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1、优质文本unit 1-3语法-不定式 to do1不定式的根本形式与结构动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形 (如to write) 所构成的一种动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。所有的主动词，不管是及物动词还是不及物动词，都有不定式形式。没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。2不定式的用法1)不定式结构作主语1.Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago2.To finish tha
2、t task in such a short time is really a challenge在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，那么可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面。如：1.It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago2.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on ti
3、me不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过for sb. to do sth. 结构表达：如：1.It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review2. It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.在某些形容词(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind， naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表语时，不定式
4、后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语：1.It is very kind of you to tell me the truth2.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing2)不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式， 另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。及物动词+带to的不定式结构:只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有: afford， agree， aim， appear， ask， believe， care，claim，decide demand， desire， determine， expect， fail，
5、 happen， hesitate， hope， intend， learn， long， manage， offer， pretend， promise， prepare， refuse， seek， swear， undertake，want， wish等。1.He managed to solve the complicated problem.2.The stranger offered to show me the way.3.Mr. Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式：这类动词常见的
6、有advise， decide， find out， forget， inquire， know， learn， see， regard初中英语语法总结， remember， teach， tell， understand， wonder等。常见的疑问代(副)词有: what， when， where， which， how， whether等。1.He does not know when to start.2.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.3.I will show you how to deal with it.有时，不定式可
7、由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达：动词(如find， think，consider，feel等)+it+ 形容词+不定式。1.She considers it necessary to make friends with him.2.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 oclock.3)不定式做表语一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件)；表语是不定式(表示结果)：1.To see is to believe.2.To work means to earn a living另一种情况为主语是以aim，
8、duty，hope， idea，job， plan，problem， purpose，thing，wish等名词为中心的短语，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用：；例如：1.His aim is to study abroad in the near future2.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price3.What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience4)不定式作定语 不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种
9、类型：第一种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如：1.There was really nothing to fear 2.He gave me an interesting book to read如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。例如：1.Mary needs a friend to play with2.That girl has nothing to worry about3.They have a strict teacher to listen to4.Although the film had been on for ten minutes， I still w
10、as not able to find a chair to sit on第二种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语；例如：1.Have you got a key to unlock the door?2.The action to be taken is correct3.There is nothing to be gained by pretending第三种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意义的名词：ability， attempt， effort， impulse， inclination，wish等。例如：
11、1.Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her2.I have no wishto quarrel withyou3.Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary.5)不定式作状语不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语：1.They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area2.They are quite surprise
12、d because they see the great changes taking place in the area3.He was lucky to arrive before dark4.He was lucky because he arrived before dark作目的状语：1.She raised her voice to be heared better2.She raised her voice so that she could heard better3.We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam4.We went
13、 via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam作结果状语：1.The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians2.The French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians3.He got to the station only to be told the train had gone4.He got to the st
14、ation and was told that the train had gone不带to的不定式的使用动词不定式通常带to，但在有些搭配中不带to，在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。归纳起来，以下情况下使用不带to不定式：1) 在cancould， /maymight，willwould，shallshould，must， need，dare等情态动词之后，动词不定式不带to。2)在表示感觉意义的动词，如see初中英语语法总结，feel，watch，notice，smell，hear，observe等后，或是表示“致使意义的动词，如have，let，make等后，动词不定式不带to。例如：
15、1.I often heard him say that he would study hard2.I must have him see his own mistakes但是，当这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式。例如：1.He was often heard to say that he would study hard2.After he had finished speaking，he was made to answer innumerable questions3)在动词help之后可用不带to的不定式，也可用带to的不定式。例如：1.Help t
16、he old lady (to) carry the heavy box.4) 在had better，would rather，maymight as well，rather than，can not but等搭配之后初中英语语法总结，动词不定式也不带to。例如： 1.Unless you feel to ill to go out，I would rather not stay at home tonight2.She could not but criticize his foolish behaviour.5) 在make do，make believe，let drop，1et fa
17、ll，1et fly，let slip，let drive，let go off，hear say，hear tell，leave go of等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式。例如：1.They let go of the rope他们松开了绳子。2.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。3.Ive heard tell of him我听说过他。4.Some of the faculty were let go for lack of the students由于生源缺乏，一些教职员工被解雇了。6)在介词but初中英语语法总结初中英语
18、语法总结，except之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to，反之那么必须带to，表示“不得不，只能。例如：1.He will do anything except work on the farm2.There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender3.The spy was both hungry and cold；there was nothing left for him but to give in4.I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining
19、下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to：can not help but，can not choose but，can not but，do nothing but，have nothing to do but。例如：I can not but admire his courage.如果上述句中有do，to省略：I did nothing but watch TV last night如果是下面一个固定搭配，就带to：I have no choice but to give up my idea.7)紧跟在why或why not之后的动词不定式总是不带to。但是，紧跟在who，what，which，
20、whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如：Why stand up if you can sit down?Why not ask your teacher when you dont understand the meaning?You neednt decide yet whether to study arts or science4不定式的否认形式否认形式是在不定式的标志to前加not。例如：1.I decided not to ask him again2.Please remember not to leave the lights on when you are out动词不
21、定式练习一. 根据上句意思完成下句，使两句意思相近或相同，每空一词。 1. He was so angry that he couldnt say anything. He was too angry _ _ anything. 2. I dont know when we will have the meeting. I dont know when _ _ the meeting. 3. He said he would write a letter. He said he would have a letter _ _. 4. That you read English in the m
22、orning is very important. It is very important _ you _ _ English in the morning. 5. He was so strong that he could lift the stone. 石头 He was strong _ _ _ the stone. 6. His father went to Beijing for his holiday. His father went to Beijing _ _ his holiday. 7. They got up early so that they could get
23、there in time. They got up early _ _ _ _ there in time. 8. His brother decided that he would buy the book. His brother decided _ _ the book. 9. He hopes that he can visit the Great Wall. He hopes _ _ the Great Wall. 10.I saw him go into the room. He was seen _ _ into the room. 11.We made him work fi
24、ve hours a day. He was made _ _ five hours a day. 12.Do you want to say anything for yourself? Do you have anything _ _ for yourself? 13.We dont know what we shall do next. We dont know what _ _ next. 14.Im very sorry on hearing the bad news. Im very sorry _ _ the bad news. 15.He stopped and had a l
25、ook at me. He stopped _ _ a look at me. 16.I helped him with his English. I helped him _ _ English. 17.My father promised 许诺that he would buy me a bike. My father promised _ _ me a bike. 18.The box is so heavy that I cant carry it. The box is too heavy _ me _ _. 19.“Lie down! the boy said to his dog
26、. The boy ordered his dog _ _ down. 20.“Dont make any noise, she said to me. She told me _ _ _ any noise.二. 单项选择：1. This company was the first _ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced2. The purpose of new technology i
27、s to make life easier, _it more difficult.A .not making B. not make C .not to make D. nor to make3. Helen had to shout _above the sound of the music .A .making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D .to make herself heard4. I dont know whether you happen_ ,but I am going to st
28、udy in the U.S.A this September.A .to be heard. B. to be bearing C .to hear D .to have heard5. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _the film stars had left.A .to tell B .to be told C .telling D .told6. You were silly not _your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked7
29、. The teacher asked us _so much noise.A .dont make B. not make C. not making D .not to make8. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered _clear warnings before firing any shots.A .to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued9. Id rather have a room of my own, how
30、ever small it is, than_ a room with someone else.A. to share B. to have shared C. share D. sharing10. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_ in broad daylight yesterday.A. robbed B. to have been robbed C. being robbed D. having been robbed11. A number of paintings in the castle are believed _i
31、n a fire.A. being destroyed B. having been destroyed C. to be destroyed D. to have been destroyed12. The meeting _ next week is sure to be a great success.A. to take place B. to be taken placeC. to have taken place D. being taken place13. As a result of my laziness, I failed _ my work in time.A. and
32、 finishedB. to finishC. and finishingD. to finished14. I am sorry _ written you a letter at the time.A. to have notB. to not haveC. not to haveD. not having15. Will you lend him a magazine _?A. to be readB. for readingC. to readD. he read16. He could do nothing but _for the bus _.A. wait, to come B.
33、 wait; come C. waiting; coming D. waited; came17 .It is a problem that doesnt need _ right now.A. to solveB. solvingC. being solvedD. to be solving18. Theres a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble.A. making B. to make C. to have made D. having made19. I remem
34、ber _him _the bike needed _.A. hearing, saying, to repair B. to hear, say, to repairC. hearing, say, repairing D. to hear, saying, to be repaired20. - You should have thanked her before you left.- I meant _, but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere.A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing so21. Ro
35、bert is said to _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study B. to be studying D. to have been studying22. Im gong to Xian next week. Have you anything _ to your parents?A. to take B. to be taken C. to be bought to D. to buy23. when are they _ in their plan?A.
36、hand B. handed C. to hand D. give24. In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they _.A. have survived B. are to survive C. would survived D. will survive25. When we hurried to the station, there happened _ no bus at that time.A. to have B. to be C. having D. being26. I lost my way
37、 in complete darkness and, _ matters worse, it began to rain.A. made B. having made C. making D. to make27. At _ time does the salesgirl get up late in the morning, though she is always too busy _ a good rest.A. no, to take B. no, taking C. any, to take D. one, taking28. -Are you a student? -No, but
38、 I used _.A. to be B. to was C. to do D. to be a29. I stopped to listen, and my son seemed _ himself _ in the living room.A. to enjoy, to shut B. to be enjoying, shuttingC. to be enjoying, shut D. to have enjoyed, having shut30. With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is havi
39、ng a hard time.A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled31. Were leaving at six oclock, and hope _ most of the journey by lunch time.A. to do B. to have done C. to make D. to have made32. The study of the wild world may help to make the world easier _.A. understood B. to be understood C.
40、to understand D. understand33. Who will you get _ the project for us?A. design B. to design C. designed D. designing34. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government know _.A. it what to do with B. what to do it withC. what to do with it D. to do what with it35. We are not allowed _
41、 outdoors with some other children.A. playing B. to be playing C. to play D. be playing36. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _ to carry all the way home.A. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much37. She feels so strongly that each of us should have a role _in
42、making the earth a better place to live in.A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing38. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _.A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to39. Do let your mother know all the truth, she appears
43、_ everything.A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told40. There are five pairs _, but Im at a loss which to buy.A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing41. The problem is _ difficult for us _.A. so; work out B. very too; to be worked outC. rather too, to work out D. quite too, to work it out42. -Where should I _ my application?-The personnel office is the place _.A. send; to send it B. send for; to send it toC. send for; for sending it