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1、Section 3 Stylistic Choice of Words (1):Correct in Grammar,Appropriate in StyleI. Key to the Exercise1. 1) What is the stylistic effect of the use of compound nouns? Find out the answer from the lecture.2) Rewrite the following sentence without using compound nouns and compare the different effects
2、of the two versions.We also have reports of the eating of dogs and cats from around the U.S., Canada, Mexico, and Europe. (Not as concise as the original)2. 1) What is the stylistic effect of some generic and disagreeable use ofpronouns?Find out the answer from the lecture.2) Rewrite the following w
3、ithout using pronouns generically and using pronouns disagreeably, and compare the different effects of the two versions of the sentence rewritten.People can take a horse to the waterbut they cant make him drinkOh no, oh no, oh no(Not as intimate as the original)3. 1) What is the stylistic effect of
4、 disagreeable use of pronouns?Find out the answer from the lecture.2) Rewrite the following using pronouns (everybody, their) agreeably in number, and compare the different effects of the two versions.Theres a time for every star to shineEverybody goi his something(Not as idiomatic as the original)4
5、. 1) What is the stylistic effect of phrasal verbs and verb phrases?Find out the answer from the lecture.2) Rewrite the following sentences and replace the phrasal verb or verb phrase with a non-phrasal verb or non-verb phrase, and compare their different stylistic effects.Loyalty, it appears, cant
6、be opened and closed trom the top. It must be builtSix Principles for Making New ThingsPaul Graham, February 2008The fiery reaction to the release of Arc had an unexpected consequence: it made me realize I had a design philosophy. The main complaint of the more articulate critics was that Arc seemed
7、 so flimsy. After years of working on it, all I had to show for myself were a few thousand lines of macros? Why hadnt I worked on more substantial problems?As I was mulling over these remarks it struck me how familiar they seemed. This was exactly the kind of thing people said at first about Viaweb,
8、 and Y Combinator, and most of my essays.When we launched Viaweb, it seemed laughable to VCs and e-commerce “experts. We were just a couple guys in an apartment, which did not seem cool in 1995 the way it does now. And the thing wed built, as far as they could tell, wasnt even software. Software, to
9、 them, equalled big, honking Windows apps. Since Viaweb was the first web-based app theyd seen, it seemed to be nothing more than a website. They were even more contemptuous when they discovered that Viaweb didnt process credit card transactions (we didnt for the whole first year). Transaction proce
10、ssing seemed to them what e-commerce was all about. It sounded serious and difficult.And yet, mysteriously, Viaweb ended up crushing all its competitors.The initial reaction to Y Combinator was almost identical. It seemed laughably lightweight. Startup funding meant series A rounds: millions of doll
11、ars given to a small number of startups founded by people with established credentials after months of serious, businesslike meetings, on terms described in a document a foot thick. Y Combinator seemed inconsequential. Its too early to say yet whether Y Combinator will turn out like Viaweb, but judg
12、ing from the number of imitations, a lot of people seem to think were on to something.I cant measure whether my essays are successful, except in page views, but the reaction to them is at least different from when I started. At first the default reaction of the Slashdot trolls was (translated into a
13、rticulate terms): Who is this guy and what authority does he have to write about these topics? I havent read the essay, but theres no way anything so short and written in such an informal style could have anything useful to say about such and such topic, when people with degrees in the subject have
14、already written many thick books about it. Now theres a new generation of trolls on a new generation of sites, but they have at least started to omit the initial uWho is this guy?*Now people are saying the same things about Arc that they said at first about Viaweb and Y Combinator and most of my ess
15、ays. Why the pattern? The answer, I realized, is that my m.o. for all four has been the same.Here it is: I like to find (a) simple solutions (b) to overlooked problems (c) that actually need to be solved, and (d) deliver them as informally as possible, (e) starting with a very crude version 1, then
16、(f) iterating rapidly.When I first laid out these principles explicitly, I noticed something striking: this is practically a recipe for generating a contemptuous initial reaction. Though simple solutions are better, they dont seem as impressive as complex ones. Overlooked problems are by definition
17、problems that most people think dont matter. Delivering solutions in an informal way means that instead of judging something by the way its presented, people have to actually understand it, which is more work. And starting with a crude version 1 means your initial effort is always small and incomple
18、te.10 Id noticed, of course, that people never seemed to grasp new ideas at first. I thought it was just because most people were stupid. Now I see theres more to it than that. Like a contrarian investment fund, someone following this strategy will almost always be doing things that seem wrong to th
19、e average person.As with contrarian investment strategies, thats exactly the point. This technique is successful (in the long term) because it gives you all the advantages other people forgo by trying to seem legit. If you work on overlooked problems, you5re more likely to discover new things, becau
20、se you have less competition. If you deliver solutions informally, you (a) save all the effort you would have had to expend to make them look impressive, and (b) avoid the danger of fooling yourself as well as your audience. And if you release a crude version 1 then iterate, your solution can benefi
21、t from the imagination of nature, which, as Feynman pointed out, is more powerful than your own.In the case of Viaweb, the simple solution was to make the software run on the server. The overlooked problem was to generate web sites automatically; in 1995, online stores were all made by hand by human
22、 designers, but we knew this wouldnt scale. The part that actually mattered was graphic design, not transaction processing. The informal delivery mechanism was me, showing up in jeans and a t-shirt at some retailers office. And the crude version 1 was, if I remember correctly, less than 10,000 lines
23、 of code when we launched.The power of this technique extends beyond startups and programming languages and essays. It probably extends to any kind of creative work. Certainly it can be used in painting: this is exactly what Cezanne and Klee did.At Y Combinator we bet money on it, in the sense that
24、we encourage the startups we fund to work this way. There are always new ideas right under your nose. So look for simple things that other people have overlooked - things people will later claim were “obvious” - especially when theyve been led astray by obsolete conventions, or by trying to do thing
25、s that are superficially impressive. Figure out what the real problem is, and make sure you solve that. Dont worry about trying to look corporate; the product is what wins in the long term. And launch as soon as you can, so you start learning from users what you should have been making.Reddit is a c
26、lassic example of this approach. When Reddit first launched, it seemed like there was nothing to it. To the graphically unsophisticated its deliberately minimal design seemed like no design at all. But Reddit solved the real problem, which was to tell people what was new and otherwise stay out of th
27、e way. As a result it became massively successful. Now that conventional ideas have caught up with it, it seems obvious. People look at Reddit and think the founders were lucky. Like all such things, it was harder than it looked. The Reddits pushed so hard against the current that they reversed it;
28、now it looks like theyre merely floating downstream.So when you look at something like Reddit and think “I wish I could think of an idea like that, remember: ideas like that are all around you. But you ignore them because they look wrong.IV. Supplementary Guides or References1. Reference: Full Text
29、of Section 3Stylistic Choice of WordsGrammatically Appropriate1. SampleRead the following sample passages and pay special attention to the use of the italicized words.1 China Development Bank (Excerpt)1 The China Development Bank1 (CDB) is a financial institution in the Peoples Republic of China (PR
30、C) under the direct jurisdiction of the State Council. It is the only bank in China whose governor is a full minister. It is one of the three policy banks of the PRC, primarily responsible for raising funding for large infrastructure projects, including most of the funding for the Three Gorges Dam2
31、and Shanghai Pudong International Airport. The bank was established by the Policy3 Banks Law of 1994.2 Debts issued by CDB are fully guaranteed by the central government of the Peoples Republic of China. CDB is one of the biggest issuers of bonds4 in the PRC. 3 The bank had RMB 1.5 trillion5 in loan
32、s outstanding as of the end of 2004. During 2004, the bank made a profit of about US $2 billion6. The bank is the most profitable bank in China, and the second most profitable bank in Asia.4 In year 2005 and 2006 China Development Bank successfully issued two pilot ABS products in domestic China mar
33、ket. Together with another ABS products issued by China Construction Bank, they have set the corner stone7 for a promising debt capital & structured finance market.1. China Development Bank(中国)国4. bond证券家开发银行5. trillion 万亿 billion 十亿2. Three Gorges Dam 三峡大坝6. corner stone 柱石3. policy保险契约2 Horse to W
34、ater Lyrics1 (Excerpt)George HarrisonYou can take a horse to the waterbut you cant make him drinkOh no, oh no, oh noA friend of mine in so much misery2Some people sail through life,but he has struck a reef3I said hey man lets go out and get some wisdomBut first he turned on4 me, then he turned off5
35、his nervous systemYou take a horse to water butyou cant make him drinkOh no, oh no, oh noYou can have it all layed6/staked7 out in frontof you but it still dont make you thinkOh no, oh no, oh no1. lyric抒情诗，歌词2. misery悲惨，苦恼5. turn off 关闭6. lay放置3. reef礁石4. turn on 开启7. stake栓（马）3 Everybody Got Their
36、SomethingMy face to the skyDreaming about just how highI could go and Ill knowWhen I finally get thereTaking of my glassesSun pokes But business brass1 shouldnt be surprised that loyalty is hard to find. Not too long ago, the workers that the brass freely declared were their most loyal - older, long
37、-service employees - also were the ones most likely to get the chop2. For years, that loyalty quality was devalued in the workplace by the cutting-edge3, with-it4 managers. Now, with the labor market getting tight and high - intelligence workers hard to find and harder still to keep - many corporati
38、ons are reaping in the 1990s what they sowed in the 1980s. through my lashes Older employees, whose long service and demonstrated loyalty to the firm always got big lip service5 from the management, were being dumped6 nevertheless on all sides. Lip service or not, neither service nor loyalty counted
39、 as pluses7.And somehow I knowTheres a time for every star to shineEverybody got their somethingMake you smile like an itty bitty The 1980s brought the new viewpoint that older employees arent strengths or childEverybody got their somethingEverybody got their something1. poke 刺，戳2. lash睫毛3. bitty片段（
40、的），细小（的）4. ittybitty细小（的）4 In the workplace, loyalty is a Sometime Thing(Excerpt)By Jim Wright The Dallas Morning News, May 11,1997 There is sad irony in the fact that personnel departments took up the “human resources tag10 just as many top managements seemed to decide older workers were neither hu
41、mans nor resources but costs.4 Older employees, whose long service and demonstrated loyalty to the firm always got big lip service from the management, were being dumped nevertheless on all sides. Lip service or not, neither service nor loyalty counted as11 pluses.1.brass高级军官（官员等）7.pluses .正数2.get t
42、he chop被杀死；被取消8.liability债务,义务3.cutting-edge 求变(新)的9.hard-nosed顽强的，精明的4.with-it时髯的10.tag标签,名片5.Lip service说好听的11.counted as算作，当作6.dump抛弃，解雇5 Oscar Awards Portrayed an America without Hope1 Vatican1 City, Feb 25, 2008 / 04:01 pm (CNA). - Commenting on the latest Oscars awards, the Vatican daily L Oss
43、ervatore Romano2 said in an opinion column that the most awarded movies portray the image of a hopeless America.2 The article, written by Gaetano Vallini, says that the awards night was dominated by two visions of evil, two instances of using images to portray3 evil.3 On one side, the story of perdi
44、tion4, described by Paul Thomas Anderson in There Will Be Blood, on the other, a contemporary Western, with a modern incarnation5 of evil, No Country for Old Men,* produced by Joel and Ethan Coen,“ each one of them receiving eight nominations.4 Lsservatore says that, aside from the awards given to t
45、hese two films, Hollywood has been dominated this year uby dark films, filled with violence but mainly with hopelessness.n5 The author of the column asks if this is not a “sign of the times.” Maybe, Vallini wrote. Since there were films capable of expressing different emotions in the running, with b
46、rave openness, like Juno, directed by Jason Reitman, which tales the story of a teenager who decided to carry an unwanted pregnancy6 to term, or The Diving Bell and the Butterfly1, from Julian Schnabel, a secular7 hymn8 to life despite grave disabilities.w6 However, Vallini found the Cohen brothers*
47、 story marked by absurd and mindless acts of violence, a world in which there is no place for old values.1. Vatican梵帝冈5. incarnation 化身2. Osservatore Romano 罗马观察家6. pregnancy 怀孕3. portray 描绘7. secular长期的4. perdition 毁灭8. hymn赞美诗，圣歌6 Six Principles for Making New ThingsPaul Graham, February 20081 The
48、 fiery reaction to the release of Arc Arc 一种程序语言 had an unexpected consequence: it made me realize I had a design philosophy. The main complaint of the more articulate articulate清晰的，明白的 critics was that Arc seemed so flimsy flimsy 浅薄. After years of working on it, all I had to show for myself were a few thousand lines of macros macros （计算机）宏指令 mulling over 琢磨? Why hadnt I worked on more substantial problems?2 As I was mulling ove卢 these remarks it struck me how familiar they seemed. This was exactly the kind of thing