《英语修辞写作—语法修辞篇参考材料Section4(3).pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语修辞写作—语法修辞篇参考材料Section4(3).pdf（15页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Section 4 The Qualities of Discourse(2):Substantiality,Emphasis,Balance,Variation and Appropriateness I.Key to the Exercise 1.Do paragraphs and discourses have something in common concerning their qualities?Why?Find out the answers from the lecture.2.Are discoursal qualities vastly different from th
2、ose of paragraphs?Why?Find out the answers from the lecture.3.What is discoursal substantiality?Give one or two examples from the sample or lecture or your own reading to illustrate it.Find out the answer and examples by yourself.4.What is discoursal emphasis?Give one or two examples from the sample
3、 or lecture or your own reading to illustrate it.Find out the answer and examples by yourself.5.What is discoursal balance?Give one or two examples from the sample or lecture or your own reading to illustrate it.Find out the answer and examples by yourself.6.What is discoursal variation?Give one or
4、two examples from the sample or lecture or your own reading to illustrate it.Find out the answer and examples by yourself.7.What is discoursal appropriateness?Give one or two examples from the sample or lecture or your own reading to illustrate it.Find out the answer and examples by yourself.8.Read
5、the following article and explain how discoursal substantiality,emphasis,balance,variation and appropriation have been achieved.II.Translation of the Sample Text Open.III.Supplementary Samples 1.Sample(1)A Transit-Loving,Car-Hating,Bike-Riding,Progressive Environmentalist Casts Her Vote for Mayor By
6、 Judy Lightfoot I cycle,walk,and ride transit so routinely it feels weird to drive the family car(average annual mileage:4000).I adore a poem written by my husband,also a transit fan,titled“Reasons to Take the Bus”(the first reason is“Because it kneels for us all”).I conserve resources,recycle scrup
7、ulously,fret about environmental degradation,and nag politicians to halt global climate change.It would be reasonable for anyone who knows my M.O.,especially anyone who also knows my love of language as a writer and a former English teacher,to think Mike McGinn would be my choice for mayor.Certainly
8、 Mikes articulateness,gained perhaps from repeated experiences as a lawyer having to make a persuasive case,appealed to me.But ever since my first glimpses of the candidates Ive been concerned about what seems to me a stubborn self-righteousness in the way Mike stands for the good things he believes
9、 in.Next to this,his grace as a public speaker shrinks in importance.Besides,its one thing to address an audience gracefully,and another to engage in successful give-and-take with people youre working with on something delicate or complicated.We who speak well from a lectern often suck at moving a w
10、orking group forward on a project,and vice-versa.It seemed to me unlikely that the give-and-take required for leading a sizeable city with multiple concerns would be the forte of someone who acts like an environmental ideologue.For example,we need to get more people out of their cars and into mass t
11、ransit,but Mike,convinced that his way was the only“right”way,threatened to block the tunnel project even though he knew that delays would drive up the costs of a viaduct solution and put public safety at risk.And when he caved on the tunnel,as my Crosscut colleague Skip Berger put it on KUOW last w
12、eek,Mike should have said“Though I dislike the tunnel solution that Seattle wants,as Mayor Ill make sure we get the best,safest,most economical tunnel built as quickly as possible.”It was as if Mike would rather kvetch than lead.In sum,the tireless righteousness that has drawn like-minded people to
13、Mikes various causes in the recent past began to seem like the wrong strength for a mayor to bring to Seattles sometimes contentious diversity of voices and visions.An effective mayor has to be pragmatic,flexible,capable of blending and tweaking different approaches to solving problems,and willing t
14、o offer wholehearted leadership on solutions he may not have originated himself.Nor was there any reason to think that Mike would,in office,be a better friend to the environment than Joe.So I decided to volunteer for Joes campaign.I phone-banked a little,then offered to interview family and friends
15、who have known him since way back,for a series on his website that the campaign dubbed“I Know Joe“(I was feeling frustrated that Seattle didnt seem to see past the suit and tie and sometimes clumsy self-presentation).I also agreed to write about Joes tours around Seattle neighborhoods.Watching him w
16、ith other people,Ive witnessed a level of engagement and a genuineness thats rare even in people not trapped in the political spotlight.Theres nothing particularly smooth about his sociable moves,but he draws people into the warmth of his interest in them.Joe enjoys conversing with people in Spanish
17、 and Japanese,and Jennifer Clark,a U Chicago grad school friend of his who he worked with on last years Obama campaign,told me Joe will try speaking any language.“His energy makes up for accuracy,”she laughed.He clearly loves discussing issues with anybody wanting to engage,and Ive seen him freely d
18、isagree with voters instead of pandering or making promises he might not be able to keep.I noticed,too,that his inexperience in elected public office,so like his opponents,seemed balanced by a willingness to listen to opposing views as well as to admit that he didnt know the answers to some of the q
19、uestions he was asked.Moreover,Ive learned that Joes commitment to social justice,a concern that matters hugely to me,is neither“put on”nor shouldered as a weary burden.Its a glad,thoroughly integrated part of his character,rooted in growing up as a member of the Mallahan family.Mike Russo,an old fr
20、iend of Joes from his organizing days in Chicago,told me that Joes parents and the nine children ate plain rice for Friday dinner so that the money saved could be donated to worthy causes.Today,three of Joes siblings work(respectively)in Tanzania,Guatemala,and Oaxaca on behalf of the poor.According
21、to Russo,when Joes brother here in Seattle heard that a local bed-and-treatment facility for teen prostitutes had lost its funding,he promised a city councilmember,“Ill raise the money you need for the facility,or Ill pay for it myself.”In short,taking action for social justice is in Joes blood.Clar
22、k remembers that back in Chicago,when Joe and his wife bought their first sofa,they saved up twice the price of the one they wanted and gave half the total to charity.So Joes business experience feels relevant to me,but not in the narrow sense the media present.They dont quote him when he says that
23、as a corporate insider hes committed to leading his former colleagues to take more responsibility for helping people stuck on the margins build better lives.They dont hear him say that as a public servant he hopes to use what he learned in business to increase the number of jobs that pay living wage
24、s and to use savings from more efficient city budgets and departments to enhance human services.They dont listen to his reason why we need more police officers:because staff shortages keep the police force in constant crisis mode,and more officers will mean more time for them to relax and talk peace
25、ably with the citizens they serve.In this world of unexamined sound-bites some friends of mine shudder every time Joe uses the word“efficient,”because it reminds them of his corporate background.But especially in an economy with engines flooding like the Titanics,where will support for human service
26、s come from,if not out of savings squeezed from efficiencies?And who is more likely to squeeze more effectively than an experienced manager?A story told by an old friend of Joes sums up,for me,his gift for solving complicated or emotionally fraught problems.Its a combination of openness,empathy,and
27、an intelligent detachment that lets him reframe an issue in a compelling way.Someone had told Clarks young son that Santa was a myth and that parents were the ones who bought the presents and stuffed the stockings.The boy was devastated.“If theres no Santa,then theres no Easter bunny,no tooth fairy!
28、”he wept,and his parents could not console him.Joe,who was visiting at the time,drew him aside to talk,and after a while the parents saw their son smile again.Joe had quietly led the boy to see that hed crossed over into the circle of people who make magic for others.We need a mayor capable of leadi
29、ng us to cross over barriers of difference into a widening circle of people who will make,if not magic,a better life for others and our city.Of the two candidates,Joe seems like the man who can do this.And thats why he has my vote.Judy Lightfoot,a former teacher,is a contributor to Crosscut.Shes als
30、o a Freestyle Volunteer,meeting for weekly coffee and conversation with individuals sharing our public spaces who are socially isolated by mental illness or homelessness.Currently shes volunteering as a phone-banker and unpaid writer for the Mallahan campaign.2.Sample(2)The Last Pearl Hans Christian
31、 Andersen We are in a rich,happy house,where the master,the servants,the friends of the family are full of joy and felicity.For on this day a son and heir has been born,and mother and child are doing well.The lamp in the bed-chamber had been partly shaded,and the windows were covered with heavy curt
32、ains of some costly silken material.The carpet was thick and soft,like a covering of moss.Everything invited to slumber,everything had a charming look of repose;and so the nurse had discovered,for she slept;and well she might sleep,while everything around her told of happiness and blessing.The guard
33、ian angel of the house leaned against the head of the bed;while over the child was spread,as it were,a net of shining stars,and each star was a pearl of happiness.All the good stars of life had brought their gifts to the newly born;here sparkled health,wealth,fortune,and love;in short,there seemed t
34、o be everything for which man could wish on earth.“Everything has been bestowed here,”said the guardian angel.“No,not everything,”said a voice near himthe voice of the good angel of the child;“one fairy has not yet brought her gift,but she will,even if years should elapse,she will bring her gift;it
35、is the last pearl that is wanting.”“Wanting!”cried the guardian angel;“nothing must be wanting here;and if it is so,let us fetch it;let us seek the powerful fairy;let us go to her.”“She will come,she will come some day unsought!”“Her pearl must not be missing;it must be there,that the crown,when wor
36、n,may be complete.Where is she to be found?Where does she dwell?”said the guardian angel.“Tell me,and I will procure the pearl.”“Will you do that?”replied the good angel of the child.“Then I will lead you to her directly,wherever she may be.She has no abiding place;she rules in the palace of the emp
37、eror,sometimes she enters the peasants humble cot;she passes no one without leaving a trace of her presence.She brings her gift with her,whether it is a world or a bauble.To this child she must come.You think that to wait for this time would be long and useless.Well,then,let us go for this pearlthe
38、only one lacking amidst all this wealth.”Then hand-in-hand they floated away to the spot where the fairy was now lingering.It was in a large house with dark windows and empty rooms,in which a peculiar stillness reigned.A whole row of windows stood open,so that the rude wind could enter at its pleasu
39、re,and the long white curtains waved to and fro in the current of air.In the centre of one of the rooms stood an open coffin,in which lay the body of a woman,still in the bloom of youth and very beautiful.Fresh roses were scattered over her.The delicate folded hands and the noble face glorified in d
40、eath by the solemn,earnest look,which spoke of an entrance into a better world,were alone visible.Around the coffin stood the husband and children,a whole troop,the youngest in the fathers arms.They were come to take a last farewell look of their mother.The husband kissed her hand,which now lay like
41、 a withered leaf,but which a short time before had been diligently employed in deeds of love for them all.Tears of sorrow rolled down their cheeks,and fell in heavy drops on the floor,but not a word was spoken.The silence which reigned here expressed a world of grief.With silent steps,still sobbing,
42、they left the room.A burning light remained in the room,and a long,red wick rose far above the flame,which fluttered in the draught of air.Strange men came in and placed the lid of the coffin over the dead,and drove the nails firmly in;while the blows of the hammer resounded through the house,and ec
43、hoed in the hearts that were bleeding.“Whither art thou leading me?”asked the guardian angel.“Here dwells no fairy whose pearl could be counted amongst the best gifts of life.”“Yes,she is here;here in this sacred hour,”replied the angel,pointing to a corner of the room;and there,where in her life-ti
44、me,the mother had taken her seat amidst flowers and pictures:in that spot,where she,like the blessed fairy of the house,had welcomed husband,children,and friends,and,like a sunbeam,had spread joy and cheerfulness around her,the centre and heart of them all,there,in that very spot,sat a strange woman
45、,clothed in long,flowing garments,and occupying the place of the dead wife and mother.It was the fairy,and her name was“Sorrow.”A hot tear rolled into her lap,and formed itself into a pearl,glowing with all the colors of the rainbow.The angel seized it:the,pearl glittered like a star with seven-fold
46、 radiance.The pearl of Sorrow,the last,which must not be wanting,increases the lustre,and explains the meaning of all the other pearls.“Do you see the shimmer of the rainbow,which unites earth to heaven?”So has there been a bridge built between this world and the next.Through the night of the grave
47、we gaze upwards beyond the stars to the end of all things.Then we glance at the pearl of Sorrow,in which are concealed the wings which shall carry us away to eternal happiness.IV.Supplementary Guides or References 1.Guide(1)The Intensive Writing Requirement at IU Northwest(DRAFT 07/17/08)What is the
48、 pedagogical purpose of the Intensive Writing Requirement?The IU Northwest writing requirement consists of Elementary Composition(W131)and Intensive Writing(IW).The purpose of the IW requirement is to provide students with practice in writing(preferably within their majors),with substantive feedback
49、 provided by instructors well acquainted with the standards of effective writing in their disciplines.Departments and schools/colleges will be allowed considerable latitude in defining what sorts of writing experiences are most appropriate for their majors;consequently the kinds of IW courses offere
50、d by different units will vary.What are the standard guidelines and requirements for IW credit?To qualify for IW credit,a course must require that students write at least 5,000 words(20 double-spaced pages).Revisions,in-class essay examinations and informal writing(e.g.journal entries)will not be in