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1、Unit 1 The mass mediaGrammar and usage (II)Past perfect tense内容分析：本板块的语篇围绕单元话题“大众传媒”，介绍了美国新闻工作者、出版家 约瑟夫普利策的生平事迹。首先要求学生阅读语篇，探究过去完成时的概念， 并归纳过去完成时使用的一般规则；其次，引导学生在句子和语篇两个层面循序 浙进地练习并巩固所学，深化理解过去完成时的含义；最后要求学生叙述中国新 闻工作者、出版家邹韬奋的生平，在具体语境中正确使用过去完成口寸。教学目标：By the end of this section, students will be able to:1.
2、understand the usage of the past perfect tense;identity the verb form of the past perfect tense;2. use the right forms of the past perfect tense to correct the mistakes and complete an article;apply the past perfect tense in new contexts.教学重难点：1. To summarize the general rules;To apply the rules cor
3、rectly and properly;教学过程：Step 1 Homework CheckingC. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.1. had finished 2. had been 3. have been 4. (had) studied 5. had wanted6. called 7. had recommended 8. had leftStep 2 Applying the rulesT asks the Ss to finish part B1.B1 Circle the mistakes an
4、d correct them in the blanks below.1) Pulitzer knew that he had learnt very little English, so he had started to work hard at the language.Suggested answer: 去掉 learnt 之前的 hadPulitzer was very hard-working. Quite often, when he arrived home at midnight, he was working for over 10 hours.Suggested answ
5、er: 改 was working 为 had workedFor the time he was 25, Pulitzer had become a journalist and publisher.Suggested answer: 改 For 为 ByMany of the best reporters have worked for his paper before its failure in 1931. Suggested answer: 改 have 为 had1. T asks the Ss to finish part B2.B2 Below is a passage abo
6、ut the Pulitzer Prizes. Complete it with the correct forms of the verbs in the box below.Suggested answer: (l)had built (2) were awarded (3) had won (4) hasbeen allowed (5) had intended2. After finishing the box, T asks the Ss to answer the following questions:1) Who had devoted a lot before The Pul
7、itzer Prizes were established?Suggested answer: Joseph Pulitzer.2) What categories have The Pulitzer Prizes also expanded to include?Suggested answer: Photography and music.【设计意图：这个步骤是这堂课的核心部分，将语法知识和语境相结合，在语境 中学习语法知识。学生通过更正句子中的错误时态，进一步理解和把握了过去完 成时的概念以及谓语结构。通过自主学习、自主探究和合作学习的方式，了解这 一语法知识在英语语言中的运用，让学生在
8、语言实践中去探索过去完成时这一时 态，通过句子、语篇两个层面的巩固练习，内化新知，从而能够准确、恰当、得 体地使用目标语法。】Step 3 Topic talkingT asks the Ss to talk about Zou Taofen,s life story according to the timeline and share it with each other.Example: By the time he was 31, Zou Taofen had become the chief editor of Life Weekly.Sample answer: Zou Taofe
9、n was born in 1895, in Fujian. He graduated from university at the age of twenty-six, in 1921. The next year, he became an editor. He had worked as an editor for four years before he became the chief editor of Life Weekly. In 1931, he started campaigning against the Japanese invasion. By the time he
10、 was forty, he had started a new journal called Life of the Masses. Zou had established himself as a famous journalist and publisher before he died in Shanghai in 1944.【设计意图：学生根据课文的时间轴，结合语法知识，进一步巩固本节课的核心 知识，将过去完成时的用法融入到真实语言中，鼓励学生学习理解、应用实践、 迁移创新，达到学以致用的目的。不仅培养培养学生的批判性思维能力，而且帮 助学生提升语言表达能力，为写作打好语言基础。】S
11、tep 4 Revision一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点：概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作， 即“过去的过去”。例句：在他们到达饭店之前，他们已经吃过早饭了。They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 今天早上十点前她已经写完作文了。She had finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning.二、过去完成时的判断依据:1.由时间状语来判定：一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成 时连用的时间状语有：
12、(1) by +过去的时间点。如：昨天晚上九点前我已经读完这本小说了。I had finished reading the novel by nine o*clock last night.(2) by the end of +过去的时间瓦 如：截止到上学期末，我们已经学了两千多个英文单词了。We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.(3) before +过去的时间点。如：上周三以前他们已经中了六百棵树了。They had planted six hundred trees before la
13、st Wednesday.2 .由“过去的过去”来判定：过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作 之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时， 在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：(1)宾语从句中：当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的 动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语 从句。如：她说她以前看过这电影。She said that she had seen the film before.(2)状语从句中：在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作 发生有先后关系，
14、动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。 如：当我到达车站时，火车已经离开了。When I got to the station, the train had already left.他完成作业以后，就上床睡觉了。After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意：before, after引导的时间状语从句中，由于before和after本身已表达 了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过 去时。如：你来这儿之前在哪儿学习？Where did you study (had you studie
15、d) before you came here?他关上门，离开了教室。After he closed the door, he left the classroom.(3)表示意向的动词，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用 过去完成时表示“原本，条能”我们原本希望你会来，但你没来。We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3 .根据上、下文来判定。昨天我在街上见到了王涛，自从他来到北京后我们还没见过面。I met Wang Tao in the street yest
16、erday. We hadn*t seen each other since he came to Beijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）When I woke up, it had stopped raining.2 .过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时 间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：他告诉我他写了一本新书。乂He told me that he had written a new book. （had
17、 written 发生在 told 之前 ）.过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能耳开过去时间而独 立存在。此时多与 already, yet, still, just, before, never 等时间副词及 by, before, until等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Grace来中国前在一所学校教了五年英语。Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a school for about five years.Pearl十岁时就已经收集了三百多张中国邮票。Pearl had collected more th
18、an 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.3 .过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一 过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如：到去年为止，他已经在这工厂工作二十年了。By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years, （had worked 已有了 20年，还有继续进行下去的可能）四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响， 与现在有关，其结构为“have
19、（has） +过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时 态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去*只有和过去某时 或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：到目前为止我已经学会了 1000个英语单词。I have learned 1000 English words so far.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.一 Im sorry to keep you waiting.Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几
20、分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）一 John returned home yesterday.约翰昨天回到家的。一 Where had he been?他去哪儿了？（使用过去完成时是指约翰在returned home之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下 几点：1 .时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强 调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：他们昨天十点前就到车站了。They had arrived at the station by ten yesterd
21、ay.他们昨天十点到了车站。They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2 .在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据 上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.3 .当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时，按时间顺序，只 需用一般过去时来代替过
22、去完成时；另外，在before, after, as soon as引导的从 句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替 过去完成时。如：他进入房间，打开灯，看晚报。He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.我离开办公室前给她打了电话。I (had) called her before I left the office.Step 4 Exercises翻译句子：1 .到上个月底，你看了多少部英文电影？Suggested answer: How many English fil
23、ms had you seen by the end of last month?2 .今天上午十点钟前，他已完成了这项工作。Suggested answer: He had finished the work before ten oclock this morning.3 .在我妈妈回来之前,我已经完成了作业。Suggested answer: I had already finished my homework before my mother returned.4 .我到运动场时，比赛已经开始了。The match had already begun when I got to the
24、 playground.5 .八点钟，学生开始在田里劳动，这时雨已经停止,太阳出来了。Suggested answer:The students started working in the fields at eight oclock. The rain had stopped and the sun was shining.6 .在我爸爸搬到这里之前，他已在学校工作五年了。Suggested answer: My father had worked in the school for five years before he moved here.7 .昨天我看到了 David。自离开学校
25、以来,我们都没有见过面。Suggested answer: I saw David yesterday. We had not seen each other since we left school.8 .到六月底他们已经治疗了一万多病人。Suggested answer: By the end of June they had treated over 10,000 patients.9 .他在部队干了十年，去年退役了。Suggested answer: He had served in the army for ten years before he retired last year.
26、10 .他告诉我他从小就认识她。Suggested answer: He told me that he had known her since he was a child.11 .汤姆乘飞机回家，他的父亲却已经去世了。Suggested answer: Tom flew home, but his father had already died.12 .我本来希望昨晚回来的，但没搭上火车。Suggested answer: I had hoped to be back last night, but I didnt catch the train.13 .我们本想早回来的，但他们不让我们走
27、。Suggested answer: We had thought to return early but they wouldnt let us go.14 .我原以为我以前见过他。Suggested answer: I thought I had seen him before.15 .到他到来时，那人已经离开了。Suggested answer: By the time he arrived, the man had already left.【设计意图】通过反复运用一般过去时和过去完成时翻译句子让学生巩固所学知识。Step 5 HomeworkChoose one of the following three topics to write a short passage using past perfect tense.My Favourite Film； My Favourite Actor/Actress； My Favourite NewspaperFinish the workbook.【设计意图：强化知识运用。】教学反思