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1、(The keys answers are the words in Batang type.)Section 1 The Structure of Discourse:Discourse1. Key to the Exercise2. What is a paragraph? What is a discourse?Find out the answers from the lecture.3. Is a paragraph identical or similar to a one-paragraph discourse in structure? Why?Find out the ans
2、wers from the lecture.4. Analyze the three-part structure of the following paragraphs.A great life doesnt happen by accident. A great life is the result of allocating your time, energy, thoughts and hard work towards what you want your life to be. Stop setting yourself up for stress and failure, and
3、 start setting up your life to support success and ease. A great life is the result of using the 24/7 you get in a creative and thoughtful way, instead of just what comes next. Customize these “secrets” to fit your own needs and style, and start creating your own great life today!- Seven Secrets to
4、a Great Life，AnonymousFriends play an important part in our lives, and although we may take the friendship for granted, we often dont clearly understand how we make friends. While we get on well with a number of people, we are usually friends with only a few. - for example, the average among student
5、s is about 6 per person. In all the eases of friendly relationships, two people like one another and enjoy being together, but beyond that, the degree of intimacy between them and the reason for their shared interest change greatly. As we get to know people, we consider things like age, race, econom
6、ic conditions, social positions and intelligence. Although these reasons are not of prime importance, it is more difficult to get on with people when there is a great difference in age and background.- Friendship, Beautiful EnglishIt is a fact that capital punishment is not a deterrent to crime. Sta
7、tistics show that in states with capital punishment, murder rates are the same or almost the same as in states without capital punishment. It is also true that it is more expensive to put a person on death row than in life imprisonment because of distinctions, to comprehend4 (in whatever limited fas
8、hion) experiences other than my own. It is an enriching experience, to read words fashioned and styled into a creative endeavor (all books are creative in that the author picks and chooses what to say, and how to say it - an ultimate fictionalizing; just as practically-speaking all books are non-fic
9、tive in that they express something somehow of importance to the author). - An Essay on Essays, Jehana SilverwingI) Historical detailIf the scene or mood described in a beginning paragraph is an immediate background, then some historical details in the beginning paragraph can serve as a remote backg
10、round.Womens liberation formally began with the founding in 1966 of the national Organization for Women, which remains the largest and most influential movement group, the original umbrella under which other groups pressed their individual programs. Its membership has doubled to 18,000 in the past y
11、ear; around 255 chapters now exist in 50 states. N.O.W. has led assaults in Congress and the courts on issues ranging from child care to abortion reform. Growing even faster is the National Womens Political Caucus, aimed at putting more levers of government power into female hands. There is also the
12、 Womens Equity: Action League, dedicated to pushing for equality via existing laws and executive orders. - An article about womens liberation, in American English RhetoricJ) QuotationQuotations are the most effective ways to make your argument more authoritative.Napoleon declared, Victory belongs to
13、 the most persevering. Upon careful study we find perseverance depends upon three things - purpose, will, and enthusiasm. He who has a purpose is always concentrating his forces. By the will, the hope and the plan are prevented from evaporating into dreams. Enthusiasm keeps the interest up, and make
14、s the obstacles seem small. Perseverance *, Anonymous, Beautiful EnglishMany moralists have remarked, that Pride has of all human vices the widest dominion, appears in the greatest multiplicity of forms, and lies hid under the greatest variety of disguises; of disguises, which, like the moons veil o
15、f brightness, are both its luster and its shade, and betray it to others, though they hide it from ourselves. “On Idleness，Samuel JohnsonK) ContrastContrast can make the opening much more striking.Wiltshire is a county of contrasting and attractive countryside with downland, woodlands, river valleys
16、 and clay vales. The chalklands of the North Wessex Downs, Salisbury Plain, Cranborne Chase and the West Wiltshire Downs, form undulating open scenery characterised by large fields and isolated tree clumps. In contrast, the valleys appear well wooded due to the enclosure of smaller fields by hedgero
17、ws and the presence of riverside trees and copses. Extensive deposits of clay-with-flints on top of the chalk support major woodlands such as Savernake Forest and the Great Ridge, Grovely and Tollard Royal woods. - “The Landscape of Wiltshire”L) Rhetorical questionAsking a question, especially a rhe
18、torical question, is more emphatic than a direct thesis statement in a beginning paragraph.What could possibly have inspired Bilal Abdullah, a medical doctor, to ride a blazing Jeep Cherokee into the busy Glasgow airport terminal? Last week Shiraz Maher, a former member of an Islamic fundamentalist
19、group that had tried to recruit Abdullah, told the British media this story: - Doctor of Death*The fiery reaction to the release of Arc had an unexpected consequence: it made me realize I had a design philosophy. The main complaint of the more articulate critics was that Arc seemed so flimsy. After
20、years of working on it, all I had to show for myself were a few thousand lines of macros? Why hadnt I worked on more substantial problems? Six Principles for Making New ThingsWill we never learn that what goes around, comes around? Probably not, as shown in a recent Forbes article. It seems that big
21、 corporations are desperately2 trying to find some way to build a quality in their work force that is too scarce nowadays. - In the Workplace, Loyalty Is a Sometime ThingM) HumorA humorous ending can achieve a special effect of pleasing and intimacy.Vines, like humans, marry for better or for worse.
22、 California afflicted with both phylloxera and nematodes, needs resistant rootstocks to carry its classic grapes. Some combinations work. Some do not. Some work in some conditions but not in others. Researchers are very busy at the mating game. - California Wine Country, Sunset Books, in American En
23、glish RhtoricN) Figurative languageFigurative language is the most vivid, but it is usually used in less formal language. The theme of the essay from which the following example is taken requires more use of figurative language.Forty-eight intellectuals from around the world recently assembled to he
24、lp celebrate the sesquicentennial of Boston University by trying to find a metaphor for the age in which we live. It was an elegant game, but also inadvertently right for an age of television and drugs, in which the world is reduced to a sound bite or a capsule, a quick fix of meaning. - uMetaphors
25、of the World, Unite!” Lance Morrow2. Guide (2)Writing an IntroductionExtract from American English RhetoricAn opening paragraph has at least two important purposes. First, it normally announces the writers central topic and identifies his controlling idea. Second, it often contains some eye-catching
26、 information or an unexpected approach that will stimulate the reader to continue reading. The type of introduction that you select will be determined by several things. One of these is the tone of your paper - that is, whether it is serious, satirical, and so forth. Your choice of introduction will
27、 also depend on the nature of your material and the type of audience you are writing, for a writer reveals his taste and judgment in selecting an appropriate beginning. Of course, the length of an introduction should be in proportion to the overall length of the composition it appears in. Most impor
28、tant, the content of an introduction should be closely related to the writers thesis statement.When you are choosing a way to begin a composition, you have something in common with a fisherman. For just as a fisherman puts appetizing bait on his hook in order to attract fish to bite, so you will try
29、 in the beginning of your paper to interest your reader in following your written thoughts through to their conclusion. You do have an advantage over the fisherman, though. You have a wider variety of bait” to select from. Here are some of the most frequently used possibilities for beginning a compo
30、sition:1. Thesis statement2. Brief narration or description3. Anecdote4. Explanation of a writers experience with a subject5. Startling fact6. Definition of terms7. Statistics8. Vivid contrast9. Background information10. Rhetorical question11. Introduction of a person12. Quotation13. Historical deta
31、il14. Humor15. Figurative language1. Thesis statementBecause expository writing can never be too clear, one of the surest ways to begin a composition is to place your thesis statement in the first paragraph. In the first example, the writer leaves little doubt that he is taking a firm stand against
32、the threatening supremacy of machines over man. In the second example, the thesis is equally direct and, as in the earlier example, expressed in the final sentence: new foods . are often costly, in terms of both dollars and, ultimately, health.(In an article about computers):The uneasy, half-embarra
33、ssed rivalry between man and machine has reached a peak with the thinking machine. We have become used to machines that are more powerful, more durable, more accurate, and faster than we are, but machines that challenge our intelligence are hard to take. At this point the competition becomes uncomfo
34、rtable.“The Thinking of Men and Machines,nJohn H. Troll, The Atlantic Monthly(In an article about nutrition):If the bromidel MYou are what you eat, is true, we could all end up being very different people from our ancestors. Modern science and agriculture have freed the United States and many other
35、nations from traditional diets based largely on natural farm products. New varieties of crops, transcontinental shipping, a wide spectrum of food additives, and new food-processing techniques have led, for better or worse, to diets different from any previously consumed by human populations. But the
36、se dietary changes reflect the decisions of business executives and investors, rather tnan nutritionists and public health officials. Many of the new foods do save us time and trouble, but they are often costly, in terms of both dollars and, ultimately, health.Our Diets Have Changed, but Not for the
37、 Best,” Michael Jacobson, Smithsonian (April 1975) 1 bromide: trite statement.2. Brief narration or descriptionUsing a brief narrative or descriptive passage as an introduction eases the reader into the main body of the composition, establishing some background and setting the mood for what is to co
38、me. Here is a particularly dramatic narrative opening.(In a book telling of the discovery of gold in California in 1849):A January morning, crisp and clear. The sawmill foreman was up early. He was a loner-moody, and hard to get along with. But he was a good builder, anxious to complete the new stru
39、cture. While his men dallied over breakfast, he was already busy down at the river. Each day the men cut the mill race ditch deeper, and each night the foreman let the river rush through it to sweep away the debris. Soon the current would be strong enough to power saws. James Marshall closed the slu
40、ice gate and waded down the drained, muddy ditch, checking its depth. Then something caught his eye. Stooping, he reached into the shallow water. What he found changed the course of American history.Ghost Towns of the West, Sunset Books3. AnecdoteFew readers ever outgrow their childhood pleasure of
41、being told stories. A brief humorous experience or joke recounted in an opening paragraph can capitalize on this and whet a readerinterest in what is to come. Notice that both of the anecdotal openings below end with a statement of the essays central idea. In the first example, the statement is dire
42、ct: the paper will deal with a philosophical problem. In the second example, the statement is indirect. “You can get out of my light“ is JarrelTs way of saying, “Give American intellectuals more breathing room.(In a paper about philosophy):When Gertrude Stein lay dying in Paris, her friend Alice B.
43、Toklas leaned over her bed and whispered this question into her ear: Gertrude, what is the answer?1 Smiling weakly, Miss Stein turned to her and replied, uAlice, what is the question? Seldom has the problem facing philosophers been more concisely stated.(In an essay about the value of the intellectu
44、al in America):The philosopher Diogenes lived in a tub in the market place. He owned the clothes on his back and a wooden cup i one morning, when he saw a man drinking out of his hands, he threw away the cup. Alexander the Great came to Athens and went down to the market place to see Diogenes i as h
45、e was about to leave, he asked, uls there anything I can do for you?” “Yes, said Diogenes, you can get out of my light.“The Intellectual in America,n Randall Jarrell, Mademoiselle (January 1955)4. Explanation of a writers experience with the subjectSometimes a writer feels the need to establish his
46、authority on a subject, particularly if the subject is a difficult or abstruse one. One of the best ways to do this is to open an essay by explaining his experiences with it.(In an essay about writing):During my years as an editor, I have seen probably hundreds of job applicants who were either just
47、 out of college or in their senior year. All wanted Mto write/ Many brought letters from their teachers. But I do not recall one letter announcing that its bearer could write what he wished to say with clarity, directness, and economy.How to Write Like a Social Scientist,nSamuel T. Williamson. The S
48、aturdays Review5. Startling factPerhaps you have seen a motion picture or a television show that immediately caught your interest because it opened with a startling scene. A composition beginning with a startling fact can do the same thing. The first example introduces a discussion of marriage and d
49、ivorce with a surprising revelation. In the second example, the writer has chosen to open his article on Morocco with a short, realistic street episode that may capture the readers attention through its shock effect.(In a paper about American marriage):Of every four couples who marry in the United States, one couple will seek a divorce. Consider what effect this high di