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1、精品_精品资料_句子结构及成分第1讲 相关概念可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_考点 1.词性的英文缩写准记牢.缩写字母原词代表词性n.noun名词v.verb动词vt.transitive verb及物动词vi.intransitive verb不及物动词modal vmodal verb情态动词aux. v.auxiliary verb助动词adj.adjective形容词adv.adverb副词num.numeral数词interj.interjection感叹词pron .pronoun代词prep.preposition介词在英语学习中,词性的把握是特别的重要的.假如我
2、们在记单词的时候只是把它们的拼写登记来而没有把它相应的词性登记来的话,我们就不能正确的使用它们,那么无论是写作仍是口语表达中就都会犯错误,所以背单词的同时也要把他们的词性记art .article冠词conjconjunction连词考点 2.及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时,这个动词是及物动词. 实义动词后面不跟宾语时,此时这个动词是不及物动词.The door opened.open 后面没跟宾语,此时,open 是不及物动词. He openedthe door.open 后面有宾语 the door, 此时, open 是及物动词 留意： 英语中一个动词是及物动词仍是不及物动词
3、, 关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,词义相同.如：The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,但词义不同.如：The man walked away.walk 不及物,意为 “走 ”He walked the dog every day. walk 及物动词, “遛”可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_She washesclothes at home. wash 及物动词, “洗 ”
4、The clothes washeswell.wash 不及物动词, “耐洗 ” 英语中一些词及物与不及物的划分可能与汉语不实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词.如：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_同.He listensto the music every day.listen 为不及物动He lives quite near. live谓语,为实义动词 住”,有“明确的意义,单独作可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_词,而汉语中 “听”是及物动词. I l
5、ike reading. （ like为实义动词）喜“欢 ”,意思明确, 单独作谓语,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_练习 1. 指出以下句中划线动词是及物动词仍是不及物动词,及物填 vt.,不及物填 vi.1. Most birds can fly.（）2. The children are flying kites in the park. I bought a pen yesterday. （ bought单独作谓语,为实义动词）助动词买“”,意义明确,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - -
6、欢迎下载精品_精品资料_3. It happened yesterday.（ ）4. My watch stopped.（）5. The baby stopped cryingwhen he saw his mother. 6. She spokeat the meeting this morning.（）7. Shall I begin at once.（ ）8. She began working as a teacher after sheleft school.（）（）9. When did they leave Beijing. （）10. They left last week.
7、（）考点 3.实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是依据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的.实义动词也叫行为动词.助动词的 “助”,是 “帮忙 ”之意. 因此, 助动词是指那些用来帮忙构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句和倒装句和帮忙强调的词.这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全,不能单独作谓语. 帮忙构成时态的：The boy is crying.is用来帮忙构成现在进行时, 和crying 一起作谓语,是助动词 He has arrived. has 用来帮忙构成现在完成时,和arrived 一起作谓语,是助动词I have been painting all day.（have be
8、en 用来帮忙构成现在完成进行时, 和 painting 一起作谓语, 都是助动词.）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_ 帮忙构成否定句和疑问句的：Does he like English. does 帮忙构成一般疑问句, 没有详细意义,是助动词.因此可以看出, 常见的助动词为 do, be, have,它们为基本助动词.一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词,详细是可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_He doesn t have lunch at home. doe只s是帮忙构成哪一种,主要看它们在句中的功能.可编辑资
9、料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_否定句,没有详细意义,是助动词. 帮忙构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. are 帮忙构成被动语态, 没有详细意义,是助动词The house has been pulled down. has been 帮忙构成时态和语态,是助动词 帮忙构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I wouldn t have made such a mistake.had, have 帮忙构成虚拟语气,是助动词,属于谓语的一部分. 帮忙构成倒装句的So did h
10、e love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天,他 给她买了很多礼物. did 只是帮忙构成倒装句,没有详细意义,是助动词 帮忙构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. 他昨天的确来过.did 起强调作用,没有详细意义,是助动词1. He did his homework at seven o clo单ck独.d作id谓语,意为 “做”,是实义动词 Did he do his homework yesterday. did 是助动词, 帮忙构成一般疑问
11、句, do 是实义动词,意为 “做”,是实义动词. 2. He has had breakfast. has 是助动词, 帮忙构成现在完成时, had 是实义动词,意为 “吃”. has had一起构成了句子的谓语. 练习 2. 指出以下斜体单词是实义动词仍是助动词：1. Does he like swimming.2. He does like swimming.3. Where does he live .4. He does some washing after work.5. He has had supper already.6. The bridge has been built
12、now.7. I have been waiting for you all day.8. He was struckby a stone.情态动词情态动词同助动词一样,不能单独作谓语,要和实义动词一起作谓语.因此,情态动词也称为情态助可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_动词.情态动词同基本助动词的区分在于,基本助动词本身无意义,而情态动词有自己的意义.如：He can swim across the river.can 的词义为“能够” You must stay at home. must 词义为“必需”I might leave
13、 tomorrow.（ might 的词义为“或许”）【详细用法参看 P 错误；未定义书签.错误；未找到引用源.】考点 4.谓语和非谓语在英语中, 一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语,再显现动词时,要变成非谓语形式,即：在前面加to 构成动词不定式,在后面加-ing 构成动名词或现在分词, 在后面加 -ed 构成过去分词. 也就是说, 非谓语是指： 动词不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词.练习 3. 先找出句中的谓语,然后改正句中的错误, 并说明缘由：1. Get up early is good for our health.早起有利于我们的身体健康.2. I want go home now.
14、我现在想回家.3. My favorite sport is play football.我最宠爱的运动时踢足球.4. There is a bird sings in the tree.有始终鸟正在树上唱歌.5. The boy sits over there likes singing.坐在那边的那个男孩宠爱唱歌.6. The house was built last year has been sold out.去年建的那座房子已经出售了.7. The girls are singing over there are my classmates.在那边唱歌的那些女孩是我的同学.8. My
15、 parents wanted him work hard.我父母亲想让他努力学习.9. I remember saw him that day.我记得那天观察过他.10. I saw him walked into the building.我看到他跑进那座建筑物.考点 5.主动关系和被动关系先看下面两个题：1. wonderful,this kindof food enjoyed a good sale .A. TastedB. Being tastedC. TastingD. Having tasted2. The fooddelicious sells well.A. smellsB.
16、 smelledC. smellingD. is smelling一些同学分别选A 和 B.他们说,食物是被尝起来、被闻起来, 和食物构成被动关系, 所以要用过去分词.这种说法是错误的.非谓语中的主动关系和被动关系,不是从谁做了这个动作着眼,而是指“主动语态”和“被动语态”.1. 主动关系 ：从规律关系上看,相当于主动语态.如： The boy crying over there is Tom.在那边哭的那个男孩 从规律上讲, the boy cry, 男孩哭,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_相当于主动语态,是主动关系.2. 被动
17、关系 ：从规律关系上看,相当于被动语态.如：The house built last year is the strongest. 去年建的那座房子 从规律上讲, the house was built, 房子被建,相当于被动语态,是被动关系在上两题中, 规律关系可以表达为：This kind of food tasted wonderful.The food smells delicious.规律上food 和 taste、smell 是一种主谓关系,是主动语态, 因此填现在分词.答案为：C, C.考点 6.规律上的主谓关系在判定是否是宾语补足语时,一般说,“宾语和宾语补足语构成规律上的主谓
18、关系”.一些同学对这句话不懂得.如：He asked me to lend him some money. 他让我借给他一些钱.“ me是”宾语, “ me to lend him some money意为“”我借给他一些钱”, 从意思上看, 像一句话,“我”是主语“,借是的填 T,不是的填 F1. I want him to come at once. 2. He lent me some money. 3. He made the boy cry again. 4. The teacher found him cheating in the exam. 5. Don t leave the
19、 dooropen at night. 考点 7.复合结构在我们学习语法的过程中,我们可能会听说“复合宾语”,“动名词的复合结构”和“动词不定式的复合结构”.实际上,这几个“复合”, 都有“规律上的主谓关系”之意.如：1. He invited us to come to the party.us 是宾语, to come to the party是宾语补足语. 宾语和宾语补足语合一起称为复合宾语.宾语和宾语补足语是规律上的主谓关系.2. It s important for us to learn English well.it 是形式主语,真正的主语是 for us to learn En
20、glish well .“us”是t“o learn English well ”的规律主语, 二者构成了规律上的主谓关系. for somebodyto do something 是动词不定式的复合结构. 可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_给他一些钱”是谓语部分,但在英语原句中,它们却3. It s very kind of you to help me（.of you to help me可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_不是真正的主谓关系. 因此可以说： “规律上的主谓关系”, 是指,从意思上看像主谓关系,而实际
21、上不是. “ to lend him some money是宾语”补足语.练习 4. 判定以下句中划线不是是否是宾语补足语.也是动词不定式的复合结构.与 for somebody to do something 的区分参看, you 和 to help me 构成了规律上的主谓关系. ）4. Tom s coming late made our teacher angry.Tom 迟可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_到使我们老师愤怒.coming是动名词, Tom s coming late 是动名词的复合结构.Tom 是 comi
22、ng late 的规律主语,二者是规律上的主谓关系.考点 8.人称和数的变化先看以下三组句中have, do 和 be 的变化形式1. I have a book He has a book.They have a book2. I enjoy watching TV. You enjoy watching TV . We enjoy watching TV.3. He is sleeping. I am sleeping.They are sleeping.“人称的变化 ”,是指：谓语动词用什么形式,受前面主语是第几人称的影响.主语同为单数（表示一个人）, be 在第一人称 I 后用 am,
23、 在 you 后用 are, 在he 后用 is; do 和 have 在一、二人称后用原形,在第三人称后用为 does, has“数”是指“单数和复数,”“数的变化”是指谓语动词用什么形式, 仍受前面主语是单数仍是复数的影响.假如主语是复数, be 要用为 are 的形式, do 和 have 用原形.假如主语是第三人称单数,be 用为 is, do 和have 要用为 does 和 has.情态动词没有人称和数的变化.如：He/I/We can swim.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_第2讲 句子成分可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_英语的句子成分主要有六种
24、：即主语、 谓语、 宾语、定语、状语和补语. （可以熟记为：主谓宾,定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外,仍有“表语 ”和“同位语 ” 的说法. 但表语和系动词一起作谓语,因此划分成分 时,划分在谓语上. 同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语,属于主语或宾语的一部分.考点 1.划分句子成分时的常用符号英语中划句子成分的符号主语在下面划始终线谓语在下面划曲线宾语在下面划双横线定语在下面划虚线（一行点使我们想到一 排钉子, “钉”谐音为 “定语 ”的“定”）状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩, 木桩撞（状）钟）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_补语上一短横, 下一短横（下一短横似乎是为了
25、补偿上面短横间的间隙）同位语上下双曲线, （虽都有曲折,上下位置基本相同考点 2.主语主语是一个句子所表达的主体,一般位于句首, 通常由名词性的词来充当.可以作主语的词性或语法结构：1. 名词2. 代词3. 数词4. 名词化的形容词（如the rich ） 5.不定式6.动名词7.主语从句等表示.练习 1. 在下面句子的主语下面划横线,并说出由什么充当1. Duringthe 1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecome more and more popular.2. We often speak English in class.3. One-third of t
26、he students in this class are girls.4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. Smoking does harm to the health.6. The rich should help the poor.7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.9. That he isn t at home is not true练习
27、 2. 改正以下句中的错误,并说明缘由1. He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out.2. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.3. Beyond the mountains lie a small village.4. Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.5. Play basketball is my favorite sport.6. Give up English is no
28、t an option.考点 3.谓语谓语由动词充当,说明主语所做的动作或具有的特点和状态.谓语的构成如下：1、简洁谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成.如：He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day.2、复合谓语：（1） 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成.如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the
29、 time. I would stay at home all day.（2） 由系动词加表语构成.系动词不能单独作谓语,要和表语一起作谓语.如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.考点 4.表语表语多是形容词, 用以说明主语的身份、 特点和状态, 它一般位于系动词（如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后.表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_及表语从句表示.练习 3. 划
30、出以下句中的表语,并说明有什么充当.1. Our teacher of English is an American.2. Is it yours.3. The weather has turned cold.4. The speech is exciting.5. Three times seven is twenty one.6. His job is to teach English.7. His hobby （爱好） is playing football.8. The machine must be under repairs.9. The truth is that he has
31、never been abroad.考点 5.宾语宾语由名词性的词充当,表示动作的对象或承爱者, 一般位于及物动词和介词后面.宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介词结构.练习 4. 划出以下句中的宾语 , 并说明有什么充当.1. They planed many trees yesterday.2. How many dictionaries do you have. I have five.3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.4. I wanted to buy a car.5. I enjoy listen
32、ing to popular music.6. I think （that） he is fit for his office.考点 6.宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外, 仍要有一个宾语补语, 才能使句子的意义完整. 宾语补足语和宾语构成规律上的主谓关系.换句话说, 在意思上,宾语相当于宾补的主语.带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make 等） +宾语+宾补.宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当.练习 5. 用线划出以下句中的宾语补足语,并指出是什么词充当,同时体会宾补和宾语之间的规律关系.1. His father named him
33、Dongming.2. They painted their boat white.3. Let the fresh air in.4. You mustn t force him to lend his money to you.5. We saw her entering the room.6. We found everything in the lab in good order.7. We will soon make our city what your city is now.8. I want your homework done on time.考点 7.主补对主语的补充.（
34、含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态,宾语作主语时,原先的宾补就成了主语补足 语.He was elected monitor .She was found singing in the next room .He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.考点 8.定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子, 汉语中常用“的”表示.定语通常位于被修可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_饰的成分前.在英语中,很多情形下,定语是放在所修饰词后面的,这点与汉语习惯不同,也是很多同学不能读
35、懂长句的主要缘由. 副词用作定语一般要后置.People there are very friendly. 那儿的人们 He didn t like the man downstairs.（楼下的那个人） 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前,而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人） 介词短语作定语时要后置The boy under the tree is Tom. （树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in
36、 our class is John.（ 我们班最高的那个男孩） 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式做定语常后置I have something to say. 直译：我有要说的话The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive. （去年建的那座房子）练习 6.口头翻译以下句子,用下划线标出定语部分,留意定语的位置,并说明定语是什么词性或结构充当.1. The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.2. The woman wi
37、th a baby in her arms is his mother.3. We need a place twice larger than this one.4. She carried a basket full of eggs.5. It s a book worth no more than one dollar.6. It s a city far from the coast.7. He has money enough to buy a car.8. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.9. There are lots of pla
38、ces of interest needing repairing in our city.10. Tigers belongingtomeat-eating animals feed on meat.11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you12. He picked up a walletlyingon the ground on the way back home13. There are many clothes to be washed.14. Most of the singers invitedto the party wer
39、e from America.15. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.考点 9.状语修饰动词、 形容词、 副词或整个句子 , 说明动作或状态特点的句子成分,叫做状语.He writes carefully. He walks slowly.写的仔细,走的慢,修饰动词用副词,作状语 This material is environmentally friendly.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_（修饰形容词用副词,作状
40、语）He runs very slowly.（修饰副词 slowly,因此 very 是副词,做状语）Unfortunately , he lost all of his money.（修饰整个句子用副词,做状语）1. 几个并列状语的先后次序：方式的点 时间一个句中有几个并列状语时,其次序较敏捷,但一般是：方式 的点 时间.如： He worked hardat his lessonslast year.I founda lost pen outside our schoolyesterday morning.方式和让步练习 7. 指出以下划线部分属于什么状语1. How about meet
41、ing again at six.2. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.3. Last night she didn t go to the dancebpeacratuyse of the rain.4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.7. To make his dream co
42、me true, Tom becomes very interested in business.8. The boy needs a pen very much.9. The boy really needs a pen.10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.11. She works very hard though she is old.12. I am taller than he is.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2. 频度副词 often, always, usually, sometimes, never13.I shall go there if it doesn.t rain可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_等在句中的位置位于情态动词、 系动词、 助动词之后 , 实义动词之前.You can never tel