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1、定语从句2021/8/11 星期三1一、关系代词的用法1that和which的用法(1)限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词that的情况：当先行词是不定代词all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one时。You should hand in all that you have.2021/8/11 星期三2当先行词前面被the only，the very，any，few，little，no，all等词修饰时。This is the only thing that has been tried.当先行词是形容词最
2、高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best that has been used against pollution.2021/8/11 星期三3当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.当先行词既有人又有物时。Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。Which is the bike that you lost?2021/8/11 星期三4有两个定
3、语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that。They secretly built up a small factory，which produced things that could cause pollution.当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.2021/8/11 星期三5(2)定语从句中必须用which的情况：在非限制性定语从句中，只用which，不用that。Helen was much kinder to her youngest son t
4、han to the others，which，of course，made the others envy him.当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which，不用that。This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.2021/8/11 星期三6注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。This is the pen(which/that)Im looking for.不可以说：This is the pen for which Im looking.2021/8/11 星期三72who，whom和who
5、se的用法当先行词指人，在定语从句中作主语时，用who，不可省略；在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/that，可以省略；在定语从句中作定语时，用whose，不可省略。She is the girl who lives next door.Thats the girl(whom/that)I teach.2021/8/11 星期三83“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，即：介词which/whom。(1)当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词只能用which或whom，且不能省略。They may start as a
6、group of highschool students，for whom practising their music in someones house is the first step to fame.2021/8/11 星期三9(2)在限制性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从 句 的 末 尾 时，可 用 that/which(指 物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。This is the hero(that/who/whom)we are proud of.2021/8/11 星期三10(3)“复合介词短语关系代词which”引导的定语从
7、句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall apple tree.2021/8/11 星期三11(4)介词which/whom不定式结构。The poor man has no house in which to live.The poor man has no house to live in.The poor man has no house in which he can live.2021/8/11 星期三124as和which的区别(1)as
8、引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。2021/8/11 星期三13As is known to all，fish cant live without water.Smoking is harmful to our health，as we know.The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.2021/8/11 星期三14(2)当非限制性定语从
9、句放在主句前面时，只能用as。As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.The moon travels round the earth once every month，as/which is known to everybody.It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.2021/8/11 星期三15What is known to everybody is that
10、 the moon travels round the earth once every month.(后两句属名词性从句范畴)另外，as多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样as often happens正如经常发生的那样as has been said before如上所述as is mentioned above正如上面提到的2021/8/11 星期三16(3)当定语从句放在主句后面时，也并不是as就永远等于which。当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时，只能用which。He came he
11、re very late，which was unexpected(not expected)Mr.Smith usually praises his student Rose in public，which she doesnt like at all.2021/8/11 星期三17当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态。如：be known，be said等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。as常用在as often happens，as was said earlier，as I understand，as appears等结构中。Jack has won
12、the first prize，as often happens.2021/8/11 星期三18as仍然保持作连词时常有的某种含义。David is tall，as are my brothers.当非限制性定语从句的谓语后跟一个复合结构时，只能用which引导定语从句。Betty always tells a lie，which her parents feel strange.2021/8/11 星期三19二、关系副词的用法1当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(whenon
13、 which)Can you tell me the office where he works？(wherein which)2021/8/11 星期三202介词关系代词(which)where/when。有 时 为 表 达 清 楚，还 可 以 在 关 系 副 词where/when前加介词from，to等。China is the birthplace of kites，from where kites spread to Japan and Korea.2021/8/11 星期三213高考对关系副词where的考查。高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“地
14、点的模糊化”。事实上，对于where这个词，考生不能只理解为表地点。当先行词表示某人/物的situation，或某事所发展的stage，或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。The accident has reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.2021/8/11 星期三22三、定语从句用法其他要点1关系代词在定语从句中作主语，不可省略。2定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数与先行词保持一致。当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数的方面，应该与先行词保持一致。202
15、1/8/11 星期三23(1)one of复数名词关系代词复数动词。The Great Wall is one of the worldfamous buildings that draw lots of visitors.(2)the only one of复数名词关系代词单数动词。The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.注意：not the only one of.one of.2021/8/11 星期三24(3)当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语
16、从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。Great changes have taken place in China，as is known to all.He has passed the College Entrance Examinations，which makes his parents quite happy.2021/8/11 星期三25(4)其他情况：I，who am your teacher，will try my best to help you.2021/8/11 星期三26选择合适的关系词填空1The authors of comp
17、uter viruses are geniuses.I agree.They should apply their wisdom to other net technology from _(which/that)human beings can benefit.2021/8/11 星期三272During World War，he took many photos，_(of which/by which)some captured the emotions of both the soldiers and the civilians in the wartorn Europe.3We sho
18、uldnt spend our money testing so many people，most of _(which/whom)are healthy.2021/8/11 星期三284That is the small house less than 20 square meters，under _(which/whose)roof lives a large family of three generations.5 Tom took the police to the spot _(which/where)the accident happened.6 The lazy boy is
19、expecting a way _(that/which)he can get through the exams without hard work.2021/8/11 星期三297 Since 1995，_(when/which)people call the Year of the Internet，the world has turned flat thanks to the network.8 This is the same watch _(that/which)I lost.【答案】1.which2.of which3.whom4whose5.where6.that7.which8.that2021/8/11 星期三302021/8/11 星期三31