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1、NationalDifferencesinPoliticalEconomy政治体制POLITICALSYSTEMS经济体制ECONOMICSYSTEMS法律体制LEGALSYSTEMSPOLITICALSYSTEMS政治体制：一个国家的政府体制Apolitical system isthesystemofgovernmentinanation政治体制可以用两个相关的指标来考察：Politicalsystemscanbeassessedaccordingto:1.体制中对集体主义和对个人主义的重视程度thedegreetowhichtheyemphasizecollectivismasoppos
2、edtoindividualism2.体制中的民主和集权的程度thedegreetowhichtheyaredemocraticortotalitarianPOLITICALSYSTEMSCollectivismreferstoasystemthatstressestheprimacyofcollectivegoalsoverindividualgoals集体主义是指集体目标优先于个人目标的一种政治体制Whencollectivismisemphasized,theneedsofthesocietyaswholearegenerallyviewedasbeingmoreimportanttha
3、nindividualfreedoms当强调集体主义时，被视为一个整体的社会需求通常认为比个人主义要重要得多Individualism is apoliticalphilosophythatanindividualshouldhavefreedomoverhisorhereconomicandpoliticalpursuits.从政治的角度个人主义是指人应该享有经济和政治追求的自由Individualismfocuseson:个人主义强调guaranteeingindividualfreedomandself-expression强调个人自由和个人表达lettingpeoplepursueth
4、eirownself-interestinordertoachievethebestoverallgoodforsociety强调只有通过让人民追求自己的经济利益，才能达到社会福利的最大化ECONOMICSYSTEMSMarket Economy市场经济市场经济Inapuremarketeconomythegoodsandservicesthatacountryproduces,andthequantityinwhichtheyareproducedisdeterminedbysupplyanddemandCommand Economy指令（计划）经济指令（计划）经济Inapurecomman
5、deconomythegoodsandservicesthatacountryproduces,thequantityinwhichtheyareproduced,andthepriceatwhichtheyaresoldareallplannedbythegovernmentMixed Economy混合经济混合经济AmixedeconomyincludessomeelementsofamarketeconomyandsomeelementsofacommandeconomyLEGALSYSTEMSThelegalsystemofacountryistherules,orlaws,thatr
6、egulatebehavior,alongwiththeprocessesbywhichthelawsofacountryareenforcedandthroughwhichredressforgrievancesisobtained.一国的法律体系或制度指的是法令或者法律，它们规定行为要合乎实施法律的程序，并且通过法律纠正冤情。世界不同的法律体系 普通法系普通法系 the common law system 大陆法系大陆法系 the civil law system 宗教法系宗教法系 the theocratic law system LEGALSYSTEMS普通法系thecommon la
7、wsystem是以传统、先例和惯例为基础（basedontradition,precedent,andcustom）。传统是一个国家的法律历史，先例是法院以前判过的案例，而惯例则是指应用法律的具体方式。大陆法系the civil law system 是以十分详尽的法律条文所组成的法典为基础的宗教法系thetheocratic lawsystem是以宗教教义为基础的法律制度。Home-CountryPerspectiveGovernment activity政府的措施Embargoes and trade sanctions制裁和禁运Export controls出口管制Regulation
8、of international business behavior管理国际商务的行为EmbargoesandSanctions制裁：出于敌对或者是政治目的而非经济的目的，通常包括特定的强制性的贸易措施，以扭曲自由贸易流向的政府行为。禁运：出于敌对或者是政治目的而非经济的目的，通常全面禁止贸易的政府行为。Reasons for imposing embargoes and sanctions have varied:ExportControlsExport-control systems出口管制制度出口管制制度目的在于禁止或者至少是延迟敌对国家获目的在于禁止或者至少是延迟敌对国家获得战略性重要
9、商品商品的制度得战略性重要商品商品的制度designedtodenyoratleastdelaytheacquisitionofstrategicallyimportantgoodsbypoliticaladversaries.Bribery and Corruption 贿赂和腐败RegulatingInternationalBusinessBehaviorTransparency InternationalInternational Business Ethics 国际商务领域的伦理道德Boycotts 联合抵制制止与商品或者是服务某一特定销售商开展有商务活动的有组织的行为；出于政治或者经
10、济的原因在国际领域被内被加以运用Antitrust Laws 反托拉斯法禁止垄断、贸易限制和合谋以阻碍竞争行为的法律Host-CountryPerspectivePolitical RiskEconomic RiskLegal Risk意外情况可能包含以意外情况可能包含以下几个方面下几个方面合法的政府权威机构合法的政府权威机构的行动的行动政府控制以外的因素政府控制以外的因素所导致的事件所导致的事件非自愿的丧失对特定资产的控制权而没有得到足够的补偿全部或者是部分被征用战争革命被剥夺财产权利敲诈勒索没收恐怖主义权利取消或者是不公平的要求履行保证书罢工从外国控制的关联公司期望得到的利润流价值减少不履
11、行国民待遇民族主义购买者或者是供应者限制注入金融、劳动力、或者是原材料市场针对集团对运营所产生的威胁和破坏对价格产出或者是劳动进行控制外在原因导致的金融限制货币和兑换要求对进口或者出口施加的外在限制增值税和出口要求PoliticalRiskThree Major Types of RiskOwnership所有权所有权风险风险Operating经营风经营风险险Transfer转移风险转移风险PoliticalRiskIntellectual Property Rights：IPR由企业、科学、文学或者是艺术活动所产生的合法的权利 Possible outcomes可能的结果Violence a
12、nd Conflict 暴力和冲突Expropriation 征用：政府以通常低于公司资产投资的低水平补偿接管某一公司Confiscation 没收：政府强制性获得某一公司，而对于所取得的资产没有任何的补偿Domestication 国有化：政府要求将部分所有权或管理权限从外国公司转移到当地的实体，有或者是没有补偿。Weakening of Intellectual Property Rights 欠缺对知识产权的保护 EconomicRisk税收政策税收政策Tax Policy-A means by which countries may control foreign investors.
13、外汇管制外汇管制Exchange Controls-Controls on the movement of capital in and out of a country,sometimes imposed when the country faces a shortage of foreign currency.价格管制价格管制Price Controls-Government regulation of prices of goods and services;control of the prices of imported goods or services as a result o
14、f domestic political pressures.LegalRisk影响国际商务的四种法律：合同法 contract law 对财产权的保护 Property Rights 对知识产权的保护 Intellectual Property Rights 产品安全和产品责任Product Safety and Product LiabilityLegalRiskContract law is the body of law that enforces a contract specifies conditions under which an exchange is to occur d
15、etails rights and obligations of parties合同法是管理合同合同法是管理合同执行的法律行的法律实体体 规定了交易定了交易发生的条件和交易双方具体的生的条件和交易双方具体的权利和利和义务 Differences based on legal tradition合同法由于各国法律体系的不同而对国际商务有着不同的影响common law system 普通法系普通法系civil law system 大陆法系大陆法系LegalRiskA bundle of legal rights over the use to which a resource is put a
16、nd over the use made of any income from that resource财产权是指使用资源以及获取通过使用资源可能产生的任何收益的一系财产权是指使用资源以及获取通过使用资源可能产生的任何收益的一系列相关法律权益列相关法律权益 The act was passed during the 1970s following revelations that U.S.companies had bribed government officials in foreign countries in an attempt to win lucrative contracts
17、 20世纪世纪70年代，美国通过了反国外腐败行为法。该法禁止为获得或保留年代，美国通过了反国外腐败行为法。该法禁止为获得或保留外国官员管辖的生意而向外国政府官员行贿外国官员管辖的生意而向外国政府官员行贿 Property rights can be violated throughprivate actionpublic action and corruption财产权可以通过两种方式被侵犯财产权可以通过两种方式被侵犯私下行为私下行为公共行为和腐败公共行为和腐败LegalRiskCountry rankings of corruption in 2002LegalRiskPatent:inve
18、ntors exclusive rights to manufacture,use,sale of an inventionCopyright:same for authors,composers,artists,publishersTrademarks:unique designs and names,often officially registered专利专利 是准许一个新产品或新工艺的发明者在一定时期内是准许一个新产品或新工艺的发明者在一定时期内享有制造、使用或出售该发明的专有权享有制造、使用或出售该发明的专有权 版权版权 是作者、作曲家、剧作家、艺术家和出版商出版和以是作者、作曲家、
19、剧作家、艺术家和出版商出版和以适当的方式传播其作品的专有合法权利适当的方式传播其作品的专有合法权利 商标商标 是设计和品牌的名称，通常需要在官方是设计和品牌的名称，通常需要在官方 注册登记，注册登记，商人或制造商用以称呼和区别其产品商人或制造商用以称呼和区别其产品 Intellectual Property Rights：IPR由企业、科学、文学或者是艺术活动所产生的合法的权利 LegalRiskLegalRisk1.Product safety laws set safety standards for products and manufacturing processes2.Produc
20、t liability laws hold the firm and its officers responsible for product safety standards3.Criminal laws/civil liability lawsLeast extensive in lesser developed countriesRaise important ethical issues for firms doing business abroadProduct safety and liability 产品安全和产品责任1.产品安全法是指对某一产品必须建立一定的安全标准产品安全法是
21、指对某一产品必须建立一定的安全标准 2.产品责任是指当一个产品引起伤害、死亡或损害时，该生产企产品责任是指当一个产品引起伤害、死亡或损害时，该生产企业和主管人员应负责业和主管人员应负责 3.民事和刑事责任民事和刑事责任 在欠发达国家责任法适用范围通常较为有限在欠发达国家责任法适用范围通常较为有限 给企业在海外从事商务带来一个重要的伦理问题给企业在海外从事商务带来一个重要的伦理问题 SCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOCountry differences influence:AttractivenessBe
22、nefits First mover Late mover advantagesCostRisk Political risk Economic risk Legal risk国别差异影响国别差异影响:吸引力吸引力 收益收益 第一进入者优势第一进入者优势 迟进入者劣势迟进入者劣势 成本成本风险风险 政治风险政治风险 经济风险经济风险 法律风险法律风险National Differences in Political Economy为了让人们更好地了解文化，Hoftsede把文化比喻成洋葱，有很多层。最外表的一层称象征物（象征物（SymbolsSymbols），如服装、语言、建筑物等等，人的肉眼
23、能够很容易看见；第二层是英雄人物性格（英雄人物性格（HeroesHeroes），在一种文化里，人们所崇拜英雄的性格代表了此文化里大多数人的性格，因此,了解英雄的性格,很大程度上也就了解英雄所在文化的民族性格；第三层是礼礼仪（RitualsRituals），礼仪是每种文化里对待人和自然的独特表示方式，如中国文化中，主要场合吃饭时的位置安排，很有讲究，又比如日本人的鞠躬和进门脱鞋；最里面的一层是价价值观（ValuesValues），指人们相信什么是真、善、美的抽象观念，也是文化中最深邃、最难理解的部分。What is culture?SCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVE
24、RSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOWhat is culture?“Thatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morallaw,customandothercapabilitiesacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”文化”是一种复合体,包括了知识,信仰,艺术,道德,法律,习惯和一个人作为社会成员所应具有的其他能力.”-EdwardTylor爱德华泰勒“thecollectiveprogrammingofmindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonehum
25、angroupfromanother”“人类一群成员区别与另一群成员思想意识的集合体”-GeertHofstede格尔特霍夫斯德ZviNamenwirthandRobertWeberdefinecultureasasystemofideaandarguethattheseideasconstituteadesignforliving.社会学家兹维纳门华斯和罗伯特韦伯把文化定义成一种观念的体系，并认为这种观念构成对生活的设计SCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOWhat is culture?“A system
26、 of values and norms that are shared among a A system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living.”a design for living.”-Hofstede,NamenwirthandWeber“一群人所共同具有的、一群人所共同具有的
27、、为生存而生存而设计构造的构造的一种价一种价值观和准和准则的体系的体系.”-霍夫斯泰德、纳门华斯和韦伯Normscentraltothefunctioningofsocietyanditssociallife道德准道德准则被认为是社会发挥作用和社会生活的核心准则Different components of cultureSCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOValuesandNormsAbstractideas/assumptionsaboutwhatagroupbelievestobegood,right
28、anddesirable价价值观是一个抽象的概念，它是指一群人相信什么是好的、正确的和所向往的socialrulesandguidelinesthatprescribeappropriatebehaviorinparticularsituations准准则是指社会规则，即在一个特定的情境下有关适当行为的规定Routineconventionsofeverydaylife社会社会习俗俗是指日常生活惯例.FolkwaysandmoresSCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOvalueTraditional Val
29、ue 传统价值观1，religion(信仰信仰):important in their lives；对他们的生命非常重要2,Family（家庭）（家庭）:children should be told to obey孩子被要求服从大人Childrens first duty is to make parents proud孩子们的首要任务是使家长感到骄傲Abortion,euthanasia,divorce and suicideAre not justified morally堕胎，安乐死，离婚，自杀都是违背道德准则的3,country（国家）（国家）:Strong sense of nat
30、ional pride对自己的国家有强烈的民族自豪感Secular-Rational Value 世俗理性价值观1，religion(信仰信仰):Religious freedom；信仰自由Not very important in their lives对生命不是那么的重要2,Family（家庭）（家庭）:children should be self-expressive孩子被要求要有自我表现Individual rights are most important(Abortion,suicide,divorce)个人的权利是非常重要的（堕胎,自杀，离婚)3,country（国家）（国家）
31、:Open to globalization对全球化持开放态度SCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOvalueSurvival values 生存价值观When struggle for survival uppermost,economic&physical security are more Important than self-expression当生存问题为最首要的问题时，对经济和政治的安全的关心胜过了自我表现If food or safety cannot be taken for Granted
32、 people tend to:如果安全和食物不能保障，人们将更趋向：1.Dislike foreigners,homosexuals peopleWith AIDS不喜欢外国人，对同性恋和爱滋病患者也持不欢迎的态度2.Are wary of any form of political activity对任何形式的政治活动都呈提防的态度.3.Think man make better leaders than women认为男性比女性更胜任领导的位置Self-expression values 自我表现价值观When economic&physical security are Taken f
33、or granted,self-expression Becomes important当排除政治和经济的安全问题后，自我表现变得重要了People tend to:人们更趋向于1.Accept all individuals human rights)接受所有的个体（人权）2.Are politically active关心政治3.Believe both woman and man can lead认为无论男性和女性都可以领导SCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOSCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUT
34、HWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOCulture,society and nation statesSocietyisagroupofpeoplewhoshareacommon culture在一个共同文化生存下的一群人，即一群共同拥有一套价值准则的人Noonetoonecorrespondencebetweensocietyandanationstate一个社会与一个民族国家之间没有严格的一一对应关系nNationstatesarepoliticalcreationsNationstatesarepoliticalcreationsn民族国家是
35、政治的民族国家是政治的产物物 nManyculturescanco-existwithinanationstateManyculturescanco-existwithinanationstaten一个国家可能包含一种一个国家可能包含一种单一文化或多种文化一文化或多种文化 SCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAODeterminants of cultureSCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAO两个尺度两个尺度 1 1，社会，
36、社会组织的基本的基本单位位是个人是个人还是群体是群体个体个体积极极 消极消极 美国美国群体群体积极极 消极消极 日本日本 2 2，社会分成，社会分成阶级或等或等级的程度的程度 社会流社会流动性性 对商商业的意的意义Social structureSocial mobility is the extent to which individuals can move out of the strata into which they are born社会流动性是指个人能从自己出生所在的那个社会阶层所流动出去的程度caste system 等级制度 is a closed system of str
37、atification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born,and change in that position is usually not possible during an individuals lifetime class system 阶级制度is a form of open social stratification in which the position a person has by birth can be changed through
38、his or her achievement or luckSCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOReligious and ethical systemsReligion is a system of shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred.The religions with the greatest following are Christianity,Islam,Hinduism,and Bu
39、ddhism.Confucianism influences behavior and shapes culture in many parts of Asia.宗教是一种具有神圣意宗教是一种具有神圣意义的共同的信念和的共同的信念和仪式。式。四大宗教分四大宗教分别是基督教，伊斯是基督教，伊斯兰教，印度教和佛教。教，印度教和佛教。儒家思想的行儒家思想的行为和文化在和文化在许多多亚洲部分地区有洲部分地区有较大的大的影响。影响。SCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOReligious and ethical sys
40、temsnChristianityn基督教nHinduismn印度教nIslamn伊斯兰教nBuddhismn佛教nConfucianism儒教1.8 billion750 million1 billion334 million150 millionSCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOReligious and ethical systemsChristianity（Protestant 新教新教orthodox church东正教正教 Catholicism天主教）天主教）Christianity is
41、the largest religion and is common throughout Europe,the Americas,and other countries settled by Europeans Economic Implications of Christianity:The Protestant Work Ethic At the turn of the century Weber suggested that it was the Protestant work ethic(focus on hard work,wealth creation,and frugality
42、)that was the driving force of capitalism SCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOReligious and ethical systemsIslamIslam extends the underlying roots of Christianity to an all-embracing way of life that governs ones being.伊斯兰教以包罗万象的 生活方式统治着穆斯林。Economic Implications of Islam In
43、 Islam,people do not own property,but only act as stewards for God and thus must take care of that which they have been entrusted with.While Islam is supportive of business,the way business is practiced is prescribed.SCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOReligious and ethical
44、 systemsHinduism Hinduism,practiced primarily on the Indian sub-continent,focuses on the importance of achieving spiritual growth and development,which may require material and physical self-denial（自我否定）（自我否定）Economic Implications of Hinduism Since Hindus are valued by their spiritual rather than ma
45、terial achievements,there is not the same work ethic or focus on entrepreneurship found in some other religions Promotion and adding new responsibilities may not be the goal of an employee,or may be infeasible due to the employees casteSCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAORe
46、ligious and ethical systemsBuddhism Buddhists stress spiritual growth and the afterlife,rather than achievement while in this world Buddhism,practiced mainly in South East Asia,does not support the caste system,however,so individuals do have some mobility and can work with individuals from different
47、 classesConfucianism Confucianism,practiced mainly in China,teaches the importance of attaining personal salvation through right action The need for high moral and ethical conduct and loyalty to others is central in Confucianism Economic Implications of Confucianism Three key teachings of Confuciani
48、sm loyalty忠忠,reciprocal obligations义,and honesty信信-may all lead to a lowering of the cost of doing business in Confucian societies SCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOWorld religionsSCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOLanguageSpokenVerbal cuesLangu
49、age structures perception of world口口头语言言 口头暗示构成人们理解世界的方式Unspoken：Body languagePersonal space非口非口头语言：言：身体语言个人空间问：“称能说两种语言的人为什么？“答：“双语者。“问：“能说三种语言的呢？“答：“三语者。”问：“好。要是会一种语言呢？”答：“呃，。美国人！”你觉得这个笑话有恶意吗？抑或从中学到了什么呢？中西方思维差异比较中西方思维差异比较特点特点西方西方中国中国思维结构理性、系统；强调客观、内部逻辑一致从多角度对问题进行直接间接的综合分析，强调相对性和联系思维模式把事物分解再分析注重事物总
50、体概念交际方式直接、坦率、就事论事、客观性强间接、委婉、谨慎、强调人辩论方式运用抽象的推理解释事物；线性的，根据因果关系的链条辩论，通过辩证说服对方通过综合评论进行具体的归纳；通过个人性格和魅力表现出的情感说服对方解决问题策略坦诚解决冲突；把问题提出，分析说明；客观解决问题的方案和提议；咨询中立机构，依据法律办事达到客观的目的灵活变通的解决冲突；对问题用手势和暗号表示；加强关系，咨询对双方有利的人；照顾到面子SCHOOL OF ECONOMYSOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIESSHAN GAOTwo concepts of culture in terms