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1、Forests cover nearly one-third of the land globallyThe world has a total forest area of 4.06 billion hectares (ha), which is 31 percent of the total land area. This area is equivalent to 0.52 ha per person Calculated assuming a global population of 7.79 billion people, as estimated in United Nations
2、, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2019. World Population Prospects 2019, Online Edition. - although forests are not distributed equally among the worlds peoples or geographically. The tropical domain has the largest proportion of the worlds forests (45 percent), follo
3、wed by the boreal, temperate and subtropical domains.More than half (54 percent) of the worlds forests is in only five countries - the Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China.Proportion and distribution of global forest area by climatic domain, 2020Proportion and d
4、istribution of global forest area by climatic domain, 2020SubtropicalLL 11%Source: Adapted from United Nations World map, 2020.Top five countries for forest area, 2020 (million ha)RussianBrazil Canada United ChinaRest of%Federation 497347 States of 220the worldPublic administrations hold management
5、rights to 83 percent of the publicly owned forest area globally. Management by public administrations is particularly predominant in South America, where it accounts for 97 percent of management responsibility in publicly owned forests. The share of public administration management rights has decrea
6、sed globally since 1990, with an increasing share of publicly owned forests managed by private businesses, entities and institutions and by indigenous and tribal communities.The worlds forest growing stock is decliningThe world/s total growing stock of trees decreased slightly, from 560 billion m3 i
7、n 1990 to 557 billion m3 in 2020, due to a net decrease in forest area. On the other hand, growing stock is increasing per unit area globally and in all regions; it rose from 132 m3 per ha in 1990 to 137 m3 per ha in 2020. Growing stock per unit area is highest in the tropical forests of South and C
8、entral America and West and Central Africa.The worlds forests contain about 606 gigatonnes of living biomass (above- and below-ground) and 59 gigatonnes of dead wood. The total biomass has decreased slightly since 1990 but biomass per unit area has increased.Total forest carbon stock is decreasingMo
9、st forest carbon is found in the living biomass (44 percent) and soil organic matter (45 percent), with the remainder in dead wood and litter. The total carbon stock in forests decreased from 668 gigatonnes in 1990 to 662 gigatonnes in 2020; carbon density increased slightly over the same period, fr
10、om 159 tonnes to 163 tonnes per ha.Proportion of carbon stock in forest carbon pools, 202044%44%4%6%45%in livingbiomassin dead wood in litter in soil organicmatterAbout 30 percent of all forests is used primarily for productionGlobally, about 1.15 billion ha of forest is managed primarily for the pr
11、oduction of wood and non-wood forest products. In addition, 749 million ha is designated for multiple use, which often includes production.Worldwide, the area of forest designated primarily for production has been relatively stable since 1990 but the area of multiple-use forest has decreased by abou
12、t 71 million ha.About ten percent of the worlds forests is allocated for biodiversity conservationGlobally, 424 million ha of forest is designated primarily for biodiversity conservation. In total, 111 million ha has been so designated since 1990, of which the largest part was allocated between 2000
13、 and 2010. The rate of increase in the area of forest designated primarily for biodiversity conservation has slowed in the last ten years.The area of forest designated primarily for soil and water protection is increasingAn estimated 398 million ha of forest is designated primarily for the protectio
14、n of soil and water, an increase of 119 million ha since 1990. The rate of increase in the area of forest allocated for this purpose has grown over the entire period but especially in the last ten years.More than 180 million ha of forest is used mainly for social servicesAn area of 186 million ha of
15、 forest worldwide is allocated for social services such as recreation, tourism, education research and the conservation of cultural and spiritual sites. The area designated for this forest use has increased at a rate of 186 000 ha per year since 2010.Note that numbers may not sum to the totals indic
16、ated and percentages may not tally to 100 due to rounding. Not all countries reported on all parameters mentioned here.The full report of FRA 2020, including an in-depth analysis and individual reports from the 236 countries and territories covered by the assessment, will be published in June 2020.
17、The complete FRA 2020 database and the 236 individual reports will be available online from mid-2020.Visit In collaboration with its member countries, FAO is conducting a remote sensing survey to derive independent regional and global estimates of forest area and its changes. The results of this sur
18、vey will be published in 2021. Visit FRA 2020 is the result of a joint effort, including by 187 officially nominated national correspondents, 156 alternate national correspondents, and their national teams; an advisory group; partners of the Collaborative Forest Resources Questionnaire; internationa
19、l experts and organizations; FAO staff; consultants; and volunteers from around the world. FAO expresses its gratitude to all these people and organizations for their invaluable contributions to FRA 2020.The world s forest area is decreasing, but the rate of loss has slowedThe world has lost 178 mil
20、lion ha of forest since 1990, which is an area about the size of Libya.The rate of net forest loss decreased substantially over the period 1990-2020 due to a reduction in deforestation in some countries, plus increases in forest area in others through afforestation and the natural expansion of fores
21、ts.The rate of net forest loss declined from 7.8 million ha per year in the decade 1990-2000 to 5.2 million ha per year in 2000-2010 and 4.7 million ha per year in 2010-2020. The rate of decline of net forest loss slowed in the most recent decade due to a reduction in the rate of forest expansion.Gl
22、obal annual forest area net change, by decade, 19902020FAO defines deforestation as the conversion of forest to other land uses (regardless of whether it is human-induced).“Deforestation and forest area net change” are not the same: the latter is the sum of all forest losses (deforestation) and all
23、forest gains (forest expansion) in a given period. Net change, therefore, can be positive or negative, depending on whether gains exceed losses, or vice versa.012345678 A d B-cUO=IAI.81990-20002000-20102010-2020Africa has the highest net loss of forest areaAfrica had the largest annual rate of net f
24、orest loss in 2010-2020, at 3.9 million ha, followed by South America, at 2,6 million ha.The rate of net forest loss has increased in Africa in each of the three decades since 1990. It has declined substantially in South America, however, to about half the rate in 2010-2020 compared with 2000-2010.A
25、sia had the highest net gain of forest area in 2010-2020, followed by Oceania and Europe.2 Nevertheless, both Europe and Asia recorded substantially lower rates of net gain in 2010-2020 than in 2000-2010. Oceania experienced net losses of forest area in the decades 1990-2000 and 2000-2010.Annual for
26、est area net change, by decade and region, 1990-2020AmericaAmerica 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2020South America3 21012345678-Ad e-cuo三一工AfricaDeforestation continues, but at a lower rateAn estimated 420 million ha of forest has been lost worldwide through deforestation since 1990, but the rate of fore
27、st loss has declined substantially. In the most recent five-year period (2015-2020), the annual rate of deforestation was estimated at 10 million ha, down from 12 million ha in 2010-2015.Annual rate of forest expansion and deforestation, 1990-202015 Forest expansion Deforestation A d eJZuo=l/lMore t
28、han 90 percent of the world/s forests have regenerated naturallyNinety-three percent (3.75 billion ha) of the forest area worldwide is composed of naturally regenerating forests and 7 percent (290 million ha) is planted.The area of naturally regenerating forests has decreased since 1990(at a declini
29、ng rate of loss), but the area of planted forests has increased by123 million ha. The rate of increase in the area of planted forest has slowed in the last ten years.Naturally regenerating versus planted forests, 2020 (% of global forest area)Naturally regenerating forestOther planted forestPlantati
30、on forestAnnual net change in area of naturally regenerating and planted forest, by decade, 1990-20201990-20002000-2010 Naturally regenerating forest Planted forest2010-2020人d E uo三一工6 4 202468024- - - -111 - - -Plantations account forabout 3 percent of the world/s forestsPlantation forests cover ab
31、out 131 million ha, which is 3 percent of the global forest area and 45 percent of the total area of planted forests.Plantation forests are intensively managed, composed of one or two species, even-aged, planted with regular spacing, and established mainly for productive purposes. Other planted fore
32、sts, which comprise 55 percent of all planted forests, are not intensively managed, and they may resemble natural forests at stand maturity. The purposes of other planted forests may include ecosystem restoration and the protection of soil and water values.The highest share of plantation forest is i
33、n South America, where this forest type represents 99 percent of the total planted-forest area and 2 percent of the total forest area.The lowest share of plantation forest is in Europe, where it represents 6 percent of the planted forest estate and 0.4 percent of the total forest area.Globally, 44 p
34、ercent of plantation forests are composed mainly of introduced species. There are large differences between regions: for example, plantation forests in North and Central America mostly comprise native species and those in South America consist almost entirely of introduced species.Proportion of intr
35、oduced and native species in plantation forest, by region, 2020 Introduced species Native speciesMore than 700 million ha of forest is in legally established protected areasThere is an estimated 726 million ha of forest in protected areas worldwide.Of the six major world regions, South America has t
36、he highest share of forests in protected areas, at 31 percent.The area of forest in protected areas globally has increased by 191 million ha since 1990, but the rate of annual increase slowed in 2010-2020.Proportion of forest in protected areas, by region, 2020AfricaAfrica27%Primary forests cover ab
37、out 1 billion haThe world still has at least 1.11 billion ha of primary forest - that is, forests composed of native species in which there are no clearly visible indications of human activities and the ecological processes have not been significantly disturbed. Combined, three countries - Brazil, C
38、anada and the Russian Federation - host more than half (61 percent) of the worlds primary forest.The area of primary forest has decreased by 81 million ha since 1990, but the rate of loss more than halved in 2010-2020 compared with the previous decade.More than 2 billion ha of forest has management
39、plansMost of the forests in Europe have management plans; on the other hand, management plans exist for less than 25 percent of forests in Africa and less than 20 percent in South America. The area of forest under management plans is increasing in all regions - globally, it has increased by 233 mill
40、ion ha since 2000, reaching 2.05 billion ha in 2020.Proportion of forest area with long-term management plans, by region, 2020AfricaAsiaEuropeNorth and Central AmericaOceaniaSouth AmericaWorld96%01 020304050607080901 00%Fire is a prevalent forest disturbance in the tropicsForests face many disturban
41、ces that can adversely affect their health and vitality and reduce their ability to provide a full range of goods and ecosystem services.About 98 million ha of forest were affected by fire in 2015; The latest year for which data are available.4 As of 2015, the latest year for which global data are a
42、vailable. this was mainly in the tropical domain, where fire burned about 4 percent of the total forest area in that year. More than two-thirds of the total forest area affected was in Africa and South America.Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million ha of forests in 2015
43、, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains.The worlds forests are mostly publicly owned, but the share of privately owned forests has increased since 1990Seventy-three percent of the worlds forests is under public ownership/22 percent is privately owned, and the ownership of the remainder is categ
44、orized as either unknown or other” (the latter mainly comprising forests where ownership is disputed or in transition).Public ownership is predominant in all regions and most subregions.Of the regions, Oceania, North and Central America and South America have the highest proportions of private forests.Globally, the share of publicly owned forests has decreased since 1990 and the area of forest under private ownership has increased.Forest ownership, by region, 2015Central AmericaAmericaCentral AmericaAmerica Public Private Unknown/other10090807060米5040302010 0