初中英语知识总结-短语、词组和重点句型归纳(1).docx

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1、初中英语知识总结-短语.词组和重点句型归纳短语、词组归纳由动词开头构成的短语、词组很多。复习时应分类处理:一、动词+介词. look at.看,look like .看上去像 look after .照料.1 . listen to.听. welcome to.欢迎到2 . say hello to 向问好. speak to.对说话此类短语相当于及物动词,其后必须带宾语,但宾语无论是名词还是代词,者嚷放在介词之 后。二、动词+副词动词+副词”所构成的短语义分为两类:A .动词(vt.) +副词1 . put on 穿上 2 . take off 脱下 3 . write down 记下此类短

2、语可以带宾语,宾语若是名词,放在副词前后皆可;宾语若是人称代词,只能放在副 词的前面。B .动词(vi) +副词。1 . come on 赶快 2 . get up 起床 3 . go home 回家4 . come in 进来 5 . sit down 坐下 6 . stand up 起立此类短语属于不及物动词,不可以带宾语。中考英语高频考点错误分类详解在学习初中英语的过程中,同学们常会犯这样那样的错误,大多数同学认为这些错误纷 繁复杂,无章可循,其实并非如此。为便于系统复习,现将中考高频考点,或者说把同学们 常犯的错误进行分类详解,希望对大家能有所警示与启迪。I .蛇足类错误例析蛇足类错误

3、就是“画蛇添足,在句中出现一些原本没有或本应省略的成分。例1.Though traveling by air is fast and comfortable, but it costs too much money.(x)Traveling by air is fast and comfortable, but it costs too much money. (V)Though traveling by air is fast and comfortable, it costs too much money. (V)例2.Because he was ill yesterday, so he

4、 didn t go to work. (x)Because he was ill yesterday, he didrf t go to work. (V)He was ill yesterday, so he didn t go to work. (V)析用though, but表示虽然,但是.或用because, so表示因为, 所以时,though和but及because和so都只能择一而用,不能两者同时使用。例3.More than three hundreds people died in the oil well accident in Chongqing in 2003. (

5、x )More than three hundred people died in the oil well accident in Chongqing in2003. (V)析hundred, thousand, million, billion等词前有具体数词修饰用来表示确数时, 无论数词大小,hundred等词都要用单数形式。例4.My English teacher is a 38-years old man. (x)My English teacher is a 38-year-old man. (V)析句中的38-years-old是由数词、名词和形容词一起构成的复合形容词,在句中

6、充 当定语,修饰名词man。复合形容词作定语时,其中的名词要用单数形式,且各词之间要有 连字符。例5.The Smiths have moved Beijing, (x)The Smiths have moved to Beijing. (V)析不及物动词后接名词或代词作宾语时,要在动词之后加上适当的介词;但不及物 动词后接home, here, there等副词作宾语时,动词之后不必加任何介词。例6.The box is too heavy for him to carry it. (x)The box is too heavy for him to carry. (V)析the box既是

7、这句话的主语,也是不定式t。carry的逻辑宾语,若句末再加上it, 就和the box重复了。II .主谓不一致类错误例析主谓不一致类错误指的是句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上不一致而形成的错误。例1.Each of the boys have a pen. (x)Each of the boys has a pen. (V)析复数名词前有表个体的each of, one of, every , either of等词组修饰,或有表否 定的neither of, none of等词组修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例2.那是你心软!我不就是一个例子吗?Neither he nor you is

8、 good at English. (x)Neither he nor you are good at English. (V)析either. or., neither. nor., not only., but also.等词组连接句子的两个主语 时,谓语动词遵循就近一致原则,即由靠近谓语的那个主语决定谓语的人称和数用何种 形式。例3.Two months are quite a long time, (x)Two months is quite a long time. (V)析当时间、度量、距离、重量等名词作句子主语时,常将其看作一个整体,谓语动 词要用单数形式。例4.Ten minu

9、s three are seven, (x)Ten minus three is seven. (V)析用英语表示加(plus )、减(minus)等数学运算时,谓语动词也用单数形式。例5.Watching TV too much are bad for your eyes. (x)Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. (V)析不定式、v-ing形式充当句子主语时,谓语动词用单数形式例6.The number of the workers in this factory are about 5,000. (x)The number of the

10、workers in this factory is about 5,000. (V)析the number of表示的数量,谓语动词用单数形式;a number of的意 思是若干或许多,相当于some或a lot of,和复数名词连用,谓语动词用复数形 式。III.词序、语序类错误例析词序、语序类错误指的是单词或句子在排列顺序上不正确,也表现为该用陈述语序的用 了疑问句语序,或该用疑问句语序的用了陈述句语序等情况。例 1. Hello! I have important something to tell you. ( x )Hello! I have something importan

11、t to tell you. (V)析形容词或动词不定式修饰不定代词作定语时,修饰成分要置于不定代词之后。例 2. His son is enough old to go to school. ( x )His son is old enough to go to school. (V)析enough作形容词修饰名词时,可以放在名词前,也可放在名词后;作副词修饰形 容词或副词时,只能放在形容词或副词之后。例 3. Here is your sweater, put away it. ( x )Here is your sweater, put it away. (V)M put away, p

12、ick up, put on等动词+副词”构成的词组后接代词作宾语时,代 词只能放在动词和副词之间。例 4.1 don t know where is he going. ( x )I don1 t know where he is going. (V)析在含宾语从句的复合句中,从句要用陈述句语序。例 5. Look! Here the bus comes. ( x )Look! Here comes the bus. ( V )析在以here, there引起的陈述句中,若句子的主语是名词,要用倒装语序,即用 Here/There+动词+名词”结构 但主语若是代词时,则不用倒装语序,即用He

13、re/There +代词+动词”结构。例 6.1 do well in playing football,.(我妹妹也行。)A. so my sister does ( x )B. so does my sister ( V )例 7. Li Lei is really a football fan.(确实这样.)A. So is he ( x )B. So he is ( V )析so+be动词/助动词+主语”的倒装结构表示前面所述情况也适用于后者意为 也是这样;飞。+主语+be动词/助动词的陈述结构表示对前述情况的肯定,意为. 确实如此。IV.逻辑”类错误例析逻辑类错误是指用英语表达某一思

14、想时,犯了逻辑推理错误,导致句子语法成分不全, 句意表达上前后矛盾等方面的失误。例1.重庆比中国的其他城市都大。Chongqing is larger than any city in China. (x)Chongqing is larger than any other city in China. (V)析any city in China包括了重庆这座城市,同一事物自己与自己不能做比较,只 有在city前加上other才能表示重庆和中国的其它城市比较大小。例2.广州的天气比北京的天气更暖和。The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than Beijing.

15、 (x)The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than that in Beijing . (V)析表示比较时,句子中的两个比较对象必须一致,不同的比较对象不能做比较。错 误句的比较对象分别为the weather in Guangzhou和Beijing ,这两个不同类的事物之间 不能做比较。V.受汉语思维方式影响类错误例析受汉语影响类错误是指用英语表达某个意思时,受了汉语表达的影响而导致犯错。例 1. Mr Wu teaches our English, (x)Mr Wu teaches us English. (V)析teach sb. sth.句式中的s

16、b和sth.是teach的双宾语,因此teach后的人称 代词要用宾格,而不能受汉语影响使用形容词性物主代词。例 2. His sister married with a teacher last summer.(x)His sister married a teacher last summer. (V)析表达A和B结婚,要用A married/will marry Bo这时务必要避免受汉语影 响使用 A married/will marry with Bo例 3. There is going to have a film tonight. (x)There is going to be

17、a film tonight. (V)析将来时用在There be句式中时,be going to或will之后的动词原形只能 用 be,也就是说要用 There is (are) going to be. / There will be.。例 4. T II go hiking if it won t rain next Sunday. (x)F II go hiking if it doesn t rain next Sunday.(V)析习惯上在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的复合句中,如果主句的谓语动词用 了一般将来时,从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来的动作。例 5. Teache

18、r told us yesterday that the earth went around the sun. (x)Teacher told us yesterday that the earth goes around the sun. (V)析习惯上在含有宾语从句的复合句中,主句的谓语动词用了一般过去时,从句的谓 语动词要用过去的某种时态。但如果从句表述的是一客观事实或客观真理时,则不受主句时 态的影响,而用一般现在时。例 6. All the balls are not round.翻译成汉语:所有的球都不是圆的。(x)并不是所有的球都是圆的。(V)析all, every, both等

19、词和not连用时,not通常放在all, every, both的后面,一般 情况下表示部分否定,意为并非都。例 7. Do you know the way of the park? (x)Do you know the way to the park? (V)析习惯上表示无生命名词的所有格常用.of.;但表示通往的路要用the way to.,而不能用the way of.”。类似结构的词还有the key to the lock (这把锁 的钥匙),the answer to this question(这个问题的答案),the ticket to the concert (音乐 会的票

20、)等。例 8. He didn t go to school yesterday, did he?-, though he didn* t feel very well.A. No, he didn t (x) B. Yes, he did (V)例 9. - Don t you usually come to school by bike?. But I sometimes walk.A. No, I don t (x) B. Yes, I do (V)析习惯上英语中的yes意为是的,no意为不,但在前否后肯”的反意疑 问句或否定疑问句中,yes意为不,no意为是的。(完)三、其它类动词词组

21、l.close the door 2.look the same 3.go to work/class4.be ill 5.have a look/seat 6.have supper7.look young 8.go shopping 9.watch TV/games10. play games介词短语聚焦介词+名词/代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。现将Unitsl-16常用的介词短语按用法进 行归类。1 . in+语言/颜色/衣帽等,表示使用某种语言或穿着.。2 . in + Row/Team/Class/Grade 等,表示在.排/队质级/年级”等。3 . in the morning/

22、 afternoon/ evening/表示在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段时间。4 . in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom等表示在书桌/铅笔盒/卧室里”。5 .in the tree表示在树上(非树本身所有广;on the tree表示在树上(为树本身所有)、.in the wall表示在墙上(凹陷进去);on the wall表示在墙上(指墙的表面)。6 . at work (在工作)/at school (上学)/at home (在家)应注意此类短语中无the。7 . at +时刻表示钟点。8 . like this/that表示出,意为像这/那样。9 . of短

23、语表示所属关系。10 . behind/ beside/ near/ under+ 名词等,表示方位、处所。11 . from与to多表示方向,前者意为从,后者意为到.”。另夕卜,以下这些短语也必须掌握。如:on duty, after breakfast, at night, at the door, in the middle, in the sky, on one* s b汰e 等。重点句型大回放think.意为我认为.,是对某人或某事的看法或态度的一种句型。其否定式常用I don t think.,. give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth.意为把给,动词give

24、之后可接双宾语,可 用这两种句型;若指物的宾语是人称代词时,则只能用give it/ them to sb.2 . take sb./ sth. to意为把(送滞到,后常接地点,也可接人。3 . One., the other./One is.and one is.意为“一个是.;另一个是,必须是 两者中。4 . Let sb. do sth.意为让某人做某事,人后应用不带to的动词不定式,其否定式为 Don t let sb , do sth.,或 Let sb. not do sth.另外,Let s 与 Let us 的含义不完全相 同,前者包括听者在内,后者不包括听者在内,. help

25、 sb. (to) do sth./help sb. with sth.意为帮助某人做某事,前者用不定式作宾 补,后者用介词短语作宾补,二者可以互换.5 . What about. ? /How about. ?意为.怎么样?是用来询问或征求对方的观点、 意见、看法等。about为介词,其后须接名词、代词或V-ing等形式。6 . It s time to do./ It* s time for sth.意为该做.的时间了,其中 to 后须接原 形动词,for后可接名词或V-ing形式。7 . liketodosth./likedoingsth.意为喜欢做某事”,前一种句型侧重具体的一次性的

26、动作;后一种句型侧重习惯性的动作,. ask sb.(not) to do sth.意为让某人(不要)做某事,其中ask sb.后应接动词不定 式,8 . show sb. sth. / show sth. to do.意为把某物给某人看,该句型的用法同前面第2点。9 . introduce sb. to sb.意为把某人介绍给另一人;introduce to sb.则是向某人作介绍。重点短语快速复习kinds of各种各样的1. either.or或者或者.,不是.就是.2. neithernor.既不也不Chinese tea without, anything in it 中国;青茶3.

27、 take a seat 就坐home cooking 家常做法4. be famous for 因而著名on ones way to 在途中5. be sick/ill in hospital 生病住院at the end of在.的尽头,在的末尾6. wait for 等待in time 及时7. make one s way to往(艰难地)走去just then正在那时8. first of all 首先,第一go wrong 走错路9. be/get lost 迷路make a noise 吵闹,喧哗10. get on 上车get off 下车11. stand in line 站

28、队waiting room候诊室,候车室12. at the head of在的前头laugh at 嘲笑13. throw about 乱丢,抛散in fact实际上14. at midnight 在半夜have a good time=enjoy oneself 玩彳导愉,快15. quarrel with sb.和某人吵架take one* s temperature 给某人体温16. have/get a pain in.某处疼痛have a headache 头痛17. as soon as.就feel like doing sth.想要干某事18. stop.from doing

29、sth.阻止干某事fall asleep 入睡19. again and again再三地,反复地wake up醒来,叫醒20. instead of 代替look over 检查21. take exercise 运动had better(not) do sth.最好(不要)干某事22. at the weekend 在周末on time 按时23. out of从向夕卜all by oneself 独立,单独24. lots of=a lot of 许多no longer/more=not.any longer/more 不再25. get back回来,取回sooner or later

30、 迟早26. run away 逃跑eat up吃光,吃完27. run after 追赶take sth. with sb.某人随身带着某物28. take(good) care of.=look after.(well)(好好)照顾,照料think of考虑到,想起29. keep a diary坚持写日记leave one by oneself把某人单独留下30. harder and harder 越来越厉害turn on打开(电灯、收音机、煤气等)31. turn off 关重温重点句型l.So + be/助动词/情牵动词/主语.前面陈述的肯定情况也适于另一人(物)时,常用到这种倒装

31、结构,表示另一人(物)也 如此前面陈述的否定情况也适于另一人(物)时,常用Neither/ Nor + be/助动词 /情态动词+主语.这种倒装结构。注意:So+主语+be /助动词/情态动词.这一句型常用于表示赞同,进一步肯定对方 的看法,表示的确如此。是呀。. Turn right / left at the first / second / .crossing.这一指路的句型意为在第一 /二/ .个十字路口向右/左拐。相当于Take the first / second / .turning on theright / left.2 . It takes sb . some time t

32、o do sth .此句型表示“干某事花了某人一段时间。其中的it是形式主语,后面的动词不定式(短 语)才是真正的主语.3 . .think / find + it + adj. + to do sth.此句型中的it是形式宾语,不可用其它代词替代,形容词作宾语的补足语,后面的动词不 定式(短语)才是真正的宾语。4 . What s wrong with. ?此句型相当于What s the matter/trouble with. ?后跟某物作宾语时,意为某物出什 么毛病了 ?”后跟某人作宾语时,意为某人怎么了 ?. too.to.在so.that复合句中在at后的句子是否定句时,常与简单句

33、太.而不能.) 进行句型转换。在so.that复合句中,that后的句子是肯定句时,常与简单句enough t。进行句型转换.5 . Sorry to hear that.全句应为I m sorry to hearthat.意为听到此事我很难过(遗憾)。常用于对别人的 不幸表示同情、遗憾之意。重点句型、词组大盘点She used to be a Chinese teacher.她过去是一位汉语老师。用法used to +动词原形,表示过去经常性的动作或存在的状态,含有现在不再如此之 意。搭配used to do 的否定式可以是 usedn, t to do 或 didn t use to do

34、.比较used to do sth.过去常做某事;be/ get used to doing sth.习惯于做某事;be used to do sth.被用来做某事。2.return it sooner or later.迟早要将它归还。用法Dsoonerorlater意为迟早、早晚。2)return此处用作及物动词,意为“归还,相当于give back.拓展return还可用作不及物动词,意为“返回,相当于go back或come back0No matter what the weather is like.无论天气用法n。matter what相当于whatever,其意为“无论什么,引

35、导状语从句。拓展类似no matter what的表达方式还有:no matter when无论什么时候nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;no matter where 无论什么地方no matter who 无论谁no matter how无论怎么样3. A young man practised speaking English with Mr. Green.T立年经人与格林先生练习讲英语。用法practise doing sth.表示实践、练习(做)某事”。拓展practice 名词,实践、实施、练习;put a plan into practice 实行某 计划。4. He encour

36、aged everyone to take part in protecting our lakes, rivers, seas and oceans.他鼓励大家参加保护我们的湖泊、河流和海洋的活动。用法Dencourage用作动词,意思是鼓励、支持。2)take part in 参加,常表示参加活动。3)protect是动词,表示防御、保护。搭酉己Dencourage sb. in sth.在某事上鼓励或支持某人nbsp;encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人干某事2)protect sh. from sth.使某人不受某事侵袭或伤害.to warn people about sharks in the water警告人们当心水里的鲨鱼。用法warn用作动词,意思是警告、警戒。搭配l)wam sb.+ that 从句2)warn sb. of sth.警告某人某事3)warn sb. to do sth.告诫某人做某事4)warn sb. against(doing) sth.告诫某人当心某事/不要做某事

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