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1、专题07名词备考2023年高考英语二轮复习讲练溯讲练目录一命题解读二命题预测三主要考点四名词的数五名词作定语六名词所有格七名词构词法八真题练一练【命题解读】名词是历年高考的重要考点。研究近年的高考真题不难看出，近年高考对名词的考查主 语侧重于以下几个方面：名词和主谓一致是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语 法填空和短文改错题型中。名词部分主要考查：1 .名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配2 .名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）3 .名词的所有格4 .抽象名词的具体化5 .名词和冠词的搭配【命题预测】预计2023年高考会侧重考查名词词义在具体语境中的细微差异，同时，地道的英语惯用 法的掌握情况也
2、将是命题者测试的重点。语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主 要集中在给出词根进行此类转化，根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词，名词的复数形式，所 有格形式的变化。主谓一致一般会与名词、动词的时态和语态放在一起考查。【主要考点】1 .名词的数；2 .名词作定语；抽象名词是表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的词，具体指特定的某一件事时, 这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。(l)difficulty 困难；a difficulty 一件困难的事(2)experience 经验;an experience 一次经历(3)failure失败；a failure一位失败者；一件失败的事(4)success
3、成功；a success 位成功者；一件成功的事(5)surprise惊奇；a surprise 一件令人吃惊的事(6)honour荣誉；an honour 一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事)另夕卜常见的还有：pleasure, shock, comfort, attraction, beauty, danger, delight, preferencet, must 等。2有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词(特别是有形容词修饰时)物质名词可数名词物质名词可数名词drink饮料two drinks两杯饮料rain 雨a heavy rain 一场大雨coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡paper纸张
4、a paper 一张报纸；一篇论文tea茶two teas两杯茶wind 风a cold wind一阵冷风二、名词构词法(构成名词的后缀)后缀例词-enceexist-existence 存在 coincidentcoincidence巧合prefer-preference 偏爱-anceaccept-acceptance接受appear-appearance 出现assist-assistance 帮助 allow-allowance 允许-tionproduce-production 生产-sionexpress-expression 表达-mentdevelop-development
5、发展-nessblind一blindness 失明-agemarrymarriage 婚姻-thwarm-warmth 温暖-ureplease-pleasure 快乐depart-departure 离开-domwise-wisdom 智慧典例剖析L (2022年全国甲卷) Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental 65 (protect).【答案】protection【解析】考查词形转换。曹和吴还沿路收集垃圾，以促进环境保护。根据句意和空前的形容 词environm
6、ental可知，此处用名词protection,作宾语。故填protectiono典例剖析2.(2022 年浙江 1 月真题)When the answer, was no, she, declined the (invite). 【答案】invitation【解析】考查名词。句意：当答案是否定的时候，她拒绝了那个邀请。此处需填入名词作动 词 decline 的宾语，故填 invitationo真题练一练1. 【2022 年新高考 I 卷】The GPNPs main goal is to improve connectivity between separate 42 (population
7、)and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.2. 【2022 年全国甲卷】Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental 65 (protect).3. 2022 年全国高考乙卷】As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the
8、largest tea-producing country, China has a 45 (responsible)to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.4. 2022 年新高考全国 II 卷】“He saved my 44 (son) life/9 said Mrs. Brown.5. (2022 年浙江 1 月真题)When the answer, was no, she, declined the (invite).6. (2021 新高考 I 卷)The
9、rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we (human) are.7. (2021新高考H卷) A company(represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.8. (2021 全国甲卷)Supposedly you can do it in two hours, bu
10、t we stopped at the different gates and(watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people9. (2021全国乙卷)Itis different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educate about the areas-both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often
11、 provides money for conservation and benefits the(develop)of the local areas. 10. (2021 全国乙卷)(activity)there range from whale watching to hiking(远足)11. (2021 北京卷)Why do we dream ? Scientists arent completely sure,and they have diverse(idea).12. (2021 浙江卷)In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some la
12、nd from Charles Dresser, who performed their (marry) ceremony in 1842.13. (2021 浙江卷 1 月)It is calculated by dividing a 38 (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.14. (2020 新课标 I 卷)The far side of the moon is of particular (interes
13、ting) to scientists15. (2020新课标H卷) Chinese New Year is a(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.16. (2020 新课标 III 卷)Filled with(curious), the artist packed his bags and left.17. (2020 年北京卷)Now, lots of(country) and regions are taking action to ban the sale of suc
14、h bags to stop people using them.18. (2020 浙江卷)Later, they learned to work with the(season), planting at the right time and, in dry areas,making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.19. (2020 浙江卷 1 月)For Japan, the(number)are more striking-22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050.20. (2020 山东
15、卷)Historical(accurate) is important but so is entertainment. 【答案】1. populations 2.protection 3.responsibility 4.sons 5.invitation 6.humans 7. representative 8.watchtowers 9. development 10. Activities 11. ideas 12. marriage 13.person 14. interest15.celebration 16. curiosity 17. countries 18. seasons
16、 19.numbers 2O.accuracyII.语篇填空阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。1.(四川省南充市阖中中学校2022-2023学年高三上学期10月月考)I still have fond memories of a gentleman who helped shape my future. I was in college 41 my father passed away. I had another year to graduate. The trouble was that I just couldnot concentrate 42 my st
17、udies anymore. My mother and I were the only ones 43(leave) and it seemed as if my spirit had died. Whenever I tried to open my books to study, 44 (tear) would block my view.At that time, I received the help through my fathers financial advisor. One evening, he visited us and 45(inquire) about my st
18、udies after talking about business. I told him I could not go tocollege because I did not want 46(study) anymore. He reminded me how my father had sentme to the 47(good) college in our city. I wept and said I did want to do 48 my dadwanted but I just couldnt study. He gave me all the encouragement I
19、 needed to be able to carry on. His calm, gentle voice did wonders and I decided to study 49 (far) and complete my graduation.I still remember this fond gentleman who helped me make 50 right decision.【答案】41 . when 42. on 43 left 44. tears 45. inquired 46. tostudy 47. best 48. what 49. further 50. th
20、e【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。作者的父亲 去世后，作者一度陷入悲伤之中。这时，父亲的一位财务顾问用他鼓励的话语激励了作者， 改变了作者的人生。42 .考查状语从句。句意：我父亲去世时我正在上大学。引导时间状语从句，表示“当时 候应用wheno故填when。43 .考查介词。句意:问题是我不能再集中精力学习了。短语concentrate on意为“把注意力 集中于故填on。44 .考查非谓语动词。句意：我母亲和我是唯一的幸存者，而我的灵魂似乎已经死去。此处 ones指代“my mother and T,与leave之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。故填left。 44.考查名词的数。句意：每
21、当我想打开书本学习的时候，眼泪就会挡住我的视线。tear意 为“眼泪”时，常用复数形式，故填tears。45 .考查时态。句意：一天晚上，他来拜访我们，在谈了生意之后，询问了我的学业。and 连接两个并列的谓语动词，由前面的visited可知，应用一般过去时。故填inquired。46 .考查非谓语动词。句意:我告诉他我不能上大学，因为我不想再学习了。短语want to do sth.表示“想要做某事，后接动词不定式作宾语。故填to study。47 .考查最高级。句意：他提醒我父亲是如何把我送到我们城市最好的大学的。由the及“in our city”可知，应用最高级，表示“我们市最好的大学
22、”，故用best。48 .考查宾语从句。句意：我哭着说我确实想做我爸爸想做的事，但是我不能学习。引导宾 语从句，在从句中作宾语，指事情，故用what。故填what。49 .考查比较级。句意：他平静、温柔的声音让我惊叹，我决定继续深造，完成我的毕业。 此处表示“进一步学习”，故用比较级further,表示抽象意义；而farther表示“(距离)更远”。 故填 further o50 .考查冠词。句意：我仍然记得这位可爱的绅士，他帮助我做出了正确的决定。此处特指“继 续学习这个正确的决定“，应用定冠词the。故填the。51 (新疆生产建设兵团第一师高级中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次月
23、考)Chinese Teachers5 Day is the very festival 61 celebrates the 2,300-year tradition ofrespecting teachers and education in China. It bears much 62 (similar) to the birthday ofConfucius or the birthday of private school tutor in ancient China.The history of Chinese Teachers5 Day 63(date) back to the
24、Han Dynasty. According to the record, during the Han and Jin dynasties, on August 27 each year, the birthday of Confucius, followed by court officials, the emperor would go to Confucius, temple and pay tribute to the ancient philosopher, and would also invite royal teachers 64 the imperial court for
25、 a banquet.Local 65 (chief) followed the court, and on this day, teachers around the nation enjoyed adays vacation and were given dried meat as gifts.With local officials or the emperor 66(lead) a series of activities, the capital, all statesand counties would also stage sacrificial ceremonies 67 (
26、admire ) Confucius. Excellent-performing teachers would 68(choose) from academies and learning institutionsnationwide, reporting to the royal court and given 500 liang (两)silver coins as awards.Until the Qing Dynasty, the sacrificial ceremony, on August 27, was of 69 larger scale.The teachers9 salar
27、ies in schools and academies around the nation were raised, and well-performing teachers would be awarded official titles or promoted to 70 (high) positions.【答案】61 . that 62. similarity 63. dates 64. to 65. chiefs 66. leading 67. to admire 68. be chosen 69. a 70. higher【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述教师节的历史。62 .考查关
28、系词。句意：中国教师节是庆祝中国2300年来尊师重教传统的节日。分析句子可 矢口，“ celebrates the 2,300-year tradition of respecting teachers and education in China”是从句部分, 修饰festival,从句部分缺主语，且有the very修饰，只能填that。故填that。63 .考查名词。句意：它与中国古代孔子的生日或私立学校导师的生日有很多相似之处。分 析句子可知，此处应填similar的名词形式similarity作bears的宾语。故填similarity0 63.考查主谓一致。句意：中国教师节的历史可
29、以追溯到汉代。此处是在介绍教师节的历史， 属于客观事实，故用一般现在时。分析句子可知，主语是history,谓语用dates。故填dates。64 .考查动词不定式。句意：据记载，汉晋时期，每年8月27日孔子诞辰，朝廷官员都会前 往孔庙向这位古代哲学家致敬，并会邀请皇室老师到朝廷设宴。invite sb.to do sth.是固定用法， 意为“邀请某人做某事。故填to。65 .考查名词。句意：在这一天，地方官员仿效宫廷，全国各地的教师享受了一天的假期， 并收到了肉干作为礼物。根据句意“当地的领导”不止一个可知，此处应用chief的复数形式 chiefs o 故填 chiefs。66 .考查非谓
30、语。句意：在地方官员或皇帝领导的一系列活动中，首都、所有州和县都会举 行祭拜孔子的仪式。分析句子可知，此处使用“with+名词+非谓语”这一复合结构，local officials or the emperor和lead是主动关系，应用现在分词。故填leading。67 .考查非谓语。句意：在地方官员或皇帝领导的一系列活动中，首都、所有州和县都会举 行祭拜孔子的仪式。分词句子可知，此处应用不定式表目的。故填to admire。68 .考查动词的语态。句意：优秀的教师将从全国各院校和学习机构中选拔，向朝廷报告， 并给予500两银币作为奖励。根据句意“优秀的教师将从全国各院校和学习机构中选拔”可知
31、， 主语与谓语为被动关系，此处需用被动语态，设空前有would,所以填be chosen。故填be chosenkeys, boyboys结尾以寸或上结尾多数变f或fe为v后加-eslealeaves, lifelives9knifeknives少数词尾加-Schiefchiefs9roof-roofs5beliefbeliefs以字母-。结尾词尾加-eshero一heroes, potato一potatoes, tomato-tomatoes词尾加-sphoto 一 photos,kilo 一 kilos,piano 一 pianos以sis结尾的外来词变sis为sesbasisbases,
32、 analysis 一 analyses, crisis-crises典例剖析1. （2022 年全国乙卷短文改错）Our cities will be better places if we replace cars with bicycle.【答案】bicycle bicycles【解析】考查名词。句意：如果用自行车代替汽车，我们的城市将变得更好。bicycle为可数 名词，由句中的cars和句意可知，此处应用复数形式。故将bicycle改为bicycles。不规则变化种类例词单复数同形deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, aircraft, means, ser
33、ies, species, headquarters, works, head （量词）单数形式复数意义people, police, cattle复数形式单数意义news, physics, politics合成词变复数（主体 名词变复数；无主体 名词时词尾变复数）passer-by一passers-by, son-in-law-sons-in-law, looker-on-lookers-on,go-between一go-betweens, grown-up一grown-ups词形变化man一men , child一children , tooth一teeth, fbot-feet, mo
34、use一mice, medium一media, bacterium一bacteria2 .特殊情况下名词复数的用法有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式，如：thanks, authorities （当局），possessions （财 产），clothes, congratulations, goods （商品），works （作品，著作），shoes, trousers, manners （礼貌）等（2）有些固定短语要求用名词复数形式：make preparations for 为做准备take pains尽力,刻苦3 .不可数名词a height of 到达高度,at an altitude
35、of 在海拔.高度,in high spints情绪高涨常考的不可数名词（必须牢记）单词词义单词词义advice建议baggage/luggage行李change零钱furniture家具hair头发homework家庭作业information信息knowledge知识money钱news新闻；消息progress进步traffic交通equipment设备meat肉room空间luck运气music音乐housework家务fun乐趣wealth财富milk牛奶weather天气orange橙汁food食物work工作paper纸bread面包trouble麻烦air空气rubbish垃圾
36、考点二名词作定语(1)名词的分类普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人或物的名词集体名词表示一群人或一些事物总称的名词不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词抽象名词表示性质、状态、行为、情感、心理等 抽象概念的名词表示洲、国、地、人名等专有表示团体、机构、组织、节日、报刊、名词朝代等的名称(2)名词的功能(1)作主语、表语、宾语、(主语/宾语)补足语Jack is to meet you at the airport. 杰克会到机场接你。The affair remained a complete mystery. 这事件仍然完全是个谜。We made him monitor of
37、our class.我们选他做我们的班长。He is considered a good football player.他被认为是个优秀的足球运动员。(2)作定语a.表示类别air pollution 空气污染a tea cup 茶杯 body language 身体语言road accident交通事故a story book 一本故事书b.表示身份、时间、地点等Doctor Jack 杰克医生 Professor Li 李教授 evening school 夜校winter sleep 冬眠 Beijing Stadium 北京体育场c.表目的、用途、材料等sports field 田径
38、场 stone bridge 石桥作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。The war lasted eight years.这场战争持续了八年。(4)作同位语Smith, our monitor, left school last year.我们的班长史密斯去年退学了。考点三名词的格所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语。它有三种形式：，s所有格、of所有格和 双重所有格。1 .所有格-S所有格的构成规则：构成例子单数名词词尾通常加-S；复数名词词尾 没有-S时，也要加一Sthe boyfs schoolbag那个男孩的书包；thechildrens toys那些孩子的玩具以-S结
39、尾的复数名词后直接加Steachers* office教师们的办公室以-S结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加my bosss/boss plan 我老板的计划;卬”或二s均可James7James!s eyes詹姆斯的眼睛合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加一Smy brother-in-laws birthday 我姐夫的生日表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命 的事物的名词也可以借助S表示所有 关系a weeks holiday 一周的假；thirtyminutes* ride三十分钟的车程作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词 的词尾加an hour and a halfs walk 步行 个半小时的
40、路程不定代词后接else时，-*s加在else之后somebody elsefs bag 别人的包典例剖析2022 年新高考全国 II 卷】“He saved my 44 (son) life/5 said Mrs. Brown.【答案】sons【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：他拯救了我儿子的生命。根据句意，life与提示词son之 间是所属关系，故应该使用名词所有格。故填sons。注意(1)并列的名词变所有格，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加一s； 如果表示共有关系，则只在后一个名词后加S。Kate and Marys room凯特和玛丽共有的房间Kates and Marys ro
41、oms凯特和玛丽各自的房间2 .下列情况下，可以将所有格后面的名词省略：名词所有格所修饰的词如果在前面已经出现过，往往可以省略，以免重复。This bike is not mine, nor Toms.这辆自行车不是我的，也不是汤姆的。表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop, house, home等常省去。at the doctors (office)在(医生的)诊所里at Mr Greens (house)在格林先生家3 . of所有格用法例子对于无生命的事物而言，通常用Of所有格表示11所属关系the window of the room 房间的窗户表示主谓关系用Of所有格the
42、 arrival of the visitors 参观者的到来表示同位关系用Of所有格the city of Beijing匕京巾表示部分与整体的关系用of所有格part of the problem 部分问题；themajority of people 大多数人表示内容用of所有格the cost of living 生活成本；the news ofsuccess 捷报当表示拥有者的名词由短语或从句修饰 以及“the +形容词”构成所有格时要借助ofthe housing problem of the poor 穷人的住 房问题；the advice of the old man who h
43、ad experienced a lot这位饱经沧桑的老 人的建议4 .双重所有格双重所有格的构成为：“名词+ of +名词-S”或“名词+ of +名词性物主代词”，主要用法如下：用法例子表示“其中之一或其中一部分”,可用a, any, some, a few, two 等修饰 of 短语 前面的名词，但不能用theanother house of Johns 约翰的另一所房 子被双重所有格修饰的名词前有this, that, these, those等指示代词修饰时，通常带 有一定的感情色彩，如赞赏、不满、厌 HE笺That dog of Toms is really clever.汤姆的 那只狗真聪明。考点四名词构词法一、抽象名词具体化1.抽象名词具体化