《学位英语语法详细讲解.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《学位英语语法详细讲解.doc（56页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、优质文本学位英语语法根底知识：句法分析 1、主语：是句子要说明的人或物，可以作主语的成分有名词，主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！1Mr. Leeis a well-known scientist. 名词作主语2Hereads newspapers everyday. 代词作主语3Two and tenis twelve. 数词作主语4Smokingis harmful to the health. 动名词作主语5To swim in that poolis a great pleasure. 动词不定式作主语6What we shall do nextis not yet de
2、cided. 从句作主语2、谓语： 说明主语的动作，状态或特征1The new termbeginson the 1st of September.2His fatherisan engineer.3Sheseemedhappy.4Li Huashowedme his album.3、宾语：指的是及物动词涉及到的人或物1Wang Ling lentmea novelto read in the bus.2The medicine is good fora cold.3How many piecesdo you want?4My little sister always likesto ask
3、questions.5Would you mindcoming earlier tomorrow?6He askedmewhat I was going to do tonight4、宾语补足语：在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征。1The government appointed任命herchief delegate首席代表to the conference.2I dont believe the storytrue.3You should put your thingsin order有序.4The doctor advised herto stay in bed for a wee
4、k.5We saw the pupilsplaying basketball.5、表语：位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。1Wangs father isa doctor.2He is alwayscareless.3The basketball match ison.4All the pupils areon the playground now.5Our aim is towin more medals.6His work isteaching French.7The question iswho can really repair the machines.还有位于以
5、下系动词后面的词，我们也称之为表语：表示感官的：look-fxgr-seem看起来、sound听起来、smell闻起来、taste尝起来、feel感觉起来：He looksdisappointed形容词作表语他看起来很失望。The rubbish smells terrible.垃圾很难闻。表示变化的：get、become、turn变得。It becomes hotter and hotter形容词作表语。 天变得越来越热了。6、定语：是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，翻译常用的表示。Tom is ahandsomeboy. Thetwoboys are students.His
6、 boy needsTomspen. The boyin the classroomneeds a pen of yours.The boy needsa ballpen. The best boyhereis Tom.There is nothingto dotoday. Thesmilingboy needs a penbought by his mother.This is thenewdictionarywhich I bought yesterday.7、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。1She singsquite
7、 well.2On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.3He sits there,asking for a pen.4The boy needs a pento do his homework.5If I have some spare time,I will read some story-books.8、同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard.students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生We all are students.a
8、ll是we的同位语，都指同样的我们学位英语语法根底知识：词法分析-构词法1.转化法把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法，学位英语最常考的是形容词转化为名词。表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词：You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。I want to write in red. 我想用红笔写字。某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数。The old in our village are living a happy l
9、ife. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。2.派生法1前缀除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。1表示否认意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：appear出现disappear消失，correct正确的incorrect不正确的，lead带着mislead领错、误导，stop停下non-stop不停。2表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-多构成表语形容词，anti-反对；抵抗，auto-自动，co-共同，en-使，inter-互相
10、，re-再；又，sub-下面的；次；小，tele-强调距离等。例如：alone 单独的 antigas 防毒气的 autochart 自动图表 cooperate 合作 enjoy 使快乐 internet 互联网 reuse 再用 subway 地铁 telephone 2后缀英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。1构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or 从事某事的人，-ese 某地人，-ess 雌性，-ful 一，-ian 精通的人，-ist 专业人员，-me
11、nt 性质；状态，-ness 性质；状态，-tion动作；过程等。例如：differ不同于difference区别write写writer作家Japan日本Japanese日本人act表演actress女演员action动作、行为care细心caerful仔细的、认真的music音乐musician音乐家2构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n 多用于形容词之后，-fy 使化，-ize 使成为。例如：widewiden加宽beautybeautify美化purepurify提纯realrealize意识到organorganize组织3构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able 有能力的，-an某国
12、人的，-en 多用于表示材料的名词后，-ern 方向的，-ese某国人的，-ful，-ical，-ish，-ive，-less 表示否认，-like 像的，-ly，-ous，-some，-y 表示天气等。例如：nature自然natural自然的reason道理reasonable有道理的America美国American美国的China中国Chinese中国人的gold金子golden金的east东eastern东方的child孩子childish孩子气的snow雪snowy雪的4构成副词的常用后缀有-ly主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度，-wards主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向。例如：
13、angry生气的angrily生气地to到towards朝east东方eastward向东3.合成法1合成名词名词名词 weekend周末名词动词 daybreak黎明名词动名词 handwriting书法名词介词名词 editor-in-chief总编辑动词名词 typewriter打字机动名词名词 reading-room阅览室现在分词名词 flying-fish飞鱼形容词名词 gentleman绅士副词动词outbreak爆发2合成形容词名词形容词 snow-white雪白的名词现在分词 English-speaking讲英语的名词to名词 face-to-face面对面的名词过去分词
14、man-made人造的数词名词形容词 two-year-old两岁的数词名词ed five-storeyed五层的形容词名词 high-class高级的形容词名词ed noble-minded高尚的形容词形容词 light-blue浅蓝色的形容词现在分词 good-looking相貌好看的副词形容词 ever-green常青的副词现在分词 hard-working勤劳的副词过去分词 well-known著名的副词名词 fast-food专门提供快餐效劳的介词名词 downhill下坡的3合成动词名词动词 sleep-walk梦游形容词动词 white-wash粉刷副词动词 overthrow推
15、翻4合成副词形容词名词 hotfoot匆忙地形容词副词 everywhere到处副词副词 however尽管如此介词名词 beforehand事先介词副词 forever永远学位英语语法根底知识：词法分析-副词、形容词1.形容词及其用法1表语形容词只能作表语，这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。2形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后。例如：something nice.2.以-ly
16、结尾的形容词大局部形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。3.用形容词表示类别和整体1某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。例如：The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。2有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如the British，the English，the French
17、，the Chinese等。例如：The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。4.形容词与副词的比拟级常见的双音节或多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比拟级和最高级important/ easily more important/ more easily most important/ most easily5.as + 形容词或副词原级+as1在否认句或疑问句中可用soas.例如：He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。2用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。例如：T
18、his room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大。3倍数+ as + adj. + as 倍数+ the + of.例如：This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。This bridge is three times the length of that one.Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。Your ro
19、om is twice the size of mine.6.可修饰比拟级的词 常用的有a little, rather, much, far, many等Nanjing is a little/rather/much/far/ hotter than Shanghai.如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。I have many more books than Tom.There is much more water in the south than in the north.7. the + 最高级 + 比拟范围1形容词最高级前通常必须用定
20、冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。例如：The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常。例如：It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。2by far一般修饰最高级This question is by far the most difficult in this exercise. 这道题是这个练习里最难的。注意：最高级的意义有时可以用比拟级表示出
21、来。例如：Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。8. 和more有关的词组the morethe more 越越。例如：The harder you work, the greater progress youll make. 越努力，进步越大。学位英语语法根底知识：词法分析-连词重点用法1.表示并列关系的连词有：and, bothand, not only but also和nei
22、thernor1)and的特别用法：祈使句后连接and，有条件句作用，此时and=if you, youllGo straight on, and youll see the library.=If you go straight on, you will see the library.2)bothand既也，两者都A、bothand谓语动词一般用复数。Both Jim and Kate are from England.B、bothand否认句表示局部否认。Both my father and my mother arent doctors.我的父母只有一个人是医生。3)neitherno
23、r 既不也不neithernor连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持“人称和 “数的一致，即采取就近原那么。Neither I nor he has seen the play before.4)not onlybut also 不但而且not onlybut also 连接两个主语后的谓语动词也遵循就近原那么。Not only the mother but also the children are ill.2.表示转折关系的连词有：but, however, yet, still，while等。Mary was a nice girl, but she had one
24、shortcoming.Tom got up early, yet he failed to catch the train.He was very tired, still he kept on walking.Your composition is fairly good, however, there is still some room for improvement.Jane is hard working ,while her sister is quite lazy.3.表示选择关系的并列连词有：or, eitheror, whether or等。1)or：或、否那么A:根本用法
25、or 表示“或 的意思，使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。-Is your friend English or American? -American.He doesnt like dumplings or noodles.B:特别用法祁使句后连接or，表 “如果,否那么,有转折的意思，此时 or =if you dont , youll Hurry up, or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late.2)eitheror:或者或者; 不是就是；要么要么A. eitheror连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持 “
26、人称和 “数的一致，即就近原那么。Either you or I am right. Does either she or they like English?B. 由eitheror引导的否认句是完全否认。She isnt either a student or a teacher.3)whetheror不管还是She is always cheerful, whether at home or at school.4.表示因果关系的并列连词有：for因为，so所以。He is not at school today, for he has a bad cold.It was late, s
27、o I went home.5.引导时间状语从句的附属连词有：before, after, when, while, as, till, until, since, as soon asAfter they had planted their crops, they took a rest.We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us.As soon as he gets to Beijing, hell call me.1) as 表示“当时，引导一个持续性动作，多用于主从句动作同时发生，强调“一边一边。He sang as h
28、e walked.2)until用法：当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时，主从句都用肯定式，译为“直到为止；当主句谓语动词是瞬间动词时，主句用否认式，从句用肯定式，即notuntil，译为“直到才。Mr. Green waited until his children came back.格林先生一直等到他的孩子们回来Mr. Green didnt go to bed until his children came back.格林先生直到他的孩子们回来才睡觉6. 引导条件状语从句的附属连词有：if如果，unless除非，如果不等。If you dont go soon, youll be late.
29、=Unless you go soon, youll be late.7.引导原因状语从句的附属连词有because, as, since等。because“因为语气最强，答复why提问时只能用because，其引导的从句可放在句首或句末；as“由于、since“既然语气不如because强，引导的从句常置于句首；for是并列连词，语气最弱，对前面分句加以解释或补充说明，其引导的分句常置于句末且用逗号隔开。He didnt go to school because he was ill.As it was raining, we went there by bus.Since everybod
30、y is here, lets begin.It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.注意：because与so不能同时使用。8.引导让步状语从句的附属连词有：although/though虽然，尽管，even though/if即使Although/ Though it is a very young country, it is very rich.Even if/ though you were here yesterday, you couldnt help him.注意：although/though引导的从句不能与b
31、ut连用，但可与yet, still连用。9.引导目的状语从句的附属连词有so that和in order that以便，为了等。The teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly.10.引导结果状语从句的附属连词有：so that结果是和so/suchthat如此以至于等。It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze.He got there so early that he got a good seat.It is such a h
32、eavy box that nobody can move it.11.引导比拟状语从句的连词：asas与一样，not as/so as不如，than比等。I know you better than she does.He works as carefully as she.I cant run as/so fast as you.注意：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时。Ill go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.He wont come unless he is invited.学位英语语法根底知识
33、：词法分析-名词1.名词复数的不规那么变化1由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women，如an Englishman, two Englishmen.2除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters.3以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. ?一千零一夜?是一本非常有趣的故事书。2.复合名词复数形式的构成1
34、通常把-s加在复合名词的中心词上Brother-in-lawbrothers-in-law堂兄弟们、连襟们、editor in chiefeditors in chief主编们2将复合名词的后一个词变为复数Boy-friendboy-friends、tooth-brushtooth-brushes牙刷3两个局部都变为复数，尤其是指性别时Man doctormen doctors、woman teacherwomen teachers、man writermen writers3.数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保存单数形式。例如：two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋a ten-mile wa
35、lk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树a five-year plan. 一个五年方案4.名词的格英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book、the boys bag 男孩的书包，mens room 男厕所，the childrens parens 孩子的父母。假设名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加，如：the workers struggle 工人的斗争。如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，那么表示“分别有；只有一个s，那么表示共有，例如：Johns and Marys rooms两间John and Marys
36、 room一间学位英语语法根底知识：词法分析-冠词根本用法1. a用于辅音发音开头的词前，如：a book；an用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an apple，an hour. 请区别：a useful machine, an umbrella, a u, an h。2.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the；指世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the. 如：the sun, the moon, the earth.3.表示人体部位的名词前用the：The mother took the little girl in the hand and patted her on the head.母亲执着小女
37、孩的手，轻轻地拍着她的头。4.the用于序数词，表方位的名词和形容词最高级前。the first, the best , in the south.5.在复数姓氏前加the，表示一家人，常看成复数。如：the Browns；用于形容词之前表示一类人或事物：the poor穷人、the false假的东西6用于乐器名称前play the piano；7.不能用定冠词the的几个方面：1在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer, in August2一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如：have breakfast, play football3一些固定词组中，如：go to
38、 bed, go to school, by bus, at night.8.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：in front of 在前面in the front of 在范围内的前部in hospital生病住院in the hospital 在医院里学位英语语法根底知识：词法分析-数词用法1倍数表示法a. 主语+谓语+倍数或分数+ as + adj. + as.例如I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。b. 主语+谓语+倍数分数+ the size (amount, length) of。例如：The earth is
39、49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。c. 主语+谓语+倍数分数+ 形容词副词比拟级+ than。例如：The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%.2分数表示法的构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。例如：1/3 one-third; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.学位英语语法根底知识：时态-一般现在时1经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状
40、语连用。时间状语：every, sometimes, at, on Sunday. 例如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。2客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。3表示格言或警句。例如：Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus pro
41、ved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。学位英语语法根底知识：时态-将来完成时a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的
42、动作或获得的经验。例如：You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。学位英语语法根底知识：时态-过去完成时1表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。如：By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。2表示由过去的某一时刻开始，
43、一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。3表达过去发生的事情，在已表达了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good fri
44、end of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。4在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果表达的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如：I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。She found the key that she had lost. 她丧失的钥匙找到了。5过去完成时常常用在宾语从句或间接引语中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表
45、示的过去的动作之前。例如：。He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。6在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中。例如：When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。She didnt go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。7动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮助，但没有及时赶到那里。We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能来看看你。8过去完成时还可用在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (second, et