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1、英语形容词和副词及练习一、概述形容词和副词都是起修饰作用的词类,两者的区别之一就在于它们所修饰的对象不同。形容词主要用 来说明或修饰名词或代词,描述名词或代词所代表人或事物的性质,增加或补充其含意,从而限制或缩小 其适用范围。副词的主要功能是修饰动词,形容词或其它副词有时也可以修饰全句。Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has a higher IQ. 保利斯有头脑。事实上,我怀疑班上是否有人比他智商高。(形容词修饰名词)Allen had to call a taxi because the box
2、was mnuh ten heavy to carry all the way home. 因为箱 子太重不能一路扛回家,艾伦不得不叫了一辆出租车。(副词修饰形容词)Its always difficult being in a foreign country, -esnauiaLly if you don,t speak the language.在外国总是感到困难,尤其当你不懂该国语言的时候。(副词修饰全句)二、形容词1、形容词的定义形容词用来修饰和形容名词,表示名词的属性,补充说明它的意思。a big house 一幢大房子a new bicycle一辆新自行车the beautiful
3、 garden那座漂亮的花园modern science现代科学Students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. 那些勇于参加这次历险课程的同学们肯定将会学到很多有用的技能。We had a very good journey home.我们回家的旅途很顺利。2、形容词的语法功能形容词修饰名词或不定代词,表示人或事物的性质、特征或状态,在句子中主要用作定语、表语、补足 语、状语等。(1)作定语前置定语a.形容词作定语一般需放在它所修饰的名词之前并尽量靠
4、近被修饰的词。在这种位置上的定语叫前置定 语。语序一般为“冠词(或其他限定词)+形容词+名词”。He is an hemest boy,他是个老实的孩子。Theyve just bought a naw pcwarfiil Tnd vary aYpansiva Car.他们刚买了一辆马力足、价钱高的新 车。This is an int*0sting story-book.这是一本有趣的故事书。China is a great socialist country.中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。b.假设有多个形容修饰名词,它们的位置要由它们与被修饰词的密切程度来决定。关系最密切的形容词靠 近被修饰
5、词,而关系较远的离被修饰词那么相对较远。其排列顺序通常是:限定词+描绘性形容词+颜色+ 国籍、地区+用途、类别+名词。the happy and healthy children 幸福而健康的孩子们a young Korean student 一位年轻的朝鲜学生the_hig_nesLJKh.ite_house 那幢又大又新的白房子-n nrluAnr.ad and ctrcng and presparrms .China 一个进步、富强、繁荣的中国The boy often wearshat.那男孩经常戴着一顶漂亮的小红帽。I met scme_taLLhlack二haired_Japane
6、se- friends yesterday.昨天我遇至”了几个高个子、黑头发的日 本朋友。-How was your recent visit to Qingdao?你们最近去青岛的旅行怎么样?-It was great. We visited some friends, and spanit.ha lact smnny dnyv at t.ha end da 很 好。我们拜访了朋友,在海边度过最后几天阳光明媚的日子。巧记形容词的排列顺序: 上,too 和 extremely, very 同义。He is DdJ2eadyutQ_ promise,他总是轻易许诺。You know hit tc
7、c wall tc hold your tongue.你深知少说为妙。He is DDly_LDQ_glad_tL help you.他非常乐意帮助你。9、more than, less than及其两种不同否认形式 (l)more than 表示多于。We have learned more than 3, 000 English words by far.到目前为止我们已学了三千多个英语单词。(2)no more than和not more than分别表示“只不过(only)和“不多于”。Therere nn mere than 12 tickets left for your grou
8、p.还剩下不过十二张票给你们小组。He is no more clever than his father.他并不比他父亲聪明多少。(意指他和他爸爸一样不聪明)The computer is ndt_mQCO_expRns.ixR_than- a colour TV set.电脑不比彩电贵。(3) less than 表示“少于”。They managed to complete the hall in less than ten months.他们在不到十个月时间内就建成了大 会堂。(4) no less than和not less than那么分别表示“不亚于和“不少于。He spends
9、 nc lass than fiva hours on English every day .每天他花在英语上的时间有5小时之多。There were net 1 ess than 2, 000 people present at the meeting.到会的至少有两千人。10、具有两种不同形式和意义的比拟等级的形容词和副词(1) late; later; latest; latter; lastlate (晚),laterlatest指时间上的较迟、最近;latter、last指顺序上的后者、最后。They got there much later than we had expected
10、.他们到达得比我们预料的要晚得多。Three years .later she met her friend in London.三年后她在伦敦遇见了她的朋友。Readus the latest-news, in the newspaper把报上的最新消息读给我们听。Who will speak last. at the meeting?谁将在会上最后发言?The former is bad; the latter is worse.前面的差;后面的更差。(2) older, oldest; elder, eldestolder, oldest指人的年纪或事物年代的久远;elder, elde
11、st指人的长幼顺序。Its one of the oldest cities in the world.它是世界上最古老的城市之一。My brother is only one and a half years_QldZ-Jhan I.我哥只 比我大岁半。(3) farther,farthest far(远)等形容词或副词的比拟级和最高级有两种不同形式,但分别表达两种不同意义。farther指距 离上更远、最远;而further、furthest指抽象意义上的更进一步、最远。有时可以互换。We can,t go any farther / 如rthar ahead with this out-
12、of-date policy,我们决不能再继续执行这 项过了时的政策了。The new stadium is on the fart.har side of the river,新体育场在河的对岸。We walked a few blocks farther down the street.我们沿着这条大道路又走了几个街区。I have nothing further to say.我没有别的话要说了。He can put the shot further / frrt.har than I can.他的铅球比我扔得更远。Nothing was further from my mind.这远远
13、不是我的意思。There will be a 如rthar performance of the opera next week.这出戏下星期还要演出一场。He said that he could not find it and, further., that nobody would ever find it.他说他找不至lj 它,而且也没有人会找到它。He stated 如rt.har that he would not cooperate with the committee.他进一步指出他不愿与委员会 合作。We were all tired and couldn,t walk .a
14、ny_fanther ,我们太累了, 一点也不能向前走了。You can ask the department manager for further information.要知详情请询问部门经理。11 not so much A as B 和 more A than B(1) not so much A as Bnot so much A as B是局部否认结构,意为“与其说是A,不如说是BJames is net. 6c much分 writ.ar anreporter.詹姆士与其说是作家,不如说是,己者。The Oceans do not so much divide the worl
15、d as unite it.海洋与其说是别离了世界,倒不如说连接 了世界。(2) more A than Bmore A than B是局部否认结构,意为“与其说是B,不如说是A。This book seems to be mQT:e_a_diqtiQnarAthao_a_grammar_.这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书不如 说是一本字典。He is more brave than wise.他有勇无谋c12 be kind of sb. to do sth 和 be difficult for sb. to do sth(1) It is +形容词+of+代词+不定式”结构这个结构表示说话人
16、对客观事物的高兴、惊讶、懊悔、难过等情绪,表现的是人的性格、品质或特征等。 这个句型实际上相当于感叹句,能用于此句型的形容词表示褒义、贬义等词:polite, brave, careless, selfish, greedy, crazy, mad; 表示智力的词:clever, brilliant, silly, stupid, absurd, dumb, foolish, unwise; 态度:nice, kind, good, sweet, wonderful, right, wrong 等。It s very kind of you to do it for me.你为我坐这件事太好了
17、。It s foolish of him to waste him so much time.他太傻了,浪费这么多时间。(2) “It is +形容词+ for +代词+不定式”结构这个结构表示说话人对客观事物的决断性,多用于正式场合,能用于此句型的形容词:hard, difficult, possible, impossible, dangerous, useful, useless, common, unusual, enough, convenient 等。It s difficult to answer this question.回答这个问题太难了。It impossible for
18、 him to finish the work in such a short while.这么一会它就完成工作是不可能 的。五、一些形容词、副词及其一些短语的比拟1、 good 和 wellgood, well都有好的意思,但它们的用法却不同。well既能作副词又能作形容词。作副词时通常修饰 动词,作形容词时可作表语,指身体好。good那么只作形容词,表示“物品的质量好”或“某人品质好”。 在句中可作定语或表语。These oranges taste geed 这些橘子很好吃。He did very well in the exam.他考试考得很好。Heisn t feeling weLLJ
19、xuday.他今天感觉不舒服。2、 most, at(the) most, almost, mostly(1) mostmost是many much的最高级,常与定冠词the连用,表示“最”的意思。He is one of the most famous writers in China.他是中国最!Jj名的作家之一。Which of you has made the most mistakes?你们中哪一位出的错最多?假设不加定冠词,即在,ost+副词或形容词”结构中,most是副词,意为“很、非常“,十分”。I shall most. certainly go there.我一定去那里。假
20、设用在,ost+名词”结构中,most是形容词,意为“大局部的、多数或最多的”。Most students like English.大局部学生都喜欢英语。在“most of+名词”中,most意为“大局部”。假设此结构作主语,其后谓语动词的数与后接名词的数保 持一致。Mcst cf his friends are away for the moment.他的大局部朋友暂时离开了。Mcst cf the apple was rotten.这苹果一多半都烂了,假设加不定冠词,即在“most+adj.+名词”结构中,most是副词意为“很、非常”,用来修饰其后的形 容词。Guilin is a m
21、ost beautiful city,桂林是一个很美的城市。The statue is made of marble ofa most lovely colour.这雕像是一种很好看的颜色的大理石雕成的。 (2) at (the) most表示“最多,至多”。At most, r 11 be away two days.我最多离开两天。The necklace cost 500 francs at the most.这个项链最多值 500 法郎。(3) mostly表示“主要地,多半地,通常”。The students are mostly young people between the a
22、ges of sixteen and twenty.学生多半是十六 至二十岁的青年人。The guests are mGSlJy. her friends.客人多半是她的朋友。(2) almost表示“几乎,差一点就,差不多,将近”与nearly相似。在表示程度或可以衡量的事物时,两者差异不大,只是almost在程度上比nearly更接近一些,感情 色彩更浓,nearly那么更客观。It is neatly, four oclock.快四点钟了。It is almnst. four oclock.差一点(几乎)四点钟了。Nearly all the students have the habi
23、t.几乎所有的学生都有这一习惯。Almnst all the students have the habit.差不多所有的学生都有这一习惯。almost表示“接近”,在肯定句中可与nearly互换,两者都可用在all, every, always之前,或行 为动词的否认式前。Jack has almost .(nearly) finished the work.杰克快要完成这工作了。He almcst (naTrly) always makes mistakes.他差不多总是犯错误。The patients progress was encouraging as he could nearly
24、 get out of bed without help. 病人 的进步令人鼓舞,他几乎不需帮助就能下床了。假设不是表示程度或可衡量的事,就只能用almost;在more than, too, no, none, nothing等词之前, 就只能用almost,而nearly不可;almost之前不可用not,而nearly那么可以。The new computer is almost human.这台新的计算机几乎和人一样灵。Almost no one (Hardly anyone) believed her story.几乎没有人相信她的故事。His words are almost mo
25、re than I can bear.他的话简直让我难以忍受。3、 no longer/not. any longer; no more/not. any more这几种结构都表示“不再”的意思,但其侧重点和用法均有很大区别:(1) not. any longer/no longer侧重于时间关系,意为“不再长久”。多用于现在时,即拿现在的情 况与过去相比。其谓语动词通常用延续性动词,多位于句中。I can nc Icng-r stay here.我不能再呆在此地。(已经呆了很久,不能再继续下去了。)Excuse me, is this Mr. Browns office?打搅了,是布朗先生的
26、办公室吗?一 Im sorry, but Mr. Brown no longer works here. He left about three weeks ago对不起,布朗 先生不再在这里工作了。他走了三周了。Will you give this message to Mr. White, please?你给怀特先生把这个口信带到好吗? Sorry, I cant. He doesnt work here any linger.对不起,怀特先生不再在这里工作了。(2) no more/not. any more侧重于数量关系,意为“不再多”。多用在将来时中,是拿今后和现在比, 表示以后怎么
27、样。其谓语动词通常用终止性动词,多位于句末。Time lost will return nc mere.失去的时间将一去不复返。(现在失去,将来不会复返。)I have any more tapes.我不再有磁带了。(3) any more/no more 可以作主语、宾语而 any longer/no longer 不能。Nn mere is wanted now.现在没要别的Do you want mcra?你还要么?4、 How long. ;How soon. ;How often. ;How far.(1) How long+一般疑问句此句型常针对“for+一段时间,from. to
28、., since, till.等提问,表示某动作或状态持续 了或要持续“多久”,常用于完成时或将来时。此句型动词不能用瞬间动词或称终止性动词,常见的终止 性动词有:buy, die, join, marry, come, leave, arrive, reach, go to bed, fall asleep, go to sleep, get to know, borrow, appear 等。-Haw Inng have you been at this school?你来这个学校多久了?-Er, r ve been here fcr jut evar twe ya”r 呃,我来这里刚两年
29、多。-How long will it take . you to complete the trip?你完成这次旅行要多久?-Perhaps ahciit. mcra than half a yan r. 或许得半年多。Hqw lang, have you been away from home?你离开家多长时间了?-I have been away from hema fcr five menth、我离家五年了一How often+一般疑问句此句型用来提问在某一特定时间内进行某个动作的次数,表示“多长时间一次”。往往针对频度副词 如:always, seldom, usually, onc
30、e a month, sometimes,等提问,常用于现在时或过去时。-How often do you watch TV?你多长时间(或多久)看一次电视?-About once a day. 一天一次。-How often do you go there?-I go there twice a month.我一个月去那儿两次。注意:假设只提问“多少次那么要How many times oHew many times de you go there a month?你一个月去那儿几次?(2) How soon+一般疑问句此句型是用来提问某人要“多快”或“多久”(指时间)能做某事,所提问的局部
31、一般是”要过多久以 后或即刻”等意义的时间状语,即针对“ in+一段时间”或“ 一段时间+later”提问。-Hnw qnnn will you be back?多久你能回来了-T 11 be back in a week.我一周后回来。Hqw seen can you finish the drawing?你什么时候完成这幅画?注意:勿与 How quickly/与st(指动作“快”注 相混淆。(3) How far+一般疑问句?此句型是针对“距离有多远”提问。-Hew far do you live from here?你的住地离这儿有多远?-Not more than one mile.
32、不到一英里。5 sometimes; some times; sometime; some time(1) sometimes是副词,表示“有时,不时”,通常用作状语。T often watch TV, but sometimes I read.我经常看电视,但有时看书。-You never sleep in class, will you?你上课从不睡觉,是不?-Yes, semetimes.不,有时候睡。(2) some times是副词性短语,表示“几次,数次”,在句中作状语。This was such an interesting film that we saw it some ti
33、mes. i文部电影很有趣,我们看了好几次。He has been to Beijing for他去过好几次北京。(3) sometime是副词,表示将来的时间或过去某个时刻,用以指某一确定的短暂时间,在句中作状语。We 11 go there seme time next summer.明年夏天的某个时候,我们将到那里去。I saw him sematima last year.我在去年某个时间见到过他。(4) some time是副词性短语,表示一段时间或一些时候,在句中作时间状语(也可用作名词词组)。He used to live in England timp when he was
34、young.他年轻的时候曾在英国住过一段时间。When Smith was a young man, he stayed in Paris for some time.史密斯年轻的时候曾在巴黎住过 一段时间。6、 too much; much tootoo much和much too两者在形式上相近,但用法不一样。(1) too much作“太多”解,有三种用法:用作名词词组。I mean you aat tec much feed, but you dont take enough exercise.我的意思是你吃得太多,而锻 炼却不够。Tnn much has been done,做得太多
35、了。用作形容词词组,修饰不可数名词。He drank tnn much beer yesterday.他昨天喝地啤酒太多了。Is watching TV too much good or bad for health?看电视太多是对身体有益还是有害?用作副词词组,修饰动词。I like them, but they cc6t tec much .我喜欢这些,但这价格太贵了。Don t think tna-miinh. of yourself.不要自以为了不起。注意:too much可以作表语。That is tcc much for a child of 5.对五岁的孩子来说这太过分了。(2)
36、 much too意为“太,非常”,用作副词词组,修饰形容词或其它副词。It,s much to。cold today. 今天天气太冷。The box is much tco heavy for him to lift up.这个箱子太重了他搬不起来。It was much too late to catch a bus after the party; therefore we called a taxi. 晚会散后, 天太晚了没赶上公交车,因此我们叫了一辆出租车。注意:too much和much too都可用作副词词组,too much不可以修饰形容词,much too不可修饰动词也不能放
37、在many, few前。7 especially; specially; peculiar; particularespecially和specially都含有“特别地、尤其地”之意,但用法不同。(1) especially (to an exceptional degree)通常用来对前面所表达的事情作进一步补充或说明,是有意突出到显眼的程度。强调“超过其它,与 众不同”,因此,常译为“特别地、尤其、格外地”。We did very well in this exam, especially our monitor.我们这次考得很好,尤其是我们的班长。用来指整体中特定的某一局部,它后面的人或
38、事物必须包括在前面所说的人或事物之内。These days the medical workers in the hospital are very busy, especially the nurses.这些日 子那家医院的医务人员很忙,尤其是护士更忙。常用于正式文体,而specially常用于口语中,especially在介词或连词前用得较多。especially on Sunday特别是在星期天especially in the South 尤其是在南方The boy often comes herewhen we have breakfast,这男孩常常到这儿来,特别是当我们吃早饭时。
39、(2) specially (for one purpose and no other)是表示为了特别的目的、专门的。换句话说,specially不是为了别的,而只是为了某一目的而专门 采用的某种方式。I came here sneciaL皿to see you.我来这儿是特地看你的。This dictionary is speoiallivri11en for beginners.这本词典是专门为初学者编写的。(3) peculiar含有“与众不同、独特”之意,可引申为“奇特、奇怪”之意。That way of speaking is paciil iar to people in this
40、 small part of the country.那种讲话方式 对这个国家少局部地区的人来说是一种独特的方式。This is the most p-liar thing Ive ever heard.我从来没有听说过这么怪的事。(4) particular含有“特有的”和“个别的”之意。指从众多事例中选出一个“个别的”,但有时也表示 特殊,意义与special相同。I have no particular reason for doing so.我这样做没有什么特殊理由。In that particular case, the rule doesnt hold.在那种特殊情况下,这规那么不
41、适用。 比拟:That is a special case and the rule doesn,t hold.那是一个特殊情况,这规那么不适用。Those T-shirts are usually $ 35 each, but today they have a special price of $19 in the ShoppingCenter.这个T恤上通常卖35美元,但今天在购物中心特价19美元。8、 glad; happy; pleased; merry; gay(1)glad(adj.)表示“高兴的、乐意的”。指因某一特定的事而感到短时间的喜悦。Glad to see you ag
42、ain.又一次见到你很高兴。r m glad that you have come.很高兴你来了。I am glad of your success.我对你的成功感到高兴。We are glad about the result.我们对结果感到满意。happy常与glad互换。可指较长或一时的心理状态,既可指本人高兴,也可指使人高兴的事,使人感 到精神上的快乐或生活上过得幸福。Shes a happy girl and she enjoys 1 ife.她是个快乐的女孩,她懂得享受人生。Hes the happiest when hes working.他工作时是最高兴的。(3) please
43、d是please的过去分词,意为“感到高兴(满意)的,其作用相当于形容词,常与quite连 用,后接at, with, by等引导的介词短语,还可接动词不定式或从句。He was very (or much) pleased at the news.听到这一消息,他感到很高兴。1 wasnt very pl Rased with (about, at) my exam results.我对自己的考试成绩不够满意。(4) merry含有“欢乐的;兴高采烈的”之意,指情绪高涨,特别高兴。表情十分愉快,别人可以看到或听到。They are living a rry 1 ife.他们过着快乐的生活。M
44、arry Christmas!圣诞快乐!A piece of marry music will make you happy. 一曲欢快的音乐会使你很高兴。(5) gay含有欢乐的”之意,指心境宽畅,无忧无虑。The room is gay. with flowers.房间里全都是鲜花,喜气洋洋。The house is full of gay youths.房间里挤满了欣喜的年轻人。9 personal; private; individual(1) personal (adj.)表示“人身的、个人的”、“亲自”与“非个人的”相对而言。r ve got some personal affai
45、rs that I have to see to.我有一些个人的事情得去料理一下。It is impolite to ask questions about someone s personal life.询问别人的私人生活问题是不礼 貌的。After the president made an official announcement, she expressed her personal opinion. 发布完官方声明后,她表达了她的个人观点。(2) private表示“私人的、私有的”,与“公共的、共有的”相对而言。Dont repeat what I told you to any
46、one; it is private.不要把我跟你说的事告诉任何人,这件事 是保密的。You should not read people,s private letters.你不应该看另ij人的私信。(3) individual (adj.)表示“个别的”或“个体的”,与“普遍的”或“集体的”相对而言。Each individual leaf on the tree is different.树上每片叶子都不相同。Each individual boy in the class has his own personalities.这个班上的每一个男孩都有自己的个 性。She wears ve
47、ry individual dresses.她的衣着非常独特。10、 small, little, tiny, minute, miniature这组形容词都表示“小的”,在使用上有区别(1)small 一般表示“物理量值方面的小”,也可修饰“在价值方面的小”They also found something which the X-ray plate did not show:a small wax figure of the god Duamutef.他们还发现了 X光片子上所未曾显示的东西一一一只鸠阿姆特神的蜡质小塑象。Jack is very small for his age.按他的年龄,杰克的个子显得太小。She bought a small quantity of flour.她买了一点面粉。(2) little在表示“程度上的微缺乏道”时,含义比small确定得多。而small在表示“程度上的微不 足道”足 含义较模糊。在表示物质名词或抽象名词的量时,可用littleo如用small那么须借助于amount, quantiy 一类的词。此外,little含有“小而可爱”的意思,而small却无感情色彩。He will be in his small boat, Topsail. Topsail is a famou