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1、学位英语语法基础知识:句法分析 1、主语:是句子要说明的人或物,可以作主语的成分有名词,主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!1)Mr.Lee is a well-known scientist.名词作主语 2)He reads newspapers everyday.代词作主语 3)Two and ten is twelve.数词作主语 4)Smoking is harmful to the health.动名词作主语 5)To swim in that pool is a great pleasure.动词不定式作主语 6)What we shall do next is not
2、 yet decided.从句作主语 2、谓语:说明主语的动作,状态或特征 1)The new term begins on the 1st of September.2)His father is an engineer.3)She seemed happy.4)Li Hua showed me his album.3、宾语:指的是及物动词涉及到的人或物 1)Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus.2)The medicine is good for a cold.3)How many pieces do you want?4)My litt
3、le sister always likes to ask questions.5)Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?6)He asked me what I was going to do tonight 4、宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征。1)The government appointed(任命)her chief delegate(首席代表)to the conference.2)I dont believe the story true.3)You should put your things in order(有序)
4、.4)The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.5)We saw the pupils playing basketball.5、表语:位于系动词如 be 之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。1)Wangs father is a doctor.2)He is always careless.3)The basketball match is on.4)All the pupils are on the playground now.5)Our aim is to win more medals.6)His work is teachi
5、ng French.7)The question is who can really repair the machines.还有位于以下系动词后面的词,我们也称之为表语:表示感官的:look-fxgr-seem(看起来)、sound(听起来)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)、feel(感觉起来):He looks disappointed(形容词作表语)他看起来很失望。The rubbish smells terrible.垃圾很难闻。表示变化的:get、become、turn(变得)。It becomes hotter and hotter(形容词作表语)。天变得越来越热了。6
6、、定语:是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,翻译常用的表示。Tom is a handsome boy.The two boys are students.His boy needs Toms pen.The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.The boy needs a ball pen.The best boy here is Tom.There is nothing to do today.The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.This is the new dic
7、tionary which I bought yesterday.7、状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。1)She sings quite well.2)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.3)He sits there,asking for a pen.4)The boy needs a pen to do his homework.5)If I have some spare time,I will read some story-books.8、同位语是在名词或代
8、词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如:We students should study hard.(students 是 we 的同位语,都是指同一批学生)We all are students.(all 是 we 的同位语,都指同样的我们)学位英语语法基础知识:词法分析-构词法 1.转化法 把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法,学位英语最常考的是形容词转化为名词。表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词:You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。I want to write in red.我想用红笔
9、写字。某些形容词如 old,young,poor,rich,wounded,injured 等与 the 连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数。The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。2.派生法 1)前缀 除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有 dis-,il-,im-,in-,ir-,mis-,non-,un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如:appear 出现disappear 消失,correct
10、 正确的incorrect 不正确的,lead 带领mislead 领错、误导,stop 停下non-stop 不停。(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有 a-(多构成表语形容词),anti-(反对;抵抗),auto-(自动),co-(共同),en-(使),inter-(互相),re-(再;又),sub-(下面的;次;小),tele-(强调距离)等。例如:alone 单独的 antigas 防毒气的 autochart 自动图表 cooperate 合作 enjoy 使高兴 internet 互联网 reuse 再用 subway 地铁 telephone 电话 2)后缀 英语单词不仅可以通过加前
11、缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/-or(从事某事的人),-ese(某地人),-ess(雌性),-ful(一),-ian(精通的人),-ist(专业人员),-ment(性质;状态),-ness(性质;状态),-tion(动作;过程)等。例如:differ 不同于difference 区别 write 写writer 作家 Japan 日本Japanese 日本人 act 表演actress 女演员action 动作、行为 care 细心caerfu
12、l 仔细的、认真的 music 音乐musician 音乐家(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n(多用于形容词之后),-fy(使化),-ize(使成为)。例如:widewiden 加宽 beautybeautify 美化 purepurify 提纯 realrealize 意识到 organorganize 组织(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al,-able(有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en(多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern(方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less(表示否定),-like(像的),-ly,-ous,-some,-
13、y(表示天气)等。例如:nature 自然natural 自然的 reason 道理reasonable 有道理的 America 美国American 美国的 China 中国Chinese 中国人的 gold 金子golden 金的 east 东eastern 东方的 child 孩子childish 孩子气的 snow 雪snowy 雪的(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly(主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s)(主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如:angry 生气的angrily 生气地 to 到towards 朝east 东方eastward 向东 3.合成法 1)合
14、成名词 名词名词 weekend 周末 名词动词 daybreak 黎明 名词动名词 handwriting 书法 名词介词名词 editor-in-chief 总编辑 动词名词 typewriter 打字机 动名词名词 reading-room 阅览室 现在分词名词 flying-fish 飞鱼 形容词名词 gentleman 绅士 副词动词 outbreak 爆发 2)合成形容词 名词形容词 snow-white 雪白的 名词现在分词 English-speaking 讲英语的 名词to名词 face-to-face 面对面的 名词过去分词 man-made 人造的 数词名词形容词 two
15、-year-old 两岁的 数词名词ed five-storeyed 五层的 形容词名词 high-class 高级的 形容词名词ed noble-minded 高尚的 形容词形容词 light-blue 浅蓝色的 形容词现在分词 good-looking 相貌好看的 副词形容词 ever-green 常青的 副词现在分词 hard-working 勤劳的 副词过去分词 well-known 著名的 副词名词 fast-food 专门提供快餐服务的 介词名词 downhill 下坡的 3)合成动词 名词动词 sleep-walk 梦游 形容词动词 white-wash 粉刷 副词动词 over
16、throw 推翻 4)合成副词 形容词名词 hotfoot 匆忙地 形容词副词 everywhere 到处 副词副词 however 尽管如此 介词名词 beforehand 事先 介词副词 forever 永远 学位英语语法基础知识:词法分析-副词、形容词 1.形容词及其用法 1)表语形容词只能作表语,这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以 a 开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。2)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing 为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词
17、之后。例如:something nice.2.以-ly 结尾的形容词 大部分形容词加-ly 可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。3.用形容词表示类别和整体 1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接,如the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry 等。例如:The poor are losing hope.穷人行将失去希望。2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如
18、 the British,the English,the French,the Chinese 等。例如:The English have wonderful sense of humor.英国人颇有幽默感。4.形容词与副词的比较级 常见的双音节或多音节词,在前面加 more,most 来构成比较级和最高级 important/easily more important/more easily most important/most easily 5.as+形容词或副词原级+as 1)在否定句或疑问句中可用 soas.例如:He cannot run so/as fast as you.他没你
19、跑得快。2)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在 as 的前面。例如:This room is twice as big as that one.这房间的面积是那间的两倍。Your room is the same size as mine.你的房间和我的一样大。3)倍数+as+adj.+as 倍数+the +of.例如:This bridge is three times as long as that one.这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。This bridge is three times the length of that one.Your room is twice as la
20、rge as mine.你的房间是我的两倍大。Your room is twice the size of mine.6.可修饰比较级的词 常用的有 a little,rather,much,far,many 等 Nanjing is a little/rather/much/far/hotter than Shanghai.如果后接名词时,much more+不可数名词,many more+可数名词复数。I have many more books than Tom.There is much more water in the south than in the north.7.the+最
21、高级+比较范围 1)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。例如:The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。形容词 most 前面没有 the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示“非常”。例如:It is a most important problem.=It is a very important problem.这是个很重要的问题。2)by far 一般修饰最高级 This question is by far the most difficult in this exercise.这道题是这个练
22、习里最难的。注意:最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如:Mike is the most intelligent in his class.马克是班上最聪明的。Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.马克是班上最聪明的。8.和 more 有关的词组 the morethe more 越越。例如:The harder you work,the greater progress youll make.越努力,进步越大。学位英语语法基础知识:词法分析-连词重点用法 1.表示并列关系的连词有:and,bothan
23、d,not only but also和 neithernor 1)and 的特别用法:祈使句后连接 and,有条件句作用,此时 and=if you,youll Go straight on,and youll see the library.=If you go straight on,you will see the library.2)bothand既也,(两者)都 A、bothand谓语动词一般用复数。Both Jim and Kate are from England.B、bothand否定句表示部分否定。Both my father and my mother arent doc
24、tors.我的父母只有一个人是医生。3)neithernor 既不也不 neithernor连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持“人称”和“数”的一致,即采取就近原则。Neither I nor he has seen the play before.4)not onlybut also 不但而且 not onlybut also 连接两个主语后的谓语动词也遵循就近原则。Not only the mother but also the children are ill.2.表示转折关系的连词有:but,however,yet,still,while 等。Mary was a
25、 nice girl,but she had one shortcoming.Tom got up early,yet he failed to catch the train.He was very tired,still he kept on walking.Your composition is fairly good,however,there is still some room for improvement.Jane is hard working,while her sister is quite lazy.3.表示选择关系的并列连词有:or,eitheror,whether
26、or等。1)or:或、否则 A:基本用法 or 表示“或”的意思,使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。-Is your friend English or American?-American.He doesnt like dumplings or noodles.B:特别用法 祁使句后连接 or,表“如果,否则”,有转折的意思,此时 or=if you dont,youll Hurry up,or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up,youll be late.2)eitheror:或者或者;不是就是;要么要么 A.eitheror连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词靠
27、近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持“人称”和“数”的一致,即就近原则。Either you or I am right.Does either she or they like English?B.由 eitheror引导的否定句是完全否定。She isnt either a student or a teacher.3)whetheror不管还是 She is always cheerful,whether at home or at school.4.表示因果关系的并列连词有:for(因为),so(所以)。He is not at school today,for he has a bad col
28、d.It was late,so I went home.5.引导时间状语从句的从属连词有:before,after,when,while,as,till,until,since,as soon as After they had planted their crops,they took a rest.We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us.As soon as he gets to Beijing,hell call me.1)as 表示“当时”,引导一个持续性动作,多用于主从句动作同时发生,强调“一边一边”。He sa
29、ng as he walked.2)until 用法:当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时,主从句都用肯定式,译为“直到为止”;当主句谓语动词是瞬间动词时,主句用否定式,从句用肯定式,即 notuntil,译为“直到才”。Mr.Green waited until his children came back.(格林先生一直等到他的孩子们回来)Mr.Green didnt go to bed until his children came back.(格林先生直到他的孩子们回来才睡觉)6.引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if(如果),unless(除非,如果不)等。If you dont go soon
30、,youll be late.=Unless you go soon,youll be late.7.引导原因状语从句的从属连词有 because,as,since 等。because“因为”语气最强,回答 why 提问时只能用 because,其引导的从句可放在句首或句末;as“由于”、since“既然”语气不如 because 强,引导的从句常置于句首;for 是并列连词,语气最弱,对前面分句加以解释或补充说明,其引导的分句常置于句末且用逗号隔开。He didnt go to school because he was ill.As it was raining,we went there
31、 by bus.Since everybody is here,lets begin.It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet.注意:because 与 so 不能同时使用。8.引导让步状语从句的从属连词有:although/though(虽然,尽管),even though/if(即使)Although/Though it is a very young country,it is very rich.Even if/though you were here yesterday,you couldnt help him.注意:a
32、lthough/though 引导的从句不能与 but 连用,但可与 yet,still连用。9.引导目的状语从句的从属连词有 so that 和 in order that(以便,为了)等。The teacher spoke loudly so that/in order that we could hear him clearly.10.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有:so that(结果是)和so/suchthat(如此以至于)等。It was very cold,so that the water in the bowl froze.He got there so early that
33、he got a good seat.It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it.11.引导比较状语从句的连词:asas(与一样),not as/so as(不如),than(比)等。I know you better than she does.He works as carefully as she.I cant run as/so fast as you.注意:在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,如果主句是将来时,从句要用一般现在时。Ill go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.He wo
34、nt come unless he is invited.学位英语语法基础知识:词法分析-名词 1.名词复数的不规则变化 1)由一个词加 man 或 woman 构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women,如 an Englishman,two Englishmen.2)除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar,two dollars;a meter,two meters.3)以 s 结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:The Arabian Nights is a very interestin
35、g story-book.一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事书。2.复合名词复数形式的构成 1)通常把-s 加在复合名词的中心词上 Brother-in-lawbrothers-in-law(堂兄弟们、连襟们)、editor in chiefeditors in chief(主编们)2)将复合名词的后一个词变为复数 Boy-friendboy-friends、tooth-brushtooth-brushes(牙刷)3)两个部分都变为复数,尤其是指性别时 Man doctormen doctors、woman teacherwomen teachers、man writermen writers 3
36、.数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如:8.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别:in front of 在前面 in the front of 在范围内的前部 in hospital(生病)住院 in the hospital 在医院里 学位英语语法基础知识:词法分析-数词用法 1)倍数表示法 a.主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+as+adj.+as.例如 I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。b.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+the size(amount,length)of。例如:The earth is 49 times
37、 the size of the moon.地球是月球的 49 倍。c.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+than。例如:The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.今年比去年粮食产量增加 8%.2)分数表示法的构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于 1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数。例如:1/3 one-third;3/37 three and three-sevenths.学位英语语法基础知识:时态-一般现在时 1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用
38、。时间状语:every,sometimes,at,on Sunday.例如:I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点离开家。2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:The earth moves around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。3)表示格言或警句。例如:Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that
39、the earth is round.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:I dont want so much.我不要那么多。Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。学位英语语法基础知识:时态-将来完成时 a.状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b.动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:Y
40、ou will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此时,你已经到达上海了。学位英语语法基础知识:时态-过去完成时(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。可以用 by,before 等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。如:By nine oclock last night,we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚 9 点钟,我们已经收到 200 张飞船发来的图片。(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到
41、过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和 for,since 构成的时间状语连用。例如:I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候,我在车站已等了 20 分钟。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从 1949 年以来他就在那家工厂工作。(3)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。例如:Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good fri
42、end of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。I didnt know a thing about the verbs,for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如:I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。(5)过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在
43、主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如:。He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。I thought I had sent the letter a week before.我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。(6)在包含有 when,until 等连词的复合句中。例如:When I woke up,it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。She didnt go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。(7)动词 think,want,hope,mean,
44、plan,intend 等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等。例如:They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙,但没有及时赶到那里。We had hoped to be able to come and see you.我们本来希望能来看看你。(8)过去完成时还可用在 hardlywhen,no soonerthan,It was the first(second,etc)time(that)等固定句型中。例如:.Hardly had he began to speak when th
45、e audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了他。No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。学位英语语法基础知识:时态-现在完成时 a.现在完成时可表示过去发生的动作对现在所产生的影响,后面通常不用时间状语,但句中常出现 already,just,yet等副词。如:Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。Ive just finished reading the novel.我刚刚读完这本小说。Have you seen the doctor yet?
46、你看过医生了吗?注:already 和 yet 用法上的区别 already 常用于肯定句,置于句中。yet 常用于否定句和疑问句,常用于句末。但 already 有时也可用语疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。b.现在完成时也可表示从过去某时开始的动作,状态一直持续到现在,常和 for,since 引导的时间状语连用。如:I have learned English for 5 years.He has lived in Beijing since he was born.注:(1)for 和 since 引导的时间状语的区别:for+一段时间,since+一点时间 从句(从句中常用一般过去时)。(2)
47、表示继续的现在完成时也可和 lately,recently,so far,up to now,till now,in the past(last)few years,this week(month,year),all day,all this week 等时间状语连用。如:Tom has had a toothache all day.I havent heard from him recently.(3)现在完成时也可表示从过去到现在曾经经历过或做过的事情,常和often,ever,never,before,once,.times 等时间状语连用。如:.Ive never been to B
48、eijing.我从没去过北京。He has read this book before.难点释疑:1.点动词与延续性动词的区别 所谓点动词是指含有终止或短暂意义的动词。如:begin,end,die,buy,borrow,come,arrive,join,marry 等动词。它们通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。如:I have bought a book.我买了一本书。.Ive had this book for three weeks.这本书我已经买了三星期了。2.have got 的含义 have got 形式上是现在完成时,却和 have 是同一个意思 She has got a sli
49、ght temperature.She has a slight temperature.她有点发烧。3.用于现在完成时的句型 It is the first/second timethat结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first time(that)Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。学位英语语法基础知识:时态-将来进行时 1)表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如:Shell be comi
50、ng soon.她会很快来的。Ill be meeting him sometime in the future.将来我一定去见他。2)常用的时间状语有soon,tomorrow,this evening,on Sunday,by this time,tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening 等。例如:By this time tomorrow,Ill be lying on the beach.明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢。注意:“主将从现原则”,主句用将来时,从句用一般现在时(代替一般将来时)When,as soon as,if,等引导的时间状语从句,条件句