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1、00795自考综合英语二语法知识点(word文档物超所值)系动词?系动词，亦称连系动词Link?Verb。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，亦称补语形容词，构成系表构造讲明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。英语除动词be?之外，还有一些动词可以以做系动词，如表示状态或情况的：?keep,?look,?feel,?appear,?lie,?remain,?seem,?stay,?smell,?sound,?taste等；以及表示变化的：get,?grow,?turn,?fall,?run,?become,?go,?等。?1.?to?be?能够加在seem,?prove,?
2、remain,?appear?等系动词和其后的名词或形容词之间，但可以以省略。?E.g.?The?task?proved?(to?be)?impossible.?E.g.?They?seem?(to?be)?such?friendly?people,?but?they?never?replied?to?our?invitation.?注意：在seem,?appear?等词后，可加其他非?to?be?不定式，但这时他们不是系动词，而是不及物动词。?Courtesy,?politeness,?good?manner?Call?it?what?you?will,?the?supply?never?s
3、eems?to?equal?the?demand.?非人称代词?it?做句子的形式主语?1.?代表不定式?E.g.?It?is?absurd?to?be?afraid?under?such?circumstances.?2.?代表动名词?E.g.?It?is?terrible?trying?to?keep?up?with?the?Jones.?3.?代表that?引导的从句?E.g.?It?is?plain?to?everyone?that?she?was?offended.?4.?代表wh-?引导的从句?E.g.?As?long?as?he?finishes?his?work,?it?doe
4、snt?matter?when?he?comes?to?the?office.?做句子的形式宾语?1.?代表不定式?E.g.?They?found?it?difficult?to?get?along?with?him.?2.?代表从句?E.g.?I?think?it?best?that?you?(should)?stay?with?me.?E.g.?He?soon?made?it?clear?why?he?had?asked?a?conference.?用来改变句子构造，?使句子某一成分得到强调?1.?强调主语?E.g.?It?was?she?who?put?forward?the?sugge
5、stion.?2.?强调宾语?E.g.?it?is?that?painting?that?he?has?sold?at?a?good?profit.?3.?强调状语?E.g.?it?was?through?me?that?he?has?got?the?present?job.?强调?用so?表示强调?用so?强调听者同意讲者所言，这种用法只将?so?提到句首，其他成分位置不变。?E.g.?you?have?spilled?coffee?on?your?dress.-?So?I?have.情态动词+完成式?could+have+过去分词?有时表示过去的时间，讲明某事可能已发生，有时也表示与事实相
6、反，表示本来有能力做某事，但却未做。E.g.?What?happened?in?the?airport?could?have?been?true.?might/may+have+过去分词表示对已经发生的情况进行揣测，但语气相当不肯定，表示近乎未实现的行为.E.g.?You?might?have?done?the?work?better.?must+have+过去分词是对发生在过去的一种行为的揣测，表示过去必定发生过的事情?，语气相当肯定，表示“肯定，一定。?E.g.?It?must?have?rained?last?night.?The?ground?is?wet.?should/ought?
7、to?+have+过去分词表示该做而未做到的事，表示“本应。?E.g.?They?should?have?made?a?good?job?of?it.?should?not/oughtnt?to+have+过去分词表示做了不该做的事，表示“本不应该。?E.g.?You?should?not?have?done?such?things.?cantcouldnt+have+过去分词表示对过去的动作进行否认性揣测。意为“肯定没有，肯定不是。?E.g.?The?poem?cant?have?been?written?by?the?little?girl;?she?is?only?four.?would
8、+have+过去分词?经常用于虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反的猜想。?E.g.If?she?had?known?about?it,?she?would?have?talked?about?it.?neednt?+have?+?过去分词表示不必做的事情却做了，可译为“本来不必“其实不必。?E.g.?You?neednt?have?done?all?these?calculations.?We?have?a?computer?to?deal?with?that?sort?of?thing.主谓一致?知识点一?many?a,?more?than?one?+单数名词，谓语仍然用单数。?E.g.?Ma
9、ny?a?soldier?has?sacrificed?his?life?for?the?revolution.知识点二?either?of?+复数名词，谓语动词用单数?E.g.?Has?either?of?your?parents?visited?you?知识点三?and;?both?and连接两个单数形式的名词词组，谓语动词用复数当主语在意义上指同一人，同一物或同一概念时，谓语用单数?E.g.?A?boy?and?a?girl?want?to?go.?知识点四?each?and?each;?every?and?every?等构造后，谓语用单数?E.g.?Each?man?and?(each
10、)?woman?is?asked?to?help.?知识点五?主语后面有as?well?as;?together?with;?along?with;?rather?than等词组，谓语的单复数有主语来决定?E.g.?I,?together?with?my?mother,?was?reading?at?ten?yesterday.?one?of复数名词关系分句构造?如先行词为复数名词，谓语则为复数当前面有the?only/very等限定词修饰，谓语用单数?E.g.?Joan?is?one?of?those?people?who?go?out?of?their?way?to?be?helpful.
11、?靠近原则：?由?not?only.but?also,?either.or,?neither.nor?或?or?连接的并列主语。通常根据?就近一致?原则，谓语动词的单复数形式由最接近它的名词词组的单复数形式决定。?E.g.?He?or?you?have?taken?my?pen.由?“a?number?of,?a?total?of?+?复数名词?作主语?谓语动词用复数形式；由?“the?number?of,?the?total?of+?复数名词?，谓语动词用单数形式。E.g.?A?number?of?students?are?waiting?for?the?bus.倒装句?带有neither,
12、?nor,?no?more的句子倒装?代词neither,?nor,?no?more用于后面分句句首，且前面分句必须能否定句，这时后面分句不仅用倒装构造，而且时态包括助动词必须和前句一致。so被用作句首的分句前面必须是肯定句。?E.g.?She?never?laughed,?nor?did?she?ever?lose?her?temper.知识点二?虚拟构造中的条件从句省去if时，?were,?had?和should?要移至主语之前。?E.g.?Had?I?known?it,?I?should?have?told?him.句首为否认词和带有否认意义的词或短语作状语或宾语时，常用部分倒装。?常用
13、于这一构造的词语有：little,?nowhere,?rarely,?scarcely,?seldom,?few,?hardly,?never,?under?no?circumstances,?on?no?account,?in?no?way,?at?no?point,?at?no?time,?in?no?sense,?at?no/other?time,?by?no?means,?barely/hardly/scarcely?when,?not?until?much/even/still?less,?no?longer,not?a?single?word,?not?often,?等。?带onl
14、y?的句子的倒装only位于句子开始，?假如修饰介词短语或状语从句，那么句子应倒装。?E.g.?Only?by?shouting?at?the?top?of?his?voice?was?he?able?make?himself?heard.Only引导的从句位于句首,主语应倒装.?E.g.?Only?when?she?came?home?did?he?learn?the?news.?so?/?such?that构造中的?so放在句首时，?需要倒装。?E.g.?So?absurd?did?he?look?that?everyone?stared?at?him.?.?E.g.?Such?a?goo
15、d?student?was?she?that?all?the?teachers?liked?her.?在as引导的让步状语从句中形容词、名词或副词常移至从句之首，起强调作用。?E.g.?Tired?as?he?was,?we?decided?not?to?disturb?him.?E.g.?Child?as?the?little?girl?is,?she?knows?several?foreign?languages.?句首为many?a?time,?to?such?an?extent,?to?such?a?degree,?to?such?a?point?等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。?E.g.
16、?To?such?a?degree?was?he?excited?that?he?couldnt?go?to?sleep?that?night.在某些表示祝愿的句子中使用倒装。?E.g.?May?you?live?a?long?and?happy?life!?介词词组放在句首?E.g.?In?front?of?the?house?stands?a?tree.?强调句型?强调句：It?is/was?+被强调部分who/whom/that?被强调的主语是人称代词时，既可用主格，可以用宾格?知识点四?强调句it和先行词it的区别?假如把it?is?(was)?that去掉，剩下的仍能组成完好的句子，
17、就是强调句?E.g.?It?is?clear?that?not?all?the?students?like?English.?E.g.?It?was?this?place?that?I?met?Tom.?not?until?句型的强调?E.g.?It?was?not?until?10?oclock?that?he?went?to?bed.?E.g.?Not?until?he?finished?the?homework?did?he?watch?TV.非谓语动词?分词?分词的位置：单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词前；可以放在名词后，其作用是强调分词的动作性，但一般仅限于过去分词。?E.g.?t
18、he?aspects?concerned,E.g.?the?authority?involved分词的特殊形式?1.?分词的复合构造，即分词的独立构造。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，分词必须带上本人的主语，称为独立构造，能够表示原因，时间，伴随等。?1)n.?+?分词短语?E.g.?(time)?The?dark?clouds?having?dispersed,?the?sun?shone?again.?E.g.?(reason)?The?monitor?being?ill,?wed?better?wait?for?her.?2.?With?+?n.?+?分词短语?/adj.?/?ad
19、v/prep?E.g.?With?Mr.?Li?taking?the?lead,?the?group?accused?its?company?of?delaying?their?salary.?E.g.?With?the?most?pop?television?network?in?his?hand,?the?man?have?his?products?advertised?at?the?golden?time?for?an?hour.?不定式?1.with/without?+?分词逻辑主语分词?1)不定式常在下面动词后面作宾语：afford,?agree,?arrange,?ask,?att
20、empt,?beg,?care,?choose,?claim,?decide,?desire,?determine,?expect,?fail,?hope,?pretend,?promise,?refuse,?learn,?tend,?long,?manage,?offer,?plan,?prepare,?etc.?2)?动词?+?it形式宾语?+?形容词(宾语补足语)+?不定式真正宾语，适用于此构造的动词：believe,?consider,?feel,?find,?realize,?see,?suppose,?think,?understand?etc.?E.g.?We?found?it?
21、impossible?to?get?everything?ready?in?time.2.“Wh-?word?+?不定式?构造?advise,?decide,?discuss,?find?out,?know,?learn,?see,?teach,?tell,?show?understand,?wonder?等?E.g.?He?does?not?know?when?to?start.3.?不定式作宾语补足语?1)?动词ask,?advise,?allow,?beg,?cause,?command,?direct,?enable,?encourage,?expect,?feel,?force,?h
22、ave,hear,?invite,?lead,?let,?make,?notice,?order,?permit,?persuade,?tell,?urge,?watch,?see,?require?etc.?2)?下列词组后面的不定式不带to：would?rather?than?(宁愿也不)，had?better?，cant?help?but?(不得不),?may/might?as?well?(不妨)?务必注意的是：接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词改成被动形式时必须加to。?E.g.?He?has?seen?nine?presidents?come?and?go.?E.g.?Nine?pres
23、idents?have?been?seen?to?come?and?go?(by?him).?4.?不定式的时态?1)?完成式:不定式的动作在谓语表示的动作之前完成,或想像中过去的动作或事情,但并没有发生。?E.g.?This?book?is?said?to?have?been?translated?into?dozens?of?languages?in?the?last?decade.?2)?进行式：E.g.?The?children?appear?to?be?enjoying?themselves?at?the?party.?注意不定式的逻辑主语?of?sb./for?sb.?E.g.?I
24、t?is?quite?important?for?us?to?learn?a?foreign?language?well.E.g.?It?is?very?kind?of?you?to?tell?me?the?truth.动名词?知识点一?接动名词作宾语的动词?admit,?avoid,?delay,?deny,?enjoy,?escape,?finish,?appreciate,?consider,?mind,?risk,?practise,?dislike,?resent(怨恨),?advise,?pardon,?require,?quit?(戒除),?suggest?知识点二?有些动词后既
25、能够跟动名词，可以以跟不定式?like,?love,?start,?continue,?attempt,?propose,?forget,?recall,?endure,?permit,?deserve,?regret,?omit?(疏忽，省略)etc.?知识点三?to作为介词的短语?beusedto,?beaccustomedto,?beopposedto反对,?beaddictedto沉溺于,?bedevotedto专心于,?lookforwardto,?objectto,?seeto负责，留意?动词need,?require,?want,?deserve后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义
26、。?E.g.?Allthecarsintheyardneedrepairing.?1.plan,?like,?love,?hate后动名词表示抽象行为和一般动作，不定式表示详细的、特定的动作。?E.g.?Helikesdancingbuthedoesntliketodancewithstrangers.?知识点五?动名词的逻辑主语?1.?动名词的逻辑主语能够是形容词性物主代词或宾格，在句中两者均可使用，在句首要用形容词性物主代词。?E.g.?Their/Maryscomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.?2.?动名词的逻辑主语能够是形容词性物主代词或宾格，
27、在句中两者均可使用，在句首要用形容词性物主代词。?E.g.?Their/Maryscomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.虚拟语气知识点一?wish引导的宾从时间构造如今的情况过去式?过去的情况had+过去分词/couldhavedone将来的情况would/could+动词原形E.g.?Hewishesthathehadstudiedhardinuniversity.?知识点二?wouldratherthat时间构造如今,将来的情况的情况过去式?过去的情况had+过去分词E.g.?Iwouldratherthatyoudidnttellmetheansw
28、ernow.E.g.?Iwouldratherthatyoudidntgotheretomorrow.?Its(about/almost/high)?timethat?从句用一般过去式?E.g.?Itstimethatyouwenttobed.E.g.?Itstimethatclassbegan.?if条件句能够省略if,助动词were,?had,?should?要前置，构成倒装语序。?Eg.?Had?her?father?a?lot?of?money,?he?would?send?her?abroad.?Eg.?Were?it?rainy,?we?would?buy?an?umbrella.
29、“Were?it?not?for/Had?it?not?been?for+宾语?表示假设条件。?E.g.?Were?it?not?for?their?assistance,?we?couldnt?have?got?over?the?difficulties.?E.g.?Had?it?not?been?for?your?help,?we?wouldnt?have?been?able?to?pass?the?exam.as?if?(as?though)?引导的比拟状语从句中谓语动词一?般用were?/?had+过去分词表虚拟。?E.g.?He?speaks?English?so?well?as?i
30、f?he?were?English.?E.g.?She?looked?as?if?she?had?succeeded.?常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词?advise,?desire,?maintain,?command,?demand,?direct命令,?insist,?order,?prefer,?propose,?request,?require,?resolve,?suggest,?urge，recommend?等?常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词?advice,?command,?desire,?order,?demand,?recommendation,?su
31、ggestion,?insistence,?proposal,?request,?requirement等；?用在主语从句中时其构造通常为“It?is/was?+?形容词或过去分词+主语从句用虚拟语气?advisable,?necessary,?urgent,?appropriate,?compulsory,?crucial，desirable,?essential,?important,?natural,?proper?preferable,?strange,?vital,?demanded,?required,?suggested,?desired等。?独立主格?独立主格能够分为四类：不定
32、式独立构造、如今分词独立构造、过去分词独立构造、无动词独立构造?不定式独立主格：名词词组+不定式构造?E.g.?His?mother?to?come?tonight,?he?is?busy?preparing?the?dinner.?他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。?E.g.?They?said?good-bye?to?each?other,?one?to?go?home,?the?other?to?go?to?the?bookstore.?他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。?如今分词独立主格:(介词+名词词组+如今分词?E.g.?Without?anyone?noticing,?I?
33、slipped?through?the?window.?趁着没人注意，我悄悄的顺着窗户溜出去?过去分词独立主格：介词+名词词组+过去分词构造?E.g.?I?wouldnt?dare?go?home?without?the?job?finished.?工作没完成，我不敢回家。?无动词独立主格：介词+名词词组+介词词组+形容词词组或副词词组或名词词组?E.g.?The?summer?holidays?over,?we?went?back?to?work.?假期结束，我们回去工作。?E.g.?Two?thousand?people?died?in?the?earthquake,?many?of?th
34、em?children.?地震中两千人丧生，其中很多都是孩子?情态动词的区分?Need?Need?做情态动词时，主要用于否认句和疑问句，表示“没有必要.或有必要.吗？“?E.g.?You?neednt?come?all?the?way?just?to?see?the?film.?E.g.?Need?we?accompany?our?aging?parents?wherever?they?go?(1)?neednt?have?+?动词过去分词?“本不需要.固然不需要，但实际上已经做了?E.g.?You?neednt?have?paid?the?admission?fee,?for?the?lec
35、ture?was?free?for?members?of?the?club.?你本不需要付入场费的，这次演讲是免费的。?DareDare?做情态动词主要用于否认句、疑问句和感慨句，其否认式是dare?not?或darent,?过去式为dared，过去否认式为dared?not.?Dare?not?和dared?not?为正式语言，?darent?普遍使用。E.g.?She?darent?ask?her?boss?for?leave?as?he?seems?to?be?in?a?bad?mood.?她不敢跟老板请假，由于老板似乎情绪不好。?在肯定陈述句中，dare只要i?dare?say/dar
36、esay?这一固定搭配，用于白话，表示“我想，“我敢讲。?注意：dare?做实意动词时，常用于肯定句中。?E.g.?He?dared?to?behave?like?that?in?my?house.?Used?toUsed?to?表示过去经常的活动或方式、习惯。“过去经常.?E.g?.?She?used?to?dislike?speaking?in?public,?but?now?she?quite?enjoys?it.其否认式为used?not?to/usednt/didnt?use?to.?但used?not?最普通。?E.g.?She?used?not?get?up?early?on?Sundays?but?now,?since?she?has?changed?her?job,?she?has?to.?注意：used?to?与be/get?used?to?的区别。be/get?used?to?表示“习惯于.E.g.?When?you?are?in?London,?you?must?get?used?to?driving?on?the?left.?在伦敦你要习惯在左侧驾驶。