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1、自考综合英语二语法知识点系动词系动词，亦称连系动词LinkVerb。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，亦称补语形容词，构成系表构造讲明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。英语除动词be之外，还有一些动词也能够做系动词，如表示状态或情况的：keep,look,feel,appear,lie,remain,seem,stay,smell,sound,taste等；以及表示变化的：get,grow,turn,fall,run,become,go,等。1.tobe能够加在seem,prove,remain,appear等系动词和其后的名词或形容词之间，但也能够省略。E.g.The
2、taskproved(tobe)impossible.E.g.Theyseem(tobe)suchfriendlypeople,buttheyneverrepliedtoourinvitation.注意：在seem,appear等词后，可加其它非tobe不定式，但这时她们不是系动词，而是不及物动词。Courtesy,politeness,goodmanner?Callitwhatyouwill,thesupplyneverseemstoequalthedemand.非人称代词it做句子的形式主语1.代表不定式E.g.Itisabsurdtobeafraidundersuchcircumstan
3、ces.2.代表动名词E.g.ItisterribletryingtokeepupwiththeJones.3.代表that引导的从句E.g.Itisplaintoeveryonethatshewasoffended.4.代表wh-引导的从句E.g.Aslongashefinisheshiswork,itdoesntmatterwhenhecomestotheoffice.做句子的形式宾语1.代表不定式E.g.Theyfounditdifficulttogetalongwithhim.2.代表从句E.g.Ithinkitbestthatyou(should)staywithme.E.g.Hes
4、oonmadeitclearwhyhehadaskedaconference.用来改变句子构造，使句子某一成分得到强调1.强调主语E.g.Itwasshewhoputforwardthesuggestion.2.强调宾语E.g.itisthatpaintingthathehassoldatagoodprofit.3.强调状语E.g.itwasthroughmethathehasgotthepresentjob.强调用so表示强调用so强调听者同意讲者所言，这种用法只将so提到句首，其它成分位置不变。E.g.youhavespilledcoffeeonyourdress.-SoIhave.情态动
5、词+完成式could+have+过去分词有时表示过去的时间，讲明某事可能已发生，有时也表示与事实相反，表示原来有能力做某事，但却未做。E.g.Whathappenedintheairportcouldhavebeentrue.might/may+have+过去分词表示对已经发生的情况进行揣测，但语气相当不肯定，表示近乎未实现的行为.E.g.Youmighthavedonetheworkbetter.must+have+过去分词是对发生在过去的一种行为的揣测，表示过去必定发生过的事情，语气相当肯定，表示“肯定，一定。E.g.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.Thegroundi
6、swet.should/oughtto+have+过去分词表示该做而未做到的事，表示“本应。E.g.Theyshouldhavemadeagoodjobofit.shouldnot/oughtntto+have+过去分词表示做了不该做的事，表示“本不应该。E.g.Youshouldnothavedonesuchthings.cantcouldnt+have+过去分词表示对过去的动作进行否认性揣测。意为“肯定没有，肯定不是。E.g.Thepoemcanthavebeenwrittenbythelittlegirl;sheisonlyfour.would+have+过去分词经常见于虚拟条件句中，表
7、示与过去事实相反的猜想。E.g.Ifshehadknownaboutit,shewouldhavetalkedaboutit.neednt+have+过去分词表示不必做的事情却做了，可译为“本来不必“其实不必。E.g.Youneednthavedoneallthesecalculations.Wehaveacomputertodealwiththatsortofthing.主谓一致知识点一manya,morethanone+单数名词，谓语仍然用单数。E.g.Manyasoldierhassacrificedhislifefortherevolution.知识点二eitherof+复数名词，谓语
8、动词用单数E.g.Haseitherofyourparentsvisitedyou?知识点三and;bothand连接两个单数形式的名词词组，谓语动词用复数当主语在意义上指同一人，同一物或同一概念时，谓语用单数E.g.Aboyandagirlwanttogo.知识点四eachandeach;everyandevery等构造后，谓语用单数E.g.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.知识点五主语后面有aswellas;togetherwith;alongwith;ratherthan等词组，谓语的单复数有主语来决定E.g.I,togetherwithmymothe
9、r,wasreadingattenyesterday.oneof复数名词关系分句构造如先行词为复数名词，谓语则为复数当前面有theonly/very等限定词修饰，谓语用单数E.g.Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.靠近原则：由notonly.butalso,either.or,neither.nor或or连接的并列主语。一般根据就近一致原则，谓语动词的单复数形式由最接近它的名词词组的单复数形式决定。E.g.Heoryouhavetakenmypen.由“anumberof,atotalof+复数名词作主语谓语动词用复数形式；
10、由“thenumberof,thetotalof+复数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。E.g.Anumberofstudentsarewaitingforthebus.倒装句带有neither,nor,nomore的句子倒装代词neither,nor,nomore用于后面分句句首，且前面分句必须能否定句，这时后面分句不但用倒装构造，而且时态包括助动词必须和前句一致。so被用作句首的分句前面必须是肯定句。E.g.Sheneverlaughed,nordidsheeverlosehertemper.知识点二虚拟构造中的条件从句省去if时，were,had和should要移至主语之前。E.g.HadIkn
11、ownit,Ishouldhavetoldhim.句首为否认词和带有否认意义的词或短语作状语或宾语时，常见部分倒装。常见于这一构造的词语有：little,nowhere,rarely,scarcely,seldom,few,hardly,never,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount,innoway,atnopoint,atnotime,innosense,atno/othertime,bynomeans,barely/hardly/scarcelywhen,notuntilmuch/even/stillless,nolonger,notasingleword,n
12、otoften,等。带only的句子的倒装only位于句子开始，假如修饰介词短语或状语从句，那么句子应倒装。E.g.Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhisvoicewasheablemakehimselfheard.Only引导的从句位于句首,主语应倒装.E.g.Onlywhenshecamehomedidhelearnthenews.so/suchthat构造中的so放在句首时，需要倒装。E.g.Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim.E.g.Suchagoodstudentwasshethatalltheteacherslikedh
13、er.在as引导的让步状语从句中形容词、名词或副词常移至从句之首，起强调作用。E.g.Tiredashewas,wedecidednottodisturbhim.E.g.Childasthelittlegirlis,sheknowsseveralforeignlanguages.句首为manyatime,tosuchanextent,tosuchadegree,tosuchapoint等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。E.g.Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldntgotosleepthatnight.在某些表示祝愿的句子中使用倒装。E.g.Mayyoulivea
14、longandhappylife!介词词组放在句首E.g.Infrontofthehousestandsatree.强调句型强调句：Itis/was+被强调部分who/whom/that被强调的主语是人称代词时，既可用主格，可以用宾格知识点四强调句it和先行词it的区别假如把itis(was)that去掉，剩下的仍能组成完好的句子，就是强调句E.g.ItisclearthatnotallthestudentslikeEnglish.E.g.ItwasthisplacethatImetTom.notuntil句型的强调E.g.Itwasnotuntil10oclockthathewenttobe
15、d.E.g.NotuntilhefinishedthehomeworkdidhewatchTV.非谓语动词分词分词的位置：单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词前；可以放在名词后，其作用是强调分词的动作性，但一般仅限于过去分词。E.g.theaspectsconcerned,E.g.theauthorityinvolved分词的特殊形式1.分词的复合构造，即分词的独立构造。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，分词必须带上本人的主语，称为独立构造，能够表示原因，时间，伴随等。1)n.+分词短语E.g.(time)Thedarkcloudshavingdispersed,thesunshoneaga
16、in.E.g.(reason)Themonitorbeingill,wedbetterwaitforher.2.With+n.+分词短语/adj./adv/prepE.g.WithMr.Litakingthelead,thegroupaccuseditscompanyofdelayingtheirsalary.E.g.Withthemostpoptelevisionnetworkinhishand,themanhavehisproductsadvertisedatthegoldentimeforanhour.不定式1.with/without+分词逻辑主语分词1)不定式常在下面动词后面作宾语：
17、afford,agree,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,care,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,pretend,promise,refuse,learn,tend,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,etc.2)动词+it形式宾语+形容词(宾语补足语)+不定式真正宾语，适用于此构造的动词：believe,consider,feel,find,realize,see,suppose,think,understandetc.E.g.Wefounditimpossibletoge
18、teverythingreadyintime.2.“Wh-word+不定式构造advise,decide,discuss,findout,know,learn,see,teach,tell,showunderstand,wonder等E.g.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart.3.不定式作宾语补足语1)动词ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,command,direct,enable,encourage,expect,feel,force,have,hear,invite,lead,let,make,notice,order,permit,persuade,te
19、ll,urge,watch,see,requireetc.2)下列词组后面的不定式不带to：wouldratherthan(宁愿也不)，hadbetter，canthelpbut(不得不),may/mightaswell(不妨)务必注意的是：接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词改成被动形式时必须加to。E.g.Hehasseenninepresidentscomeandgo.E.g.Ninepresidentshavebeenseentocomeandgo(byhim).4.不定式的时态1)完成式:不定式的动作在谓语表示的动作之前完成,或想像中过去的动作或事情,但并没有发生。E.g.Thisbook
20、issaidtohavebeentranslatedintodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade.2)进行式：E.g.Thechildrenappeartobeenjoyingthemselvesattheparty.注意不定式的逻辑主语ofsb./forsb.E.g.Itisquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.E.g.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.动名词知识点一接动名词作宾语的动词admit,avoid,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,finish,ap
21、preciate,consider,mind,risk,practise,dislike,resent(怨恨),advise,pardon,require,quit(戒除),suggest知识点二有些动词后既能够跟动名词，也能够跟不定式like,love,start,continue,attempt,propose,forget,recall,endure,permit,deserve,regret,omit(疏忽，省略)etc.知识点三to作为介词的短语beusedto,beaccustomedto,beopposedto反对,beaddictedto沉溺于,bedevotedto专心于,l
22、ookforwardto,objectto,seeto负责，留意动词need,require,want,deserve后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。E.g.Allthecarsintheyardneedrepairing.1.plan,like,love,hate后动名词表示抽象行为和一般动作，不定式表示详细的、特定的动作。E.g.Helikesdancingbuthedoesntliketodancewithstrangers.知识点五动名词的逻辑主语1.动名词的逻辑主语能够是形容词性物主代词或宾格，在句中两者均可使用，在句首要用形容词性物主代词。E.g.Their/Maryscomi
23、ngtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.2.动名词的逻辑主语能够是形容词性物主代词或宾格，在句中两者均可使用，在句首要用形容词性物主代词。E.g.Their/Maryscomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.虚拟语气知识点一wish引导的宾从时间构造如今的情况过去式过去的情况had+过去分词/couldhavedone将来的情况would/could+动词原形E.g.Hewishesthathehadstudiedhardinuniversity.知识点二wouldratherthat时间构造过去式如今,将来的情况的情况过去的
24、情况had+过去分词E.g.Iwouldratherthatyoudidnttellmetheanswernow.E.g.Iwouldratherthatyoudidntgotheretomorrow.Its(about/almost/high)timethat从句用一般过去式E.g.Itstimethatyouwenttobed.E.g.Itstimethatclassbegan.if条件句能够省略if,助动词were,had,should要前置，构成倒装语序。Eg.Hadherfatheralotofmoney,hewouldsendherabroad.Eg.Wereitrainy,wew
25、ouldbuyanumbrella.“Wereitnotfor/Haditnotbeenfor+宾语表示假设条件。E.g.Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wecouldnthavegotoverthedifficulties.E.g.Haditnotbeenforyourhelp,wewouldnthavebeenabletopasstheexam.asif(asthough)引导的比拟状语从句中谓语动词一般用were/had+过去分词表虚拟。E.g.HespeaksEnglishsowellasifhewereEnglish.E.g.Shelookedasifsheh
26、adsucceeded.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词advise,desire,maintain,command,demand,direct命令,insist,order,prefer,propose,request,require,resolve,suggest,urge，recommend等常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词advice,command,desire,order,demand,recommendation,suggestion,insistence,proposal,request,requirement等；用在主语从句中时其构造一般为“Itis/wa
27、s+形容词或过去分词+主语从句用虚拟语气advisable,necessary,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial，desirable,essential,important,natural,properpreferable,strange,vital,demanded,required,suggested,desired等。独立主格独立主格能够分为四类：不定式独立构造、如今分词独立构造、过去分词独立构造、无动词独立构造不定式独立主格：名词词组+不定式构造E.g.Hismothertocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedin
28、ner.她母亲今晚要来,她正在忙着准备饭菜。E.g.Theysaidgood-byetoeachother,onetogohome,theothertogotothebookstore.她们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。如今分词独立主格:(介词+名词词组+如今分词E.g.Withoutanyonenoticing,Islippedthroughthewindow.趁着没人注意，我悄悄的顺着窗户溜出去过去分词独立主格：介词+名词词组+过去分词构造E.g.Iwouldntdaregohomewithoutthejobfinished.工作没完成，我不敢回家。无动词独立主格：介词+名词词组+介词
29、词组+形容词词组或副词词组或名词词组E.g.Thesummerholidaysover,wewentbacktowork.假期结束，我们回去工作。E.g.Twothousandpeoplediedintheearthquake,manyofthemchildren.地震中两千人丧生，其中很多都是孩子情态动词的区分NeedNeed做情态动词时，主要用于否认句和疑问句，表示“没有必要.或有必要.吗？“E.g.Youneedntcomeallthewayjusttoseethefilm.E.g.Needweaccompanyouragingparentswherevertheygo?(1)needn
30、thave+动词过去分词“本不需要.固然不需要，但实际上已经做了E.g.Youneednthavepaidtheadmissionfee,forthelecturewasfreeformembersoftheclub.你本不需要付入场费的，这次演讲是免费的。DareDare做情态动词主要用于否认句、疑问句和感慨句，其否认式是darenot或darent,过去式为dared，过去否认式为darednot.Darenot和darednot为正式语言，darent普遍使用。E.g.Shedarentaskherbossforleaveasheseemstobeinabadmood.她不敢跟老板请假，
31、由于老板似乎情绪不好。在肯定陈述句中，dare只要idaresay/daresay这一固定搭配，用于白话，表示“我想，“我敢讲。注意：dare做实意动词时，常见于肯定句中。E.g.Hedaredtobehavelikethatinmyhouse.UsedtoUsedto表示过去经常的活动或方式、习惯。“过去经常.E.g.Sheusedtodislikespeakinginpublic,butnowshequiteenjoysit.其否认式为usednotto/usednt/didntuseto.但usednot最普通。E.g.SheusednotgetupearlyonSundaysbutnow,sinceshehaschangedherjob,shehasto.注意：usedto与be/getusedto的区别。be/getusedto表示“习惯于.