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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！系动词 系动词，亦称连系动词（Link Verb）。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，亦称补语（形容词），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。英语除动词 be 之外，还有一些动词也可以做系动词，如表示状态或情况的：keep,look,feel,appear,lie,remain,seem,stay,smell,sound,taste 等；以及表示变化的：get,grow,turn,fall,run,become,go,等。1.to be 可以加在 seem,pro
2、ve,remain,appear 等系动词和其后的名词或形容词之间，但也可以省略。E.g.The task proved(to be)impossible.E.g.They seem(to be)such friendly people,but they never replied to our invitation.注意：在 seem,appear 等词后，可加其他非 to be 不定式，但这时他们不是系动词，而是不及物动词。Courtesy,politeness,good manner?Call it what you will,the supply never seems to equa
3、l the demand.非人称代词 it 做句子的形式主语 1.代表不定式 E.g.It is absurd to be afraid under such circumstances.2.代表动名词 E.g.It is terrible trying to keep up with the Jones.3.代表 that 引导的从句 E.g.It is plain to everyone that she was offended.4.代表 wh-引导的从句 E.g.As long as he finishes his work,it doesnt matter when he comes
4、 to the office.做句子的形式宾语 1.代表不定式 E.g.They found it difficult to get along with him.2.代表从句 E.g.I think it best that you(should)stay with me.E.g.He soon made it clear why he had asked a conference.用来改变句子结构，使句子某一成分得到强调 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！1.强调主语 E.g.It was she who put forward
5、the suggestion.2.强调宾语 E.g.it is that painting that he has sold at a good profit.3.强调状语 E.g.it was through me that he has got the present job.强调 用 so 表示强调 用 so 强调听者同意说者所言，这种用法只将 so 提到句首，其他成分位置不变。E.g.you have spilled coffee on your dress.-So I have.情态动词+完成式 could+have+过去分词 有时表示过去的时间，说明某事可能已发生，有时也表示与事实
6、相反，表示本来有能力做某事，但却未做。E.g.What happened in the airport could have been true.might/may+have+过去分词 表示对已经发生的情况进行揣测，但语气相当不肯定，表示近乎未实现的行为.E.g.You might have done the work better.must+have+过去分词 是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测，表示过去必定发生过的事情 ，语气相当肯定，表示“肯定，一定”。E.g.It must have rained last night.The ground is wet.should/ought to+h
7、ave+过去分词 表示该做而未做到的事，表示“本应”。E.g.They should have made a good job of it.should not/oughtnt to+have+过去分词 表示做了不该做的事，表示“本不应该”。E.g.You should not have done such things.cant（couldnt）+have+过去分词 表示对过去的动作进行否定性推测。意为“肯定没有，肯定不是”。E.g.The poem cant have been written by the little girl;she is only four.would+have+过
8、去分词 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！经常用于虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反的猜测。E.g.If she had known about it,she would have talked about it.neednt+have+过去分词 表示不必做的事情却做了，可译为“原本不必”“其实不必”。E.g.You neednt have done all these calculations.We have a computer to deal with that sort of thing.主谓一致 知识点一 many a,mor
9、e than one+单数名词，谓语仍然用单数。E.g.Many a soldier has sacrificed his life for the revolution.知识点二 either of+复数名词，谓语动词用单数 E.g.Has either of your parents visited you?知识点三 and;both and 连接两个单数形式的名词词组，谓语动词用复数当主语在意义上指同一人，同一物或同一概念时，谓语用单数 E.g.A boy and a girl want to go.知识点四 each and each;every and every 等结构后，谓语用单
10、数 E.g.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.知识点五 主语后面有 as well as;together with;along with;rather than 等词组，谓语的单复数有主语来决定 E.g.I,together with my mother,was reading at ten yesterday.one of复数名词关系分句结构 如先行词为复数名词，谓语则为复数当前面有 the only/very 等限定词修饰，谓语用单数 E.g.Joan is one of those people who go out of their w
11、ay to be helpful.靠近原则：由 not only.but also,either.or,neither.nor 或 or 连接的并列主语。通常根据 就近一致 原则，谓语动词的单复数形式由最接近它的名词词组的单复数形式决定。E.g.He or you have taken my pen.由“a number of,a total of+复数名词”作主语 谓语动词用复数形式；由“the number of,the total of+复数名词”，谓语动词用单数形式。E.g.A number of students are waiting for the bus.倒装句 欢迎您阅读并下
12、载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！带有 neither,nor,no more 的句子倒装 代词 neither,nor,no more 用于后面分句句首，且前面分句必须是否定句，这时后面分句不仅用倒装结构，而且时态（包括助动词）必须和前句一致。so 被用作句首的分句前面必须是肯定句。E.g.She never laughed,nor did she ever lose her temper.知识点二 虚拟结构中的条件从句省去 if 时，were,had 和 should 要移至主语之前。E.g.Had I known it,I should ha
13、ve told him.句首为否定词和带有否定意义的词或短语作状语或宾语时，常用部分倒装。常用于这一结构的词语有：little,nowhere,rarely,scarcely,seldom,few,hardly,never,under no circumstances,on no account,in no way,at no point,at no time,in no sense,at no/other time,by no means,barely/hardly/scarcely when,not until much/even/still less,no longer,not a si
14、ngle word,not often,等。带 only 的句子的倒装 only 位于句子开头，如果修饰介词短语或状语从句，那么句子应倒装。E.g.Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able make himself heard.Only 引导的从句位于句首,主语应倒装.E.g.Only when she came home did he learn the news.so/such that 结构中的 so 放在句首时，需要倒装。E.g.So absurd did he look that everyone stared at h
15、im.E.g.Such a good student was she that all the teachers liked her.在 as 引导的让步状语从句中形容词、名词或副词常移至从句之首，起强调作用。E.g.Tired as he was,we decided not to disturb him.E.g.Child as the little girl is,she knows several foreign languages.句首为 many a time,to such an extent,to such a degree,to such a point 等状语时，句子需要部
16、分倒装。E.g.To such a degree was he excited that he couldnt go to sleep that night.在某些表示祝愿的句子中使用倒装。E.g.May you live a long and happy life!介词词组放在句首 E.g.In front of the house stands a tree.强调句型 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！强调句：It is/was+被强调部分who/whom/that 被强调的主语是人称代词时，既可用主格，也可用宾格 知识点四 强调
17、句 it 和先行词 it 的区别 如果把 it is(was)that 去掉，剩下的仍能组成完整的句子，就是强调句 E.g.It is clear that not all the students like English.E.g.It was this place that I met Tom.not until 句型的强调 E.g.It was not until 10 oclock that he went to bed.E.g.Not until he finished the homework did he watch TV.非谓语动词 分词 分词的位置：单个分词作定语一般放在所修
18、饰的名词前；也可放在名词后，其作用是强调分词的动作性，但一般仅限于过去分词。E.g.the aspects concerned,E.g.the authority involved 分词的特殊形式 1.分词的复合结构，即分词的独立结构。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，分词必须带上自己的主语，称为 独立结构，可以表示原因，时间，伴随等。1)n.+分词短语 E.g.(time)The dark clouds having dispersed,the sun shone again.E.g.(reason)The monitor being ill,wed better wait for he
19、r.2.With+n.+分词短语/adj./adv/prep E.g.With Mr.Li taking the lead,the group accused its company of delaying their salary.E.g.With the most pop television network in his hand,the man have his products advertised at the golden time for an hour.不定式 1.with/without+分词逻辑主语分词 1)不定式常在下面动词后面作宾语：afford,agree,arra
20、nge,ask,attempt,beg,care,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,pretend,promise,refuse,learn,tend,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,etc.2)动词+it（形式宾语）+形容词(宾语补足语)+不定式（真正宾语），适用于此结构的动词：believe,consider,feel,find,realize,see,suppose,think,understand etc.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您
21、提供优质的文档！E.g.We found it impossible to get everything ready in time.2.“Wh-word+不定式”结构 advise,decide,discuss,find out,know,learn,see,teach,tell,show understand,wonder 等 E.g.He does not know when to start.3.不定式作宾语补足语 1)动词 ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,command,direct,enable,encourage,expect,feel,force,have
22、,hear,invite,lead,let,make,notice,order,permit,persuade,tell,urge,watch,see,require etc.2)下列词组后面的不定式不带 to：would rather than(宁愿也不)，had better，cant help but(不得不),may/might as well (不妨)务必注意的是：接不带 to 的不定式作宾补的动词改成被动形式时必须加 to。E.g.He has seen nine presidents come and go.E.g.Nine presidents have been seen t
23、o come and go(by him).4.不定式的时态 1)完成式:不定式的动作在谓语表示的动作之前完成,或想像中过去的动作或事情,但并没有发生。E.g.This book is said to have been translated into dozens of languages in the last decade.2)进行式：E.g.The children appear to be enjoying themselves at the party.注意不定式的逻辑主语 of sb./for sb.E.g.It is quite important for us to lear
24、n a foreign language well.E.g.It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.动名词 知识点一 接动名词作宾语的动词 admit,avoid,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,finish,appreciate,consider,mind,risk,practise,dislike,resent(怨恨),advise,pardon,require,quit(戒除),suggest 知识点二 有些动词后既可以跟动名词，也可以跟不定式 like,love,start,continue,attempt,propose
25、,forget,recall,endure,permit,deserve,regret,omit(疏忽，省略)etc.知识点三 to 作为介词的短语 be used to,be accustomed to,be opposed to 反对,be addicted to 沉溺于,be devoted to 专心于,look forward to,object to,see to 负责，留意 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！动词 need,require,want,deserve 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。E.g.All th
26、e cars in the yard need repairing.1.plan,like,love,hate 后动名词表示抽象行为和一般动作，不定式表示具体的、特定的动作。E.g.He likes dancing but he doesnt like to dance with strangers.知识点五 动名词的逻辑主语 1.动名词的逻辑主语可以是形容词性物主代词或宾格，在句中两者均可使用，在句首要用形容词性物主代词。E.g.Their/Marys coming to help was a great encouragement to us.2.动名词的逻辑主语可以是形容词性物主代词或宾
27、格，在句中两者均可使用，在句首要用形容词性物主代词。E.g.Their/Marys coming to help was a great encouragement to us.虚拟语气 知识点一 wish 引导的宾从 时间 结构 现在的情况 过去式 过去的情况 had+过去分词/could have done 将来的情况 would/could+动词原形 E.g.He wishes that he had studied hard in university.知识点二 would rather that 时间 结构 现在,将来的情况的情况 过去式 过去的情况 had+过去分词 E.g.I w
28、ould rather that you didnt tell me the answer now.E.g.I would rather that you didnt go there tomorrow.Its(about/almost/high)time that 从句用一般过去式 E.g.Its time that you went to bed.E.g.Its time that class began.if 条件句 可以省略 if,助动词 were,had,should 要前置，形成倒装语序。Eg.Had her father a lot of money,he would send
29、her abroad.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Eg.Were it rainy,we would buy an umbrella.“Were it not for/Had it not been for+宾语”表示假设条件。E.g.Were it not for their assistance,we couldnt have got over the difficulties.E.g.Had it not been for your help,we wouldnt have been able to pass the ex
30、am.as if(as though)引导的比较状语从句中谓语动词一 般用 were/had+过去分词表虚拟。E.g.He speaks English so well as if he were English.E.g.She looked as if she had succeeded.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词 advise,desire,maintain,command,demand,direct（命令）,insist,order,prefer,propose,request,require,resolve,suggest,urge，recommend 等 常见的引导同位语从
31、句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词 advice,command,desire,order,demand,recommendation,suggestion,insistence,proposal,request,requirement 等；用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“It is/was+形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）”advisable,necessary,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial，desirable,essential,important,natural,proper preferable,strange,vital,demande
32、d,required,suggested,desired 等。独立主格 独立主格可以分为四类：不定式独立结构、现在分词独立结构、过去分词独立结构、无动词独立结构 不定式独立主格：名词词组+不定式结构 E.g.His mother to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。E.g.They said good-bye to each other,one to go home,the other to go to the bookstore.他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。现在分词独立主格:(介词+）名
33、词词组+现在分词 E.g.Without anyone noticing,I slipped through the window.趁着没人注意，我悄悄的顺着窗户溜出去 过去分词独立主格：（介词+）名词词组+过去分词结构 E.g.I wouldnt dare go home without the job finished.工作没完成，我不敢回家。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！无动词独立主格：（介词+）名词词组+（介词词组）+（形容词词组或副词词组或名词词组）E.g.The summer holidays over,we went
34、 back to work.假期结束，我们回去工作。E.g.Two thousand people died in the earthquake,many of them children.地震中两千人丧生，其中许多都是孩子 情态动词的区分 Need Need 做情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句，表示“没有必要.”或”有必要.吗？“E.g.You neednt come all the way just to see the film.E.g.Need we accompany our aging parents wherever they go?(1)neednt have+动词过去分词“
35、本不需要.”（虽然不需要，但实际上已经做了）E.g.You neednt have paid the admission fee,for the lecture was free for members of the club.你本不需要付入场费的，这次演讲是免费的。Dare Dare 做情态动词主要用于否定句、疑问句和感叹句，其否定式是 dare not 或darent,过去式为 dared，过去否定式为 dared not.Dare not 和 dared not 为正式语言，darent 普遍使用。E.g.She darent ask her boss for leave as he s
36、eems to be in a bad mood.她不敢跟老板请假，因为老板似乎情绪不好。在肯定陈述句中，dare 只有 i dare say/daresay 这一固定搭配，用于口语，表示“我想”，“我敢说”。注意：dare 做实意动词时，常用于肯定句中。E.g.He dared to behave like that in my house.Used to Used to 表示过去经常的活动或方式、习惯。“过去常常.”E.g.She used to dislike speaking in public,but now she quite enjoys it.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源
37、于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！其否定式为 used not to/usednt/didnt use to.但 used not 最普通。E.g.She used not get up early on Sundays but now,since she has changed her job,she has to.注意：used to 与 be/get used to 的区别。be/get used to 表示“习惯于.”E.g.When you are in London,you must get used to driving on the left.在伦敦你要习惯在左侧驾驶。