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1、非谓语动词&谓语动词 非谓语动词是动词一种形式,可在句子中充当谓语以外的其他成分非谓语动词不受人称和数的限制He likes music.He has nothing to do today.非谓语动词动名词 (-ing)分词不定式 (to do)*注意注意：1.非谓语动词有时态和语态时态和语态的变化 2.否定形式：not+非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词在句中起n,adj,adv的作用现在分词 (-ing)过去分词 (-ed)主语宾语表语定语补语状语动名词VVVV分词VVVV不定式VVVVVV语态构成构成动词-ing时态时态&语态语态时态主动语态被动语态一般时完成时doingbeing don
2、ehaving done having been done性质性质相当于一个名词，有动词性质adj.adv性质句中成分句中成分主、宾、表、定表、定、补、状动名词动名词现在分词现在分词一、分词1、分词的种类：现在分词和过去分词2、分词的时态和语态 write(及物动词)语态时态 主动语态被动语态一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written说明：1）现在分词有一般式和完成式，且有主动和被动之分，一般式表示和谓语动作所表示的动作同时发生的动作，完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。2）过去分词表示在谓语动作之前发生的
3、动作，本身有被动含义，所以只有一般式，没有完成式。过去分词：即动词的过去分词 3）现在分词表主动，表进行；而过去分词表被动，表 完成。,the developing/developed country;the exciting news/the excited people体会下列各句Being a student,he is interested in books.Having studied in the university for 3 years,he knows the place very well.The question being discussed is important
4、.Having been criticized by the teacher,Li Ming gave up smoking.Not having found the wallet,he dared not go home.Not daring to speak,they sat there silent.He escaped,not seen by anyone.a moving story exciting news frightening voice a moved student an excited boy a frightened voice 这类表示感觉的及物动词，其现在分词表示
5、主动，即“令人有某种感觉”，过去分词表示被动，即“人被引起某种感觉”The girl let out a frightened cry at the sight of the snake.(The girl was frightened.)His frightening shout scared the boys away.(The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened.)分词的否定：not+分词吓人的声音受惊吓的声音3.分词的作用分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用，可作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。1)作定语单个分词作定语常放在被修
6、饰词前面，分词短语作定语要放在被修饰词的后面。Are there any living things on the moon?I bought some painted chairs.Do you know the man sitting there?Everybody attended the meeting held last week.2）作表语The story is very interesting.Our classroom is crowded.3)作宾语补足语We saw him climbing a tree.Im sorry to have kept you waiting
7、.We mustnt leave the work half done.注意：现在分词作宾补与不定式作宾补的区别 I saw him go upstairs.I saw him going upstairs.4)作状语分词可作时间、原因、方式、结果和伴随状语Hearing the noise,I turned round=When I heard the noise,I.Having brought her father back to England,Lucie helped him to get there.=After she had brought her father.Being L
8、eague members,we are ready to help others.=Since we are.Being determined to rescue his friend,Charles set off for France.He came running back to tell the news.方式The child fell striking his head against the door.结果The teacher came into the classroom following the students.The teacher came into the cl
9、assroom followed by the students.伴随二、动名词动名词和现在分词一样也是由动词+ing 构成，在句中起名词的作用，可作 主语、宾语、表语和定语。否定形式也是not+动名词，有四种时态和语态形式，使用时注意如下内容即可。1.时态和语态 时态 语态 主动 被动一般 teaching being taught完成 having taught having been taught动名词的一般式表示的动作,发生在谓语动词表示的动作的同时或之后。They began singing just now.She dreams of becoming a teacher.动名词的
10、完成式表示的动作，发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。He was praised for having done a good deed.She forgot having read the novel有时动名词的一般式可以代替完成式After working for three hours,he began having a rest.2.动名词的作用1）作主语 Reading is important in learning English.Seeing is believing.Its no use explaining such things to little children.2)作表
11、语His hobby is collecting stamps.My greatest happiness is serving the people.3)作宾语(动词宾语和介词宾语)Please stop writing.The teacher finished checking.She sat there without speaking.I look forward to seeing him again.4）作定语Does he work in the reading room?Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.三、动词不定式 不
12、定式由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”.不定式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语、宾语补足语和定语。1、不定式的时态和语态 语态 时态 主动 被动一般式 to do to be done完成式 to have done to have been done进行式 to be doing1）动词的一般式表示的动作或状态，发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。I believe him to be an expert.I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.We want
13、 to visit an advanced worker.2）动词不定式的完成式表示动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作和状态之前发生 Im sorry to have kept you waiting.He is believed to have come.The novel is believed to have been translated.3)动词不定式的进行式表示的动作，在谓语动词表示的动作或状态发生时正在进行。He seems to be worrying about something.They are said to be working hard.4)被动语态的不定式表示被动
14、含义 The sports meet is to be held next week.The next thing to be done is to get our classroom painted.He is said to have been praised.2、不定式主动语态代替被动语态的情况1)当不定式与最近的名词或代词有动宾关系，且与另一名词或代词有主谓关系时。He has nothing to eat.I know what to do.Ill give you a book to read.Would you bring me a bench to sit on?Please
15、lend me a pen to write with.(He eat nothing.)(I do what.)(You read a book.)(I sit on a bench.)(I write with a pen.)2)当不定式在“主语+表语（形容词）”结构中作状语，且句中主语是这个不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时形容词后面常省略for sbThis text is easy to recite.The book is difficult to understand.The washing-machine is too expensive for me to buy.for sb to
16、recite the text for sb to understand the book for me to buy the washing machine 3)当不定式修饰there(here)be 引导的句子中的主语时There are two tractors to repair.There is nothing for us to fear 4)to let,to blame 等不定式一般只用主动语态The house is to let.Im to blame.3、不带to 的不定式 1)不定式在下列动词后面作宾语补足语时，不带to.记忆顺口溜：半帮助 help,一感feel，二听
17、 hear,listen to 三使役make,have,let，五看 see,watch,look at,notice,observe,但在被动语态里，to 不能省略。(所谓半帮助即help后可带也可不带to)I feel my heart beat fast.Nobody saw him come in.They were heard to sing a song.He was made to finish the job himself.注意五看二听(7个)所带不定式作宾补与分词作宾补的区别I watch them play the game.I watch them playing t
18、he game.2)某些固定的词组后面不带 to 在词组 would rather,would rather than.;had better,had best,rather than,do more/less than等结构用不带to 的不定试。Id better leave now,or Ill be late.I know better than to do such a thing.(我不至于蠢到干这种事)3)在 cannot but,cannot choose but,cannot help but,could not but,could not help but 的后面不带to,它
19、们的意思都是“只好，只有”Its raining hard,I cannot help but stay at home.I cannot but admire his courage.4)不定式动词在介词but,except,besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do 的各种形式（do,does,did），那么这些介词后的不定式就不带to,否则要带toWhat do you like to do besides swim?She could do nothing but cry.I have no choice but to accept the fact.5)为了避免重复，不定式
20、可以省去to Im really puzzled what to think or say?6)know的现在完成时的否定式，后面一般接不带to 的不定式 I have never known him come late.7)在以why引导的疑问句中不带 toWhy worry about it?Why not do it right now?8)当主语是以动词 say 作谓语的定语从句所修饰的all 时，作表语的不定式的to可以省略。All they said is hurry up.4、不定式的复合结构 for sb to do sth“for+名词/代词宾格+不定式”构成不定式的复合结构
21、。这里的名词/代词宾格是不定式的逻辑主语。这种复合结构在句中可以作各种成分。It is quite possible for you to catch up them in a short time.(主语)I think it better for you to see the doctor.(宾语)What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.(表语)He is an example for us to follow.(作定语)区分：It is brave of you to do that.It is easy for
22、you to do that.当下列表示人物特征的形容词同of 后的名词或代词关系密切，有意义上的主表关系时，常与o f 搭配 brave,careful,careless,clever,foolish,good,honest,kind,nice,right,wrong,rude,stupid,silly,wise,thoughtful,etc It was very kind of you to come to help me.=You were very kind to come to help me.下列表示事物性质的形容词同for后的名词或代词关系不密切，没有意义上的主表关系，但与句中
23、的不定式结构关系密切，有意义上的主表关系，常与 for 搭配。easy,hard,heavy,necessary,impossible,possible,important,difficult,etc.Its hard for him to get rid of his bad habits.=For him to get rid of his bad habits is hard.5、不定式在句中的作用 不定式具有副词、形容词、和名词的特征，因此在句中可作状语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语和主语等成分。To live is to work.To save time is to lengthe
24、n life.Its best to do soHis job is to teach English.I learn to speak Japanese.I like you to do it this way.He said he had an important meeting to attend.I came here to see you.We were very excited to hear the news.He hurried to the school to find nobody there.He got up early in order to/so as to cat
25、ch the first bus.主语表语宾语宾补定语目的状语原因结果目的强调目的时，可以用in order to/so as to,但 so as to 不用于句首.6、连接代词/连接副词+不定式，在句中可作主语、宾语表语等成分 How to solve the problem is very important.He didnt know what to do.7、某些形容词在tooto结构中 没有否定的含义，而是表示肯定，这类形容词有：anxious,delighted,eager,easy,glad,kind,pleased,ready,surprised,willing.She wa
26、s too surprised to see how angry her father was.在not,never,only,all,but,等后的 tooto结构中，“too”的含义为“very”,不定式没有否定含义。Its never too late to learn.Im only too glad to stay at home.活到老，学到老我太想留在家里了8、作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。Please give me a knife to cut with.There is nothing to worry about.He is looking for a room to live in.