,andtrytomakeasfewmistakesaspossible.Beforehandinginouressayorexercise,weshouldproofreaditonceortwice,becausewemayneedtomakesomefinalcorrectionsandchanges.Ifwealwaysworkinthis
12、way,wearesuretomakeprogress.I.ArrangementWriting in correct manuscript form is very important,because it makes it easy to read what is written and preventsmisunderstanding.We should follow the general practices in writingthetitle,leavingthemargins,paragraphing,capitalizing,anddividingwords.Whenwewri
13、teanessaytobereadbytheteacher,weshouldwrite on every other line so that there will be room for corrections.It is necessary to leave a margin of about twocentimetersatthetopandthebottomofthepage,andoneofacentimeterandahalfontherightandleftside.Inanexercisebookthetopandbottommarginsaremarked;weneedonl
14、ytodrawaverticallinetomarktheleftmargin.Wecannotmaketherightmarginstraightorneat,unlessweareusingacomputer,butweshouldneverwritetotheveryedgeofthepage.Whenthespaceleftneartheendofalineisnotorbarelyenoughforthewordwearegoingtowrite,weshouldwritethewordonthenextline.ordividethewordifitisalongone.There
15、mustbeablankspaceontherightsideofthepage.Thetitleortopicoftheessayshouldbeplacedinthemiddleofthefirstline.Everywordofthetitle(includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords)shouldbecapitalizedexceptarticles,shortprepositions,coordinatingconjunctions(and,or,but,so,yet,nor,andfor)andtoininfinitives.But
16、ifoneofthesewordsisthefirstorlastwordofthetitle,itshouldbecapitalized.Topicsaregenerallynounphrases(nounswiththeirmodifiers),thoughotherformsarepossible.Nofullstopshouldbeusedattheendofatitle.Aquestionmarkisneededifthetopicisadirectquestion(butanindirectquestionisnotfollowedbyaquestionmark).Thetitle
17、ofabookwithinthetopicshouldbeunderlined(italicizedinprinting),andthetitleofanarticleputbetweenquotationmarks.Belowaresomeexamples:MyImpressionsofBeijingTheWallBetweenWhereDoAlltheNewWordsComeFrom?WhatTraditionsMeantotheChineseAClean,Well-LightedPlaceDifferentViewsonJane EyreInterpretationsofRobertFr
18、ostsFireandIceThefirstlineofeveryparagraphshouldbeindented(startedafteraspaceoffourorfiveletters).Arabicnumeralsaregenerallyusedforpaging.Theycanbeputeitherintheupperright-handcornerorinthemiddlebelowthelastlineofeverypage.Alineisneverbegunwithacomma逗号,aperiod句号,asemicolon分号,acolon冒号,aquestionmarkor
19、anexclamationmark;alineneverendswiththefirsthalfofapairofbrackets括号,quotationmarks,引号orparentheses.Thehyphenthatshowsawordisdividedisputattheend,notatthebeginning,ofaline.II.WordDivisionThefollowinghintsmaybehelpfultousinthedivisionofwords:One-syllablewordssuchascount,healthandthoughtcannotbedivided
20、.Wordswithtwoormoresyllablescanbedividedaccordingtotheformationofsyllables:re-peat-ed,in-sist,punc-tu-al,san-dal,de-cline,trans-la-tion.Astressedclosesyllableusuallytakesaconsonantwithit:ded-i-cate,grat-i-fy,la-bor-a-to-ry,fin-nish.Aconsonantplus-leistreatedasasyllable:min-gle,peo-ple,no-ble,gig-gle
21、.Asinglelettercannotbeputattheendoratthebeginningofaline:e-voke,heart-y.Atwo-letterendingshouldnotbeputatthebeginningofaline:hand-ed,hard-en.Divisionsthatmaymisleadthereadershouldbeavoided:re-ally,lay-man.Wordswithhyphensshouldbedividedonlyatthehyphen:broad-minded,broken-hearted.Two-syllablewordswit
22、hdoubleconsonantsinthemiddleareasaruledividedbetweenthetwoconsonants:strug-gle,lat-ter.Division of proper names should be avoided:Dickens,Paris.Thelastwordofapageshouldnotbedivided.Itshouldbewrittenonthenextpage.Divisionofwordsattheendsofseveralconsecutivelinesshouldbeavoided.Divisionofwords isnotal
23、wayseasy.Whenwearenotsure,weshouldconsultadictionary.Insomedictionariessyllabicationisindicatedbyadot;asintheexamplesgivenabove,inothersbyaspace:together,summer.III.CapitalizationCapitalizedwordsareusedmainlyatthreeplaces:propernames,keywordsintitles,andthefirstwordsofsentences.Commonwordsusedaspart
24、sofpropernamesarecapitalized：ThirdRingRoadNorthwesternUniversitytheNationalLibraryofBeijingtheMiddleAgesWomensDaytheYellowRiverWordsderivedfrompropernamesareusuallycapitalized:MarxistDarwinismFreudianDickensianTaoistLatinizeSomepropernamesortheirderivativeshavebecomecommonwords:mackintosh(araincoat;
25、afterCharlesMacintoshwhoinventedit)lynch(tomurderbyhanging;afterWilliamLynchwhostartedit)quixotic(likeDonQuixote,heroofthenovelofthesamename)All sentences,including sentence fragments treated assentences,shouldbeginwithcapitalletters.Inthisregard,weshould pay special attention to the use of capital
26、letters andpunctuationinquotedwordsandsentences.MissJohnsonsaid,Whenyouwriteanessay,youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage.Whenyouwriteanessay,shesaid,youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage.Whenyouwriteanessay,youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage,theteachersaid.MissJohnsonadvi
27、sedustopayattentiontobothcontentandlanguagewhenwewroteanessay.Theseexamplesshow:(1)thesubjectandverbofsayingbeforethequotationarefollowedbyacomma;(2)acompletesentencewithinquotationmarksaftertheverbofsayingbeginswithacapitalletterandendswithafullstop;(3)ifthequotedsentenceisbrokenintotwopartsandputb
28、etweentwopairsofquotationmarks,withthesubjectandverbofsayingplacedbetweenthem,thefirstpartendswithacomma,thesecondpartdoesnotbeginwithacapitalletter(unlessthefirstwordisapropername),andthewholesentenceendswithafullstop;(4)ifthequotedsentenceisputbeforethesubjectandverbofsaying,itendswithacomma,andth
29、everbofsayingisfollowedbyafullstop;(5)ifthequotedwordsareaphraseinsteadofacompletesentence,thephraseistreatedaspartofthewholesentence.IV.HandwritingTherearetwocommonwaysofwritingtheletters:toformloopsandtoprint(towritewithoutjoiningthelettersinimitationofprintedwords).Botharegood,butwehadbetterstick
30、tooneofthetwostyles.Weshouldalwaystrytowriteneatlysothatourhandwritingcanbereadeasily.Weshouldmakecapitallettersbiggerandhigherthansmallletters,as differentfromos,nsdifferentfromus,andweshouldnotforgettodotisandjs,orcrossts.Alittlespace(aboutthatofoneletter)shouldbeleftafteracomma,andaslightlybigger
31、space(aboutthatoftwoletters)afterafullstop.Whenwewanttocrossoutaword,weshoulddrawathicklinethroughit.Itisbemisleadingtoputitbetweenbrackets,becausethatmeansthewordisanexplanatoryremark.Whenwewanttoaddaword,weshouldwriteitabove,notbelow,thelineofwordswehavewrittenwithaclearsignshowingwhereitistobeins
32、erted.ExercisesI.Thinkoffivetitlesandwritethemintheproperform.II.Dividethefollowingwordsaccordingtogeneralrules:alivesettingsister-in-lawhandycorrectnessgratitudebonuspermissionsociablethought.dictatorshipfar-reachingIII.Copytwoorthreeparagraphsfromabook;trytowriteneatlyandpayattentiontohandwritinga
33、ndmanuscriptform.TopicsforDiscussion(讨论题讨论题):1.Whatisagoodmanuscriptform?2.WhatisthebasicdifferencebetweenEnglishwritingandChinesewriting?3.WhatarethoseessentialqualitiesofEnglishwriting?第三章第三章 英文写作措词英文写作措词本章重点、学习目的和要求本章重点、学习目的和要求本章着重讲解写作过程中如何措词，强调措词的重要性。主要内容涉及英文词汇的分类、词汇的含义、同义词的区别等。通过对本部分具体内容的学习，要求学
34、员学会用词准确、传神、地道、生动、得体，真正做到恰当的词用在恰当的地方(properwordsintheirproperplaces)。I.TypesofWordsTherearetensofthousandsofwordsintheEnglishlanguage,andalongwithsocialandscientificprogress,newwordsappearfrequently.ThetotalnumberofEnglishwords,ifitcouldbefoundout,mustbesurprisinglylarge.Butweneednotbeworriedaboutthe
35、impossibilityoflearningallofthem,foronlyafewthousandwordsareusedbyordinarypeopleforordinarypurposes.Thesearethemostusefulwords,orthecommonwords,wordsthatformthecoreoftheEnglishvocabulary.Theyarethewordswemustlearnandremember.Apartfromthecommonwords,therearewordsusedbypeopleofspecialprofessionsorfiel
36、ds,onspecialoccasionsorforspecialpurposes.Amongthesearepolitical,legal,scientific,technical,businessandliterarywords.PartThreeDictionItwouldbegoodforustoknowsomeveryusefulwordsinvariousfields,andmanyofthewordsrelatedtothefieldwe will work in or be associated with.These words aregenerally formal,and
37、may be called formal and technicalwords.Thereisanothertypeofwords:thoseusedbypeoplewhoarenotwelleducatedorbypeopleofspecialgroups,suchaspeopleofaparticularregionoranagegroup.Someofthesewordsmaynotbeunderstandabletopeopleingeneral,andmaydisappearafterashortperiodoftime.Someofthemmaycontinuetobeused,b
38、ecomeacceptabletoallpeopleandjoin the common words.Among these words are slang,jargon,dialectal and obsolete words.They may be callednonstandardwords.Weneedtounderstandthembutshouldavoidusingthem,unlessinspecialsituations.Hereareexamplesofthefirstandsecondkindsofwords:samespeechlearneddestroystifftr
39、ypieceidenticalorationeruditeannihilaterigidendeavorfragmentInthefirstrowarecommonwordsandinthesecondformalwords.Itcanbeseenataglancethatthosecommonwordsareused in everyday conversation and in informal writing likepersonalletters,diariesandstories.Thoseinthesecondroware used only in formal writing l
40、ike articles,documents,researchpapers,manualsandinpublicspeaking.The difference between these two types of words is veryimportant,fortheirpresenceorabsencehasmuchtodowithstyle.Compare:Isawaghost,andIwasfrightenedtodeath.I saw an apparition,and it reduced me to a condition ofmortalterror.Thefirstsent
41、enceisinformalandcolloquial,andthesecondismuchmoreformal,becauseitcontainssuchformalwordsasapparition,reduce,condition,mortal and terror.The twosentences are similar in structure and meaning,so it is thewordsinthemthatmakethemdifferentinstyle.Ofcourse,peopleseldomsayanythinglikethesecondsentenceinda
42、ilyconversation.AswemakeprogressinourstudyofEnglish,wecertainlylearn more and more words.It is a good policy to find acommonwordofsimilarmeaningwhenwelearnaformalorbigword.Belowareexamplesofnonstandardwords:aint(amnot,isnot,hasnot)jolly(very)cool(verygood)hot(angry;fast)deal(agreement)damn(very)neat
43、(nice)Sincesuchwordsarenonstandard,weneednotusethemeitherinspeechorinwriting.Thefollowingaretwoparagraphsinwhichdifferentkindsofwords(anddifferentkindsofsentencestructures)areused:Whenthetrolleycameitwasfull.Istoppedonthebackplatform.Seatsupfront,theconductorsaid.Ilookedintothecar.Therewerenoseatson
44、theleftside.Imnotgoingfar,Isaid.Illjuststandhere.Bettergoupfrontandgetaseat,theconductorsaid.Igetoffprettysoon,Isaid.Acoupleofblocks.Igotoffbeforewereachedthepostoffice.WilliamFaulkner,The Sound and the FuryThis is mainly a conversation with a few narrativesentences.Allthewordsaresimplecommonwords.T
45、heysuitthecontentsomethingaboutdailylifeverywell.Fivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandtoday,signedtheEmancipationProclamation.ThismomentousdecreecameasthegreatbeaconlightofhopeformillionsofNegroslaveswhohadbeensearedintheflamesofwitheringinjustice.Itcameasthejoyousdaybreaktoe
46、ndthelongnightoftheircaptivity.This paragraph is taken from Martin Luther King,Jrsfamousspeechdeliveredin1963.Heusedmanyformalwordsbecauseitwasaformalspeech.However,therearealsomanycommonwordsinit.Thisshowsthatcommonwordsareusedinallkindsofwritingandspeech.II.ChoiceofWordsWhenwewriteoncommontopicsfo
47、rthegeneralaudience,wemayachieveaccuracyandappropriatenessbybearinginmindthefollowingguidelinesaboutthechoiceofwords:(1)Usecommonorinformalwordsforgeneralpurposes;useformalornonstandardwordsonlyonspecialoccasionsorforspecialpurposes;(2)Usespecificandconcretewordswhengivingdetails;usegeneralorabstrac
48、twordswhenmakingsummaries;(3)Use idiomatic expressions and words in acceptablecollocations;avoidcombinationsthatareunidiomatic;(4)When there are synonyms,choose the word thatexpressesthemeaningmostexactlyandthatsuitsthecontentandstyle.Wehavegivenexamplesofcommon,formalandnonstandardwords.Hereareexam
49、plesofgeneralandspecificwords:GeneralSpecificanimaltiger,horse,fox,cat,mouse,bird,butterfly,insectlaughchuckle,guffaw,giggle,roar,smile,grin,beambighuge,great,large,vast,immense,enormous,tremendousscientistphysicist,chemist,biologist,astronomer,geologist,mathematicianWordsaregeneralorspecificbycompa
50、rison.Animalisgeneralwhencomparedwithtiger,horse,etc.,buthorseismoregeneralthansteed,stallion,etc.Bothgeneralandspecificwordsareusefulinwriting.Whenwedescribeorexplainthings,orwhenwegivedetails,weshouldtrytousespecificorconcretewordswhereverpossible,fortheyarevivid,exactandinteresting;whenwesummariz